Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-22
Allowed-with-ReviewImproper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Stable
The product uses external input to construct a pathname that is intended to identify a file or directory that is located underneath a restricted parent directory, but the product does not properly neutralize special elements within the pathname that can cause the pathname to resolve to a location that is outside of the restricted directory.
15929 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2026-116117 (GCVE-0-2026-116117)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-26 04:15 – Updated: 2026-10-26 16:35
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
halo-dev halo View Name Resolver DefaultViewNameResolver.java path traversal
Summary
A flaw has been found in halo-dev halo up to 2.27.0-beta.1. Affected by this vulnerability is the function run.halo.app.theme.DefaultViewNameResolver.resolveViewNameOrDefault of the file application/src/main/java/run/halo/app/theme/DefaultViewNameResolver.java of the component View Name Resolver. Executing a manipulation of the argument template can lead to path traversal. The attack may be launched remotely. The exploit has been published and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-26 15:42 UTC
CWE
- CWE-22 - Path Traversal
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/426185 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/426185/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-116117 | third-party-advisory |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/1004845 | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
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CVE-2026-116073 (GCVE-0-2026-116073)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-25 11:51 – Updated: 2026-10-25 11:51
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Leon before commit 50df142 Path Traversal via /download model Command
Summary
Leon before commit 50df142 contains a path traversal vulnerability in getModelFileNameFromURL() that allows attackers to write files outside the models directory via percent-encoded separators. Attackers can trick a user into running '/download model' with a crafted URL containing encoded '../' sequences to write attacker-controlled content to arbitrary paths writable by Leon.
Severity
6.5 (Medium)
CWE
- CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Assigner
References
6 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/leon-ai/leon/issues/593 | issue-tracking |
| https://github.com/leon-ai/leon | product |
| https://github.com/leon-ai/leon/blob/21baf11714f6… | technical-description |
| https://github.com/leon-ai/leon/pull/594 | patchissue-tracking |
| https://github.com/leon-ai/leon/commit/50df142a89… | patch |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/leon-before-… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
Date Public
2026-10-17 00:00
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CVE-2026-116067 (GCVE-0-2026-116067)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-25 11:50 – Updated: 2026-10-29 15:53
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Paisa before 0.7.8 Path Traversal via Editor and Sheet API
Summary
Paisa before 0.7.8 contains a path traversal vulnerability in the GetFile, GetSheet, DeleteBackups, and DeleteSheetBackups handlers that lets unauthenticated attackers read files and delete backups through ../ sequences in file names. Attackers can send crafted names to the editor file and delete_backups endpoints to read any server-readable file and remove backup files outside the journal or sheets directory.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-29 15:51 UTC
CWE
- CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Assigner
References
6 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/ananthakumaran/paisa/issues/420 | issue-tracking |
| https://github.com/ananthakumaran/paisa | product |
| https://github.com/ananthakumaran/paisa/blob/v0.7… | technical-description |
| https://github.com/ananthakumaran/paisa/commit/03… | patch |
| https://github.com/ananthakumaran/paisa/releases/… | release-notes |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/paisa-before… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| ananthakumaran | paisa |
Affected:
0 , < 0.7.8
(semver)
|
Date Public
2026-10-20 00:00
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CVE-2026-116046 (GCVE-0-2026-116046)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-25 06:45 – Updated: 2026-10-26 17:36 X_Open Source
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
eventcatalog sdk Custom Documentation Helpers custom-docs.ts rmCustomDoc path traversal
Summary
A flaw has been found in eventcatalog sdk up to 2.29.0. This vulnerability affects the function getCustomDoc/writeCustomDoc/rmCustomDoc of the file packages/sdk/src/custom-docs.ts of the component Custom Documentation Helpers. This manipulation of the argument options.path causes path traversal. It is possible to launch the attack on the local host. Upgrading to version 2.30.0 is able to resolve this issue. Patch name: a4f072a03f440d58230092e88d8b4893f4c6d6ca. The affected component should be upgraded. The vendor was contacted early, responded in a very professional manner and quickly released a fixed version of the affected product.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-26 15:38 UTC
CWE
- CWE-22 - Path Traversal
Assigner
References
7 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/426122 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/426122/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-116046 | third-party-advisory |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/994176 | third-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/event-catalog/eventcatalog/pull/2936 | issue-trackingpatch |
| https://github.com/event-catalog/eventcatalog/com… | patch |
| https://github.com/event-catalog/eventcatalog/rel… | patch |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| eventcatalog | sdk |
Affected:
2.0
Affected: 2.1 Affected: 2.2 Affected: 2.3 Affected: 2.4 Affected: 2.5 Affected: 2.6 Affected: 2.7 Affected: 2.8 Affected: 2.9 Affected: 2.10 Affected: 2.11 Affected: 2.12 Affected: 2.13 Affected: 2.14 Affected: 2.15 Affected: 2.16 Affected: 2.17 Affected: 2.18 Affected: 2.19 Affected: 2.20 Affected: 2.21 Affected: 2.22 Affected: 2.23 Affected: 2.24 Affected: 2.25 Affected: 2.26 Affected: 2.27 Affected: 2.28 Affected: 2.29.0 Unaffected: 2.30.0 cpe:2.3:a:eventcatalog:sdk:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2026-116045 (GCVE-0-2026-116045)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-25 06:30 – Updated: 2026-10-29 15:38 X_Open Source
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
1999AZZAR designer-mcp MCP motion-dev-guidelines.md get_reference path traversal
Summary
A vulnerability was detected in 1999AZZAR designer-mcp up to 2.1.0. This affects the function get_reference of the file skills/motion-designer/references/motion-dev-guidelines.md of the component MCP Interface. The manipulation of the argument Name results in path traversal. It is possible to launch the attack remotely. The exploit is now public and may be used. This product takes the approach of rolling releases to provide continious delivery. Therefore, version details for affected and updated releases are not available. The patch is identified as c8c2951dcbed9b1710a745993f028317f10a3f10. Applying a patch is advised to resolve this issue.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-29 15:35 UTC
CWE
- CWE-22 - Path Traversal
Assigner
References
7 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/426121 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/426121/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-116045 | third-party-advisory |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/994010 | third-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/1999AZZAR/designer-mcp/issues/14 | exploitissue-tracking |
| https://github.com/1999AZZAR/designer-mcp/commit/… | patch |
| https://github.com/1999AZZAR/designer-mcp/ | product |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1999AZZAR | designer-mcp |
Affected:
2.0
Affected: 2.1.0 cpe:2.3:a:1999azzar:designer-mcp:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2026-116009 (GCVE-0-2026-116009)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-24 11:40 – Updated: 2026-10-29 18:22
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Camaleon CMS before 2.9.3 Path Traversal RCE via Media crop_url Action
Summary
Camaleon CMS before 2.9.3 contains a path traversal vulnerability that allows users with only the media permission to write arbitrary files by supplying ../ sequences in the name parameter. Attackers can send a base64 data: URI to the crop_url media action to write an ERB template into a theme's views directory, which executes when rendered.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-29 18:21 UTC
CWE
- CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Assigner
References
6 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/owen2345/camaleon-cms/commit/4… | patch |
| https://github.com/owen2345/camaleon-cms/pull/1201 | patchissue-tracking |
| https://github.com/owen2345/camaleon-cms/pull/1211 | issue-trackingpatch |
| https://github.com/owen2345/camaleon-cms/blob/2.9… | technical-description |
| https://github.com/owen2345/camaleon-cms/releases… | release-notes |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/camaleon-cms… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| owen2345 | camaleon-cms |
Affected:
0 , < 2.9.3
(custom)
cpe:2.3:a:tuzitio:camaleon_cms:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
Date Public
2026-07-14 23:11
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CVE-2026-115932 (GCVE-0-2026-115932)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-24 12:28 – Updated: 2026-11-02 14:07
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Path traversal in post media lets any registered user read server files
Summary
When a post is published, Postiz treats a media path that is not a web address as a file on the server's disk, but it does not check that the file lies inside the upload directory. A registered user can store a crafted media path with a post, get it past the checks that normally restrict it, and have the publishing worker read an arbitrary file and send it as an attachment to a Discord server the user controls.
The same unconfined reads can be reached through two further routes. One tells the caller whether a file exists and can exhaust the backend's memory, the other delivers the file the same way as the main route. Self-registration is open by default, so the attacker needs no existing account.
Severity
9.6 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-11-02 14:06 UTC
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/gitroomhq/postiz-app | product |
| https://github.com/gitroomhq/postiz-app/releases/… | release-notes |
| https://github.com/gitroomhq/postiz-app/commit/12… | patch |
| https://gadvisory.org/advisories/PSA-2026-E9AHFV | vendor-advisory |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| GitroomHQ | postiz-app |
Affected:
2.23.0 , < 2.25.3
(semver)
|
Date Public
2026-10-24 12:28
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CVE-2026-115924 (GCVE-0-2026-115924)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-26 19:22 – Updated: 2026-10-31 01:44
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Rembg: Unauthenticated SAM model injection permits local-file disclosure through malicious ONNX graphs
Summary
Rembg is a tool to remove images background. Prior to 2.0.82, the public /api/remove endpoint passes attacker-controlled extras.sam_model through rembg/commands/s_command.py to rembg/sessions/sam.py, where it is interpolated into SAM filenames and GitHub download URLs passed to pooch.retrieve() without a pinned hash. An unauthenticated attacker can supply a sam_model value combining path traversal with URL fragment syntax to exploit the HTTP request discarding the fragment while the local POSIX path retains it. The first request primes the attacker-selected path tree, and an identical repeated request downloads malicious ONNX encoder and decoder files beside a readable target file. The graphs can load the target through ONNX external data and encode its bytes into the returned PNG mask, disclosing complete files accessible to the rembg process and allowing arbitrary ONNX computation. This issue is fixed in version 2.0.82.
Severity
8.6 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-31 01:44 UTC
CWE
- CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/danielgatis/rembg/security/adv… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/danielgatis/rembg/commit/b2758… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/danielgatis/rembg/releases/tag… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| danielgatis | rembg |
Affected:
< 2.0.82
|
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CVE-2026-115923 (GCVE-0-2026-115923)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-26 17:56 – Updated: 2026-11-02 17:52
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Backstage catalog rules can be bypassed for URL locations using encoded path segments
Summary
Backstage is an open framework for building developer portals. Prior to 3.9.2 and from 4.0.0 until 4.0.2, DefaultCatalogRulesEnforcer in @backstage/plugin-catalog-backend compares the raw location.target URL against catalog.rules, while URL readers canonicalize the same URL before fetching it. An authenticated user with catalog.location.create permission can use percent-encoded path segments to make an untrusted URL match a trusted location pattern even though the canonical URL resolves outside that scope. This admits entity content from an untrusted source as trusted, while further downstream consequences depend on deployment configuration. This issue is fixed in versions 3.9.2 and 4.0.2.
Severity
6.5 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-11-02 17:51 UTC
CWE
- CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/backstage/backstage/security/a… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/backstage/backstage/commit/321… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/backstage/backstage/commit/737… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/backstage/backstage/releases/t… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/backstage/backstage/releases/t… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
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CVE-2026-115908 (GCVE-0-2026-115908)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-26 16:34 – Updated: 2026-10-26 19:36
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
zip: Arbitrary file write outside the extraction directory, because ZipArchive::extract validates symlink targets lexically. (The defense against CVE-2025-29787 was broken in v7.2.0)
Summary
zip is a zip library for Rust that supports reading and writing simple ZIP files. From 7.2.0 until 9.0.0, ZipArchive::extract and ZipArchive::extract_unwrapped_root_dir use safe_prepare_path in src/read/zipfile.rs and simplified_components in src/path.rs to validate symbolic link targets with a lexical prefix comparison rather than resolving each intermediate link. An attacker who knows or can guess the absolute extraction destination can create a chain whose apparent target remains under the destination while an intermediate symlink resolves outside it, allowing attacker-controlled files to be created or overwritten with the extracting process's privileges. On Windows, discarded drive and UNC prefixes can permit a single-link escape when the process has SeCreateSymbolicLinkPrivilege, such as through administrator rights or Developer Mode. This regression is distinct from CVE-2025-29787. This issue is fixed in version 9.0.0.
Severity
7.4 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-26 19:29 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/zip-rs/zip2/security/advisorie… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/zip-rs/zip2/commit/09c030eab56… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/zip-rs/zip2/releases/tag/v9.0.0 | x_refsource_MISC |
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"descriptions": [
{
"lang": "en",
"value": "zip is a zip library for Rust that supports reading and writing simple ZIP files. From 7.2.0 until 9.0.0, ZipArchive::extract and ZipArchive::extract_unwrapped_root_dir use safe_prepare_path in src/read/zipfile.rs and simplified_components in src/path.rs to validate symbolic link targets with a lexical prefix comparison rather than resolving each intermediate link. An attacker who knows or can guess the absolute extraction destination can create a chain whose apparent target remains under the destination while an intermediate symlink resolves outside it, allowing attacker-controlled files to be created or overwritten with the extracting process\u0027s privileges. On Windows, discarded drive and UNC prefixes can permit a single-link escape when the process has SeCreateSymbolicLinkPrivilege, such as through administrator rights or Developer Mode. This regression is distinct from CVE-2025-29787. This issue is fixed in version 9.0.0."
}
],
"metrics": [
{
"cvssV3_1": {
"attackComplexity": "HIGH",
"attackVector": "NETWORK",
"availabilityImpact": "HIGH",
"baseScore": 7.4,
"baseSeverity": "HIGH",
"confidentialityImpact": "NONE",
"integrityImpact": "HIGH",
"privilegesRequired": "NONE",
"scope": "UNCHANGED",
"userInteraction": "NONE",
"vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:H",
"version": "3.1"
}
}
],
"problemTypes": [
{
"descriptions": [
{
"cweId": "CWE-22",
"description": "CWE-22: Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory (\u0027Path Traversal\u0027)",
"lang": "en",
"type": "CWE"
}
]
},
{
"descriptions": [
{
"cweId": "CWE-59",
"description": "CWE-59: Improper Link Resolution Before File Access (\u0027Link Following\u0027)",
"lang": "en",
"type": "CWE"
}
]
},
{
"descriptions": [
{
"cweId": "CWE-61",
"description": "CWE-61: UNIX Symbolic Link (Symlink) Following",
"lang": "en",
"type": "CWE"
}
]
}
],
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2026-10-26T16:34:29.328Z",
"orgId": "a0819718-46f1-4df5-94e2-005712e83aaa",
"shortName": "GitHub_M"
},
"references": [
{
"name": "https://github.com/zip-rs/zip2/security/advisories/GHSA-hjqx-j4rw-g7xv",
"tags": [
"x_refsource_CONFIRM"
],
"url": "https://github.com/zip-rs/zip2/security/advisories/GHSA-hjqx-j4rw-g7xv"
},
{
"name": "https://github.com/zip-rs/zip2/commit/09c030eab56e8db8fb3c1c33f554407b30bad8fa",
"tags": [
"x_refsource_MISC"
],
"url": "https://github.com/zip-rs/zip2/commit/09c030eab56e8db8fb3c1c33f554407b30bad8fa"
},
{
"name": "https://github.com/zip-rs/zip2/releases/tag/v9.0.0",
"tags": [
"x_refsource_MISC"
],
"url": "https://github.com/zip-rs/zip2/releases/tag/v9.0.0"
}
],
"source": {
"advisory": "GHSA-hjqx-j4rw-g7xv",
"discovery": "UNKNOWN"
},
"title": "zip: Arbitrary file write outside the extraction directory, because ZipArchive::extract validates symlink targets lexically. (The defense against CVE-2025-29787 was broken in v7.2.0)"
}
},
"cveMetadata": {
"assignerOrgId": "a0819718-46f1-4df5-94e2-005712e83aaa",
"assignerShortName": "GitHub_M",
"cveId": "CVE-2026-115908",
"datePublished": "2026-10-26T16:34:29.328Z",
"dateReserved": "2026-10-23T20:21:45.106Z",
"dateUpdated": "2026-10-26T19:36:11.803Z",
"state": "PUBLISHED"
},
"dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
"dataVersion": "5.2"
}
Mitigation MIT-5.1
Implementation
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- When validating filenames, use stringent allowlists that limit the character set to be used. If feasible, only allow a single "." character in the filename to avoid weaknesses such as CWE-23, and exclude directory separators such as "/" to avoid CWE-36. Use a list of allowable file extensions, which will help to avoid CWE-434.
- Do not rely exclusively on a filtering mechanism that removes potentially dangerous characters. This is equivalent to a denylist, which may be incomplete (CWE-184). For example, filtering "/" is insufficient protection if the filesystem also supports the use of "\" as a directory separator. Another possible error could occur when the filtering is applied in a way that still produces dangerous data (CWE-182). For example, if "../" sequences are removed from the ".../...//" string in a sequential fashion, two instances of "../" would be removed from the original string, but the remaining characters would still form the "../" string.
Mitigation MIT-15
Architecture and Design
For any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.
Mitigation MIT-20.1
Implementation
Strategy: Input Validation
- Inputs should be decoded and canonicalized to the application's current internal representation before being validated (CWE-180). Make sure that the application does not decode the same input twice (CWE-174). Such errors could be used to bypass allowlist validation schemes by introducing dangerous inputs after they have been checked.
- Use a built-in path canonicalization function (such as realpath() in C) that produces the canonical version of the pathname, which effectively removes ".." sequences and symbolic links (CWE-23, CWE-59). This includes:
- realpath() in C
- getCanonicalPath() in Java
- GetFullPath() in ASP.NET
- realpath() or abs_path() in Perl
- realpath() in PHP
Mitigation MIT-4
Architecture and Design
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid [REF-1482].
Mitigation MIT-29
Operation
Strategy: Firewall
Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].
Mitigation MIT-17
Architecture and Design
Operation
Strategy: Environment Hardening
Run your code using the lowest privileges that are required to accomplish the necessary tasks [REF-76]. If possible, create isolated accounts with limited privileges that are only used for a single task. That way, a successful attack will not immediately give the attacker access to the rest of the software or its environment. For example, database applications rarely need to run as the database administrator, especially in day-to-day operations.
Mitigation MIT-21.1
Architecture and Design
Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion
- When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
- For example, ID 1 could map to "inbox.txt" and ID 2 could map to "profile.txt". Features such as the ESAPI AccessReferenceMap [REF-185] provide this capability.
Mitigation MIT-22
Architecture and Design
Operation
Strategy: Sandbox or Jail
- Run the code in a "jail" or similar sandbox environment that enforces strict boundaries between the process and the operating system. This may effectively restrict which files can be accessed in a particular directory or which commands can be executed by the software.
- OS-level examples include the Unix chroot jail, AppArmor, and SELinux. In general, managed code may provide some protection. For example, java.io.FilePermission in the Java SecurityManager allows the software to specify restrictions on file operations.
- This may not be a feasible solution, and it only limits the impact to the operating system; the rest of the application may still be subject to compromise.
- Be careful to avoid CWE-243 and other weaknesses related to jails.
Mitigation MIT-34
Architecture and Design
Operation
Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction
- Store library, include, and utility files outside of the web document root, if possible. Otherwise, store them in a separate directory and use the web server's access control capabilities to prevent attackers from directly requesting them. One common practice is to define a fixed constant in each calling program, then check for the existence of the constant in the library/include file; if the constant does not exist, then the file was directly requested, and it can exit immediately.
- This significantly reduces the chance of an attacker being able to bypass any protection mechanisms that are in the base program but not in the include files. It will also reduce the attack surface.
Mitigation MIT-39
Implementation
- Ensure that error messages only contain minimal details that are useful to the intended audience and no one else. The messages need to strike the balance between being too cryptic (which can confuse users) or being too detailed (which may reveal more than intended). The messages should not reveal the methods that were used to determine the error. Attackers can use detailed information to refine or optimize their original attack, thereby increasing their chances of success.
- If errors must be captured in some detail, record them in log messages, but consider what could occur if the log messages can be viewed by attackers. Highly sensitive information such as passwords should never be saved to log files.
- Avoid inconsistent messaging that might accidentally tip off an attacker about internal state, such as whether a user account exists or not.
- In the context of path traversal, error messages which disclose path information can help attackers craft the appropriate attack strings to move through the file system hierarchy.
Mitigation MIT-16
Operation
Implementation
Strategy: Environment Hardening
When using PHP, configure the application so that it does not use register_globals. During implementation, develop the application so that it does not rely on this feature, but be wary of implementing a register_globals emulation that is subject to weaknesses such as CWE-95, CWE-621, and similar issues.
CAPEC-126: Path Traversal
An adversary uses path manipulation methods to exploit insufficient input validation of a target to obtain access to data that should be not be retrievable by ordinary well-formed requests. A typical variety of this attack involves specifying a path to a desired file together with dot-dot-slash characters, resulting in the file access API or function traversing out of the intended directory structure and into the root file system. By replacing or modifying the expected path information the access function or API retrieves the file desired by the attacker. These attacks either involve the attacker providing a complete path to a targeted file or using control characters (e.g. path separators (/ or \) and/or dots (.)) to reach desired directories or files.
CAPEC-64: Using Slashes and URL Encoding Combined to Bypass Validation Logic
This attack targets the encoding of the URL combined with the encoding of the slash characters. An attacker can take advantage of the multiple ways of encoding a URL and abuse the interpretation of the URL. A URL may contain special character that need special syntax handling in order to be interpreted. Special characters are represented using a percentage character followed by two digits representing the octet code of the original character (%HEX-CODE). For instance US-ASCII space character would be represented with %20. This is often referred as escaped ending or percent-encoding. Since the server decodes the URL from the requests, it may restrict the access to some URL paths by validating and filtering out the URL requests it received. An attacker will try to craft an URL with a sequence of special characters which once interpreted by the server will be equivalent to a forbidden URL. It can be difficult to protect against this attack since the URL can contain other format of encoding such as UTF-8 encoding, Unicode-encoding, etc.
CAPEC-76: Manipulating Web Input to File System Calls
An attacker manipulates inputs to the target software which the target software passes to file system calls in the OS. The goal is to gain access to, and perhaps modify, areas of the file system that the target software did not intend to be accessible.
CAPEC-78: Using Escaped Slashes in Alternate Encoding
This attack targets the use of the backslash in alternate encoding. An adversary can provide a backslash as a leading character and causes a parser to believe that the next character is special. This is called an escape. By using that trick, the adversary tries to exploit alternate ways to encode the same character which leads to filter problems and opens avenues to attack.
CAPEC-79: Using Slashes in Alternate Encoding
This attack targets the encoding of the Slash characters. An adversary would try to exploit common filtering problems related to the use of the slashes characters to gain access to resources on the target host. Directory-driven systems, such as file systems and databases, typically use the slash character to indicate traversal between directories or other container components. For murky historical reasons, PCs (and, as a result, Microsoft OSs) choose to use a backslash, whereas the UNIX world typically makes use of the forward slash. The schizophrenic result is that many MS-based systems are required to understand both forms of the slash. This gives the adversary many opportunities to discover and abuse a number of common filtering problems. The goal of this pattern is to discover server software that only applies filters to one version, but not the other.