Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-22
Allowed-with-ReviewImproper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Stable
The product uses external input to construct a pathname that is intended to identify a file or directory that is located underneath a restricted parent directory, but the product does not properly neutralize special elements within the pathname that can cause the pathname to resolve to a location that is outside of the restricted directory.
15931 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2026-115194 (GCVE-0-2026-115194)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-26 12:48 – Updated: 2026-10-26 15:35
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
A path traversal vulnerability exists in the Mautic Asset API. When creating a local asset through the API, the supplied file path is not restricted to the asset upload directory. An authenticated API user with permission to create assets can register any file that is readable by the web server process as a Mautic asset. When the asset is published, its public download URL serves the contents of that file without authentication. This allows the attacker to read arbitrary files from the server, including Mautic configuration files containing the database password, secret key, and mail (SMTP) credentials, as well as system files and any other file readable by the web server user. Exposed credentials can be used to access the database or other connected services, and anyone with the public asset URL can retrieve the file contents.
Severity
6.5 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-26 14:59 UTC
CWE
- CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
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CVE-2026-114623 (GCVE-0-2026-114623)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-23 13:45 – Updated: 2026-10-23 14:57
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
baserCMS: Path traversal in the BcThemeFile admin screen allows file disclosure
Summary
baserCMS is a website development framework. In versions 5.0.0 before 5.3.2 and 5.4.0 before 5.4.2, an authenticated user with only theme-file view permission can traverse outside the theme directory through the optional BcThemeFile plugin's Admin web screen. ThemeFilesController::parseArgs() constructs a path containing literal ../ segments, and the view and edit actions pass it to ThemeFilesService::get() without containment validation. Authorization checks the unresolved request path, after which ThemeFile::_getContents() reads the resolved file and exposes its contents in the form textarea. A client must preserve the dot segments rather than normalize them away. Readable files are limited to .php, .css, .js, and .ctp; this can disclose application source and config/install.php database credentials in MySQL or PostgreSQL deployments, while SQLite configurations have an empty database password. Reading config/app_local.php may expose the Security.salt fallback, which is effective only when not overridden by environment configuration. The flaw does not disclose .env, .pem, or SQLite .db files, does not itself permit file writes or code execution, and does not affect the separate API getFullpath() route. The plugin is disabled by default and unauthenticated requests are not sufficient. This issue has been patched in versions 5.3.2 and 5.4.2.
Severity
6.5 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-23 14:48 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/baserproject/basercms/security… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/baserproject/basercms/commit/5… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/baserproject/basercms/commit/9… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/baserproject/basercms/releases… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/baserproject/basercms/releases… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| baserproject | basercms |
Affected:
>= 5.0.0, < 5.3.2
Affected: >= 5.4.0, < 5.4.2 |
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CVE-2026-114622 (GCVE-0-2026-114622)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-23 13:41 – Updated: 2026-10-30 20:04
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
baserCMS: Encoded path traversal bypass in the theme file API
Summary
baserCMS is a website development framework. In versions 5.2.3 before 5.3.2 and 5.4.0 before 5.4.2, the optional BcThemeFile plugin's Admin API validates a raw path in ThemeFilesService::update() and getFullpath(), but ThemeFileForm::_execute() subsequently applies rawurldecode() to fullpath before writing. Because normalizePath() resolves only literal dot segments, percent-encoded traversal can pass the containment checks and become a path outside the theme directory at the write sink. An authenticated administrator can write PHP files into writable locations such as webroot and execute them, exceeding the intended theme-template editing boundary. The source also identifies the same check-before-decode ordering in ThemeFilesService::copy(), although that path was not dynamically verified. Exploitation requires the non-default plugin, an administrator session, and a same-origin Origin header; USE_CORE_ADMIN_API=false does not block session-authenticated requests. The Admin web form is not affected by this encoded-path tampering because FormProtection protects fullpath. This is a third bypass of the protections associated with CVE-2026-30940, using encoded traversal decoded after validation. This issue has been patched in versions 5.3.2 and 5.4.2.
Severity
7.2 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-30 20:04 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/baserproject/basercms/security… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/baserproject/basercms/commit/5… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/baserproject/basercms/releases… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/baserproject/basercms/releases… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| baserproject | basercms |
Affected:
>= 5.2.3, < 5.3.2
Affected: >= 5.4.0, < 5.4.2 |
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CVE-2026-114606 (GCVE-0-2026-114606)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-22 16:35 – Updated: 2026-10-30 19:22
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
draw.io Desktop: Arbitrary local-file read via read-side IPC (no blessed-path gate)
Summary
draw.io Desktop is the official Electron build of draw.io. Prior to 31.4.4, draw.io Desktop is vulnerable to arbitrary local-file disclosure through the Electron main process's read-side IPC handlers. The readFile, getFileDrafts, getBkpFile, fileStat, isFileWritable, checkFileExists, and watchFile actions operate on a renderer-chosen filesystem path with no blessed-path (assertWritablePath) authorization. The only gates are validateSender — a URL-prefix origin check — plus, for readFile alone, a content "sniff" and a lexical appBaseDir prefix block. The write-side handlers (saveFile, writeFile, saveDraft, deleteFile) are all protected by assertWritablePath; the read side is not. The result is a read/write authorization asymmetry: any frame executing in the app's file:// origin can read the contents of local files that the same origin is explicitly forbidden to write. This issue is fixed in version 31.4.4.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-30 19:22 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/jgraph/drawio-desktop/security… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/jgraph/drawio-desktop/commit/9… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/jgraph/drawio-desktop/releases… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| jgraph | drawio-desktop |
Affected:
< 31.4.4
|
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CVE-2026-114492 (GCVE-0-2026-114492)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-21 17:54 – Updated: 2026-10-23 15:09
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
gin-vue-admin through 2.9.2 Path Traversal via removePlugin Endpoint
Summary
gin-vue-admin through 2.9.2 contains a path traversal vulnerability that allows authenticated administrators to recursively delete arbitrary directories by supplying traversal sequences in the pluginName parameter. Attackers can send a crafted POST request to /autoCode/removePlugin with '../' sequences, causing os.RemoveAll to delete any directory writable by the server process.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-23 14:47 UTC
CWE
- CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/flipped-aurora/gin-vue-admin/s… | vendor-advisory |
| https://github.com/flipped-aurora/gin-vue-admin/b… | technical-description |
| https://github.com/flipped-aurora/gin-vue-admin/b… | technical-description |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/gin-vue-admi… | third-party-advisory |
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1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| flipped-aurora | gin-vue-admin |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 2.9.2
(custom)
cpe:2.3:a:gin-vue-admin_project:gin-vue-admin:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
Date Public
2026-10-16 02:48
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CVE-2026-114402 (GCVE-0-2026-114402)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-21 12:39 – Updated: 2026-10-27 22:15
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Trudesk through 1.2.11 Path Traversal and Authorization Bypass via Profile Image Upload
Summary
Trudesk through 1.2.11 contains a path traversal and authorization bypass vulnerability in accountsController.uploadImage that allows authenticated users to overwrite other users' avatars via form-supplied _id and username fields. Attackers can supply a username like /../../../x to bypass the incomplete CVE-2022-1752 sanitization and write png, jpg, jpeg, or gif files outside public/uploads/users.
Severity
4.3 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-27 22:14 UTC
CWE
- CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://hackmd.io/@leediay/multiple-vuln-trudesk-1211 | third-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/polonel/trudesk/blob/v1.2.11/s… | technical-description |
| https://github.com/polonel/trudesk | product |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/trudesk-thro… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
Date Public
2026-10-21 01:34
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CVE-2026-114399 (GCVE-0-2026-114399)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-21 12:39 – Updated: 2026-10-21 15:48
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Trudesk through 1.2.11 Path Traversal via Backup Delete and Restore API
Summary
Trudesk through 1.2.11 contains a path traversal vulnerability that allows administrators to delete arbitrary files by supplying encoded traversal sequences to DELETE /api/v1/backup/:backup. Attackers can also pass unvalidated file values to POST /api/v1/backup/restore to restore archives from, or extract to, paths outside the intended directories.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-21 15:00 UTC
CWE
- CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://hackmd.io/@leediay/multiple-vuln-trudesk-1211 | third-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/polonel/trudesk/blob/v1.2.11/s… | technical-description |
| https://github.com/polonel/trudesk/blob/v1.2.11/s… | technical-description |
| https://github.com/polonel/trudesk | product |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/trudesk-thro… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
Date Public
2026-10-21 01:34
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CVE-2026-114377 (GCVE-0-2026-114377)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-21 20:15 – Updated: 2026-10-28 18:16 X_Open Source
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
leomoon-studios wiki-go Comment Deletion comments.go DeleteComment path traversal
Summary
A security vulnerability has been detected in leomoon-studios wiki-go up to 1.9.1. Affected by this issue is the function DeleteComment of the file internal/comments/comments.go of the component Comment Deletion Handler. The manipulation of the argument documentPath leads to path traversal. The attack may be initiated remotely. The exploit has been disclosed publicly and may be used. Upgrading to version 1.9.2 can resolve this issue. The identifier of the patch is 224ef2a11facddef6b3a3c1f0a69156d1e574a33. It is advisable to upgrade the affected component.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-28 18:16 UTC
CWE
- CWE-22 - Path Traversal
Assigner
References
8 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/424734 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/424734/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-114377 | third-party-advisory |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/1019399 | third-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/leomoon-studios/wiki-go/securi… | exploit |
| https://github.com/leomoon-studios/wiki-go/commit… | patch |
| https://github.com/leomoon-studios/wiki-go/releas… | patch |
| https://github.com/leomoon-studios/wiki-go/ | product |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| leomoon-studios | wiki-go |
Affected:
1.9.0
Affected: 1.9.1 Unaffected: 1.9.2 cpe:2.3:a:leomoon-studios:wiki-go:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2026-114376 (GCVE-0-2026-114376)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-21 20:00 – Updated: 2026-10-28 01:36 X_Open Source
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
leomoon-studios wiki-go API editor.go SourceHandler path traversal
Summary
A weakness has been identified in leomoon-studios wiki-go up to 1.9.1. Affected by this vulnerability is the function SaveHandler/SourceHandler of the file internal/handlers/editor.go of the component API. Executing a manipulation can lead to path traversal. The attack can be launched remotely. The exploit has been made available to the public and could be used for attacks. Upgrading to version 1.9.2 addresses this issue. This patch is called 94f7e73ef8df7c58091d72d77a5e26e9fdad98b8. Upgrading the affected component is advised.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-28 01:36 UTC
CWE
- CWE-22 - Path Traversal
Assigner
References
8 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/424733 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/424733/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-114376 | third-party-advisory |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/1019390 | third-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/leomoon-studios/wiki-go/securi… | exploit |
| https://github.com/leomoon-studios/wiki-go/commit… | patch |
| https://github.com/leomoon-studios/wiki-go/releas… | patch |
| https://github.com/leomoon-studios/wiki-go/ | product |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| leomoon-studios | wiki-go |
Affected:
1.9.0
Affected: 1.9.1 Unaffected: 1.9.2 cpe:2.3:a:leomoon-studios:wiki-go:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2026-114375 (GCVE-0-2026-114375)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-21 19:45 – Updated: 2026-10-23 21:20 X_Open Source
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
leomoon-studios wiki-go Files Rename API files.go RenameFileHandler path traversal
Summary
A security flaw has been discovered in leomoon-studios wiki-go up to 1.9.1. Affected is the function RenameFileHandler of the file internal/handlers/files.go of the component Files Rename API. Performing a manipulation of the argument currentPath/newName results in path traversal. The attack can be initiated remotely. The exploit has been released to the public and may be used for attacks. Upgrading to version 1.9.2 is able to address this issue. The patch is named 81cd12e248314a52605f0f39718c8a76272eac29. It is recommended to upgrade the affected component.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-23 18:00 UTC
CWE
- CWE-22 - Path Traversal
Assigner
References
8 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/424732 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/424732/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-114375 | third-party-advisory |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/1019389 | third-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/leomoon-studios/wiki-go/securi… | exploit |
| https://github.com/leomoon-studios/wiki-go/commit… | patch |
| https://github.com/leomoon-studios/wiki-go/releas… | patch |
| https://github.com/leomoon-studios/wiki-go/ | product |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| leomoon-studios | wiki-go |
Affected:
1.9.0
Affected: 1.9.1 Unaffected: 1.9.2 cpe:2.3:a:leomoon-studios:wiki-go:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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"cna": {
"affected": [
{
"cpes": [
"cpe:2.3:a:leomoon-studios:wiki-go:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*"
],
"modules": [
"Files Rename API"
],
"product": "wiki-go",
"vendor": "leomoon-studios",
"versions": [
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "1.9.0"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "1.9.1"
},
{
"status": "unaffected",
"version": "1.9.2"
}
]
}
],
"credits": [
{
"lang": "en",
"type": "reporter",
"value": "mikannse (VulDB User)"
}
],
"descriptions": [
{
"lang": "en",
"value": "A security flaw has been discovered in leomoon-studios wiki-go up to 1.9.1. Affected is the function RenameFileHandler of the file internal/handlers/files.go of the component Files Rename API. Performing a manipulation of the argument currentPath/newName results in path traversal. The attack can be initiated remotely. The exploit has been released to the public and may be used for attacks. Upgrading to version 1.9.2 is able to address this issue. The patch is named 81cd12e248314a52605f0f39718c8a76272eac29. It is recommended to upgrade the affected component."
}
],
"metrics": [
{
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"baseScore": 5.3,
"baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
"vectorString": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P",
"version": "4.0"
}
},
{
"cvssV3_1": {
"baseScore": 6.3,
"baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
"vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L/E:P/RL:O/RC:C",
"version": "3.1"
}
},
{
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"baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
"vectorString": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L/E:P/RL:O/RC:C",
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{
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"baseScore": 6.5,
"vectorString": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:S/C:P/I:P/A:P/E:POC/RL:OF/RC:C",
"version": "2.0"
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{
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"description": "Path Traversal",
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"type": "CWE"
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}
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"orgId": "1af790b2-7ee1-4545-860a-a788eba489b5",
"shortName": "VulDB"
},
"references": [
{
"name": "VDB-424732 | leomoon-studios wiki-go Files Rename API files.go RenameFileHandler path traversal",
"tags": [
"vdb-entry",
"technical-description"
],
"url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/424732"
},
{
"name": "VDB-424732 | CTI Indicators (IOB, IOC, TTP, IOA)",
"tags": [
"signature",
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"url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/424732/cti"
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{
"name": "CVE-2026-114375 | CVE Analysis and Report",
"tags": [
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"url": "https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-114375"
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"name": "Submit #1019389 | leomoon-studios wiki-go \u003c= 1.9.1 Path Traversal",
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"url": "https://vuldb.com/submit/1019389"
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{
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"url": "https://github.com/leomoon-studios/wiki-go/security/advisories/GHSA-xg75-vx57-m5mx"
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{
"tags": [
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"url": "https://github.com/leomoon-studios/wiki-go/commit/81cd12e248314a52605f0f39718c8a76272eac29"
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"url": "https://github.com/leomoon-studios/wiki-go/releases/tag/v1.9.2"
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"url": "https://github.com/leomoon-studios/wiki-go/"
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"time": "2026-10-21T00:00:00.000Z",
"value": "Advisory disclosed"
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"time": "2026-10-21T02:00:00.000Z",
"value": "VulDB entry created"
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"lang": "en",
"time": "2026-10-21T13:17:13.000Z",
"value": "VulDB entry last update"
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"title": "leomoon-studios wiki-go Files Rename API files.go RenameFileHandler path traversal",
"x_generator": [
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"cveMetadata": {
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"cveId": "CVE-2026-114375",
"datePublished": "2026-10-21T19:45:20.856Z",
"dateReserved": "2026-10-21T11:11:50.633Z",
"dateUpdated": "2026-10-23T21:20:14.859Z",
"state": "PUBLISHED"
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Mitigation MIT-5.1
Implementation
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- When validating filenames, use stringent allowlists that limit the character set to be used. If feasible, only allow a single "." character in the filename to avoid weaknesses such as CWE-23, and exclude directory separators such as "/" to avoid CWE-36. Use a list of allowable file extensions, which will help to avoid CWE-434.
- Do not rely exclusively on a filtering mechanism that removes potentially dangerous characters. This is equivalent to a denylist, which may be incomplete (CWE-184). For example, filtering "/" is insufficient protection if the filesystem also supports the use of "\" as a directory separator. Another possible error could occur when the filtering is applied in a way that still produces dangerous data (CWE-182). For example, if "../" sequences are removed from the ".../...//" string in a sequential fashion, two instances of "../" would be removed from the original string, but the remaining characters would still form the "../" string.
Mitigation MIT-15
Architecture and Design
For any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.
Mitigation MIT-20.1
Implementation
Strategy: Input Validation
- Inputs should be decoded and canonicalized to the application's current internal representation before being validated (CWE-180). Make sure that the application does not decode the same input twice (CWE-174). Such errors could be used to bypass allowlist validation schemes by introducing dangerous inputs after they have been checked.
- Use a built-in path canonicalization function (such as realpath() in C) that produces the canonical version of the pathname, which effectively removes ".." sequences and symbolic links (CWE-23, CWE-59). This includes:
- realpath() in C
- getCanonicalPath() in Java
- GetFullPath() in ASP.NET
- realpath() or abs_path() in Perl
- realpath() in PHP
Mitigation MIT-4
Architecture and Design
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid [REF-1482].
Mitigation MIT-29
Operation
Strategy: Firewall
Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].
Mitigation MIT-17
Architecture and Design
Operation
Strategy: Environment Hardening
Run your code using the lowest privileges that are required to accomplish the necessary tasks [REF-76]. If possible, create isolated accounts with limited privileges that are only used for a single task. That way, a successful attack will not immediately give the attacker access to the rest of the software or its environment. For example, database applications rarely need to run as the database administrator, especially in day-to-day operations.
Mitigation MIT-21.1
Architecture and Design
Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion
- When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
- For example, ID 1 could map to "inbox.txt" and ID 2 could map to "profile.txt". Features such as the ESAPI AccessReferenceMap [REF-185] provide this capability.
Mitigation MIT-22
Architecture and Design
Operation
Strategy: Sandbox or Jail
- Run the code in a "jail" or similar sandbox environment that enforces strict boundaries between the process and the operating system. This may effectively restrict which files can be accessed in a particular directory or which commands can be executed by the software.
- OS-level examples include the Unix chroot jail, AppArmor, and SELinux. In general, managed code may provide some protection. For example, java.io.FilePermission in the Java SecurityManager allows the software to specify restrictions on file operations.
- This may not be a feasible solution, and it only limits the impact to the operating system; the rest of the application may still be subject to compromise.
- Be careful to avoid CWE-243 and other weaknesses related to jails.
Mitigation MIT-34
Architecture and Design
Operation
Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction
- Store library, include, and utility files outside of the web document root, if possible. Otherwise, store them in a separate directory and use the web server's access control capabilities to prevent attackers from directly requesting them. One common practice is to define a fixed constant in each calling program, then check for the existence of the constant in the library/include file; if the constant does not exist, then the file was directly requested, and it can exit immediately.
- This significantly reduces the chance of an attacker being able to bypass any protection mechanisms that are in the base program but not in the include files. It will also reduce the attack surface.
Mitigation MIT-39
Implementation
- Ensure that error messages only contain minimal details that are useful to the intended audience and no one else. The messages need to strike the balance between being too cryptic (which can confuse users) or being too detailed (which may reveal more than intended). The messages should not reveal the methods that were used to determine the error. Attackers can use detailed information to refine or optimize their original attack, thereby increasing their chances of success.
- If errors must be captured in some detail, record them in log messages, but consider what could occur if the log messages can be viewed by attackers. Highly sensitive information such as passwords should never be saved to log files.
- Avoid inconsistent messaging that might accidentally tip off an attacker about internal state, such as whether a user account exists or not.
- In the context of path traversal, error messages which disclose path information can help attackers craft the appropriate attack strings to move through the file system hierarchy.
Mitigation MIT-16
Operation
Implementation
Strategy: Environment Hardening
When using PHP, configure the application so that it does not use register_globals. During implementation, develop the application so that it does not rely on this feature, but be wary of implementing a register_globals emulation that is subject to weaknesses such as CWE-95, CWE-621, and similar issues.
CAPEC-126: Path Traversal
An adversary uses path manipulation methods to exploit insufficient input validation of a target to obtain access to data that should be not be retrievable by ordinary well-formed requests. A typical variety of this attack involves specifying a path to a desired file together with dot-dot-slash characters, resulting in the file access API or function traversing out of the intended directory structure and into the root file system. By replacing or modifying the expected path information the access function or API retrieves the file desired by the attacker. These attacks either involve the attacker providing a complete path to a targeted file or using control characters (e.g. path separators (/ or \) and/or dots (.)) to reach desired directories or files.
CAPEC-64: Using Slashes and URL Encoding Combined to Bypass Validation Logic
This attack targets the encoding of the URL combined with the encoding of the slash characters. An attacker can take advantage of the multiple ways of encoding a URL and abuse the interpretation of the URL. A URL may contain special character that need special syntax handling in order to be interpreted. Special characters are represented using a percentage character followed by two digits representing the octet code of the original character (%HEX-CODE). For instance US-ASCII space character would be represented with %20. This is often referred as escaped ending or percent-encoding. Since the server decodes the URL from the requests, it may restrict the access to some URL paths by validating and filtering out the URL requests it received. An attacker will try to craft an URL with a sequence of special characters which once interpreted by the server will be equivalent to a forbidden URL. It can be difficult to protect against this attack since the URL can contain other format of encoding such as UTF-8 encoding, Unicode-encoding, etc.
CAPEC-76: Manipulating Web Input to File System Calls
An attacker manipulates inputs to the target software which the target software passes to file system calls in the OS. The goal is to gain access to, and perhaps modify, areas of the file system that the target software did not intend to be accessible.
CAPEC-78: Using Escaped Slashes in Alternate Encoding
This attack targets the use of the backslash in alternate encoding. An adversary can provide a backslash as a leading character and causes a parser to believe that the next character is special. This is called an escape. By using that trick, the adversary tries to exploit alternate ways to encode the same character which leads to filter problems and opens avenues to attack.
CAPEC-79: Using Slashes in Alternate Encoding
This attack targets the encoding of the Slash characters. An adversary would try to exploit common filtering problems related to the use of the slashes characters to gain access to resources on the target host. Directory-driven systems, such as file systems and databases, typically use the slash character to indicate traversal between directories or other container components. For murky historical reasons, PCs (and, as a result, Microsoft OSs) choose to use a backslash, whereas the UNIX world typically makes use of the forward slash. The schizophrenic result is that many MS-based systems are required to understand both forms of the slash. This gives the adversary many opportunities to discover and abuse a number of common filtering problems. The goal of this pattern is to discover server software that only applies filters to one version, but not the other.