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            "value": "To mitigate this vulnerability, prevent the `usbip` kernel module from loading by blacklisting it. Create a file named `/etc/modprobe.d/blacklist-usbip.conf` with the following content:\n\n```\nblacklist usbip\n```\n\nAfter creating the file, regenerate the initramfs and reboot the system for the changes to take effect. This may impact functionality that relies on USB/IP."
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          "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nusbip: validate number_of_packets in usbip_pack_ret_submit()\n\nWhen a USB/IP client receives a RET_SUBMIT response,\nusbip_pack_ret_submit() unconditionally overwrites\nurb-\u003enumber_of_packets from the network PDU. This value is\nsubsequently used as the loop bound in usbip_recv_iso() and\nusbip_pad_iso() to iterate over urb-\u003eiso_frame_desc[], a flexible\narray whose size was fixed at URB allocation time based on the\n*original* number_of_packets from the CMD_SUBMIT.\n\nA malicious USB/IP server can set number_of_packets in the response\nto a value larger than what was originally submitted, causing a heap\nout-of-bounds write when usbip_recv_iso() writes to\nurb-\u003eiso_frame_desc[i] beyond the allocated region.\n\nKASAN confirmed this with kernel 7.0.0-rc5:\n\n  BUG: KASAN: slab-out-of-bounds in usbip_recv_iso+0x46a/0x640\n  Write of size 4 at addr ffff888106351d40 by task vhci_rx/69\n\n  The buggy address is located 0 bytes to the right of\n   allocated 320-byte region [ffff888106351c00, ffff888106351d40)\n\nThe server side (stub_rx.c) and gadget side (vudc_rx.c) already\nvalidate number_of_packets in the CMD_SUBMIT path since commits\nc6688ef9f297 (\"usbip: fix stub_rx: harden CMD_SUBMIT path to handle\nmalicious input\") and b78d830f0049 (\"usbip: fix vudc_rx: harden\nCMD_SUBMIT path to handle malicious input\"). The server side validates\nagainst USBIP_MAX_ISO_PACKETS because no URB exists yet at that point.\nOn the client side we have the original URB, so we can use the tighter\nbound: the response must not exceed the original number_of_packets.\n\nThis mirrors the existing validation of actual_length against\ntransfer_buffer_length in usbip_recv_xbuff(), which checks the\nresponse value against the original allocation size.\n\nKelvin Mbogo\u0027s series (\"usb: usbip: fix integer overflow in\nusbip_recv_iso()\", v2) hardens the receive-side functions themselves;\nthis patch complements that work by catching the bad value at its\nsource -- in usbip_pack_ret_submit() before the overwrite -- and\nusing the tighter per-URB allocation bound rather than the global\nUSBIP_MAX_ISO_PACKETS limit.\n\nFix this by checking rpdu-\u003enumber_of_packets against\nurb-\u003enumber_of_packets in usbip_pack_ret_submit() before the\noverwrite. On violation, clamp to zero so that usbip_recv_iso() and\nusbip_pad_iso() safely return early."
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              "value": "AV:N - The vulnerable client-side VHCI path processes USB/IP RET_SUBMIT responses received over a TCP socket from a remote USB/IP server. A malicious or compromised server can send the crafted network PDU; physical USB access is not required.\nAC:L - No race or hard-to-control condition is required; the server sees the client CMD_SUBMIT sequence number and can reply with an oversized number_of_packets. The attacker can reasonably present or service an isochronous USB device to reach the iso descriptor path.\nPR:N - The attacker needs no privileges on the vulnerable client system and USB/IP has no authentication gate in this kernel receive path. Once acting as the remote peer, the server-controlled RET_SUBMIT fields are accepted by vhci_rx.\nUI:N - In a reasonable high-impact deployment, the USB/IP client connection may already be established or automatically managed. Exploitation is then triggered solely by the remote server\u2019s response packet without further victim action.\nS:U - The corruption occurs in the client kernel and impacts resources governed by the same kernel security authority. This is not a VM escape, IOMMU bypass, or other cross-scope boundary violation.\nC:H - The bug is heap memory corruption caused by attacker-controlled iso descriptors being written past the allocated urb-\u003eiso_frame_desc array. Such kernel memory corruption can be leveraged for information disclosure primitives, so confidentiality impact is high.\nI:H - usbip_recv_iso writes attacker-controlled descriptor fields out of bounds into adjacent kernel heap memory. This is a controlled kernel heap overwrite with plausible code execution or privilege escalation impact.\nA:H - KASAN confirmed a slab out-of-bounds write in the vhci_rx kernel thread. Even without full exploitation, a malicious server can crash or destabilize the kernel, causing high availability impact."
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          "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\ndrm/i915/gt: fix refcount underflow in intel_engine_park_heartbeat\n\nA use-after-free / refcount underflow is possible when the heartbeat\nworker and intel_engine_park_heartbeat() race to release the same\nengine-\u003eheartbeat.systole request.\n\nThe heartbeat worker reads engine-\u003eheartbeat.systole and calls\ni915_request_put() on it when the request is complete, but clears\nthe pointer in a separate, non-atomic step. Concurrently, a request\nretirement on another CPU can drop the engine wakeref to zero, triggering\n__engine_park() -\u003e intel_engine_park_heartbeat(). If the heartbeat\ntimer is pending at that point, cancel_delayed_work() returns true and\nintel_engine_park_heartbeat() reads the stale non-NULL systole pointer\nand calls i915_request_put() on it again, causing a refcount underflow:\n\n```\n\u003c4\u003e [487.221889] Workqueue: i915-unordered engine_retire [i915]\n\u003c4\u003e [487.222640] RIP: 0010:refcount_warn_saturate+0x68/0xb0\n...\n\u003c4\u003e [487.222707] Call Trace:\n\u003c4\u003e [487.222711]  \u003cTASK\u003e\n\u003c4\u003e [487.222716]  intel_engine_park_heartbeat.part.0+0x6f/0x80 [i915]\n\u003c4\u003e [487.223115]  intel_engine_park_heartbeat+0x25/0x40 [i915]\n\u003c4\u003e [487.223566]  __engine_park+0xb9/0x650 [i915]\n\u003c4\u003e [487.223973]  ____intel_wakeref_put_last+0x2e/0xb0 [i915]\n\u003c4\u003e [487.224408]  __intel_wakeref_put_last+0x72/0x90 [i915]\n\u003c4\u003e [487.224797]  intel_context_exit_engine+0x7c/0x80 [i915]\n\u003c4\u003e [487.225238]  intel_context_exit+0xf1/0x1b0 [i915]\n\u003c4\u003e [487.225695]  i915_request_retire.part.0+0x1b9/0x530 [i915]\n\u003c4\u003e [487.226178]  i915_request_retire+0x1c/0x40 [i915]\n\u003c4\u003e [487.226625]  engine_retire+0x122/0x180 [i915]\n\u003c4\u003e [487.227037]  process_one_work+0x239/0x760\n\u003c4\u003e [487.227060]  worker_thread+0x200/0x3f0\n\u003c4\u003e [487.227068]  ? __pfx_worker_thread+0x10/0x10\n\u003c4\u003e [487.227075]  kthread+0x10d/0x150\n\u003c4\u003e [487.227083]  ? __pfx_kthread+0x10/0x10\n\u003c4\u003e [487.227092]  ret_from_fork+0x3d4/0x480\n\u003c4\u003e [487.227099]  ? __pfx_kthread+0x10/0x10\n\u003c4\u003e [487.227107]  ret_from_fork_asm+0x1a/0x30\n\u003c4\u003e [487.227141]  \u003c/TASK\u003e\n```\n\nFix this by replacing the non-atomic pointer read + separate clear with\nxchg() in both racing paths. xchg() is a single indivisible hardware\ninstruction that atomically reads the old pointer and writes NULL. This\nguarantees only one of the two concurrent callers obtains the non-NULL\npointer and performs the put, the other gets NULL and skips it.\n\n(cherry picked from commit 13238dc0ee4f9ab8dafa2cca7295736191ae2f42)"
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              "value": "AV:L - The vulnerable path is reached locally through i915 DRM render ioctls such as execbuffer submission, not through network or adjacent protocols.\nAC:L - Although the bug is a race, an attacker with render access can repeatedly drive GPU request submission, heartbeat creation, completion, retirement, and engine parking to trigger it.\nPR:L - The relevant ioctl is DRM_RENDER_ALLOW and does not require CAP_SYS_ADMIN or DRM master, but the attacker needs local access to an i915 render device as an unprivileged render client.\nUI:N - No victim action is required once the attacker can issue DRM ioctls and submit GPU work.\nS:U - The impact remains within the kernel/driver security authority; this is not a VM escape or cross-scope boundary bypass.\nC:H - The stale i915_request pointer can become a use-after-free on a reused request object, and per the required kernel scoring guidance UAFs are treated as enabling high confidentiality impact.\nI:H - The double put/refcount underflow can corrupt request/fence lifetime state and create a UAF condition, which is defensibly exploitable for arbitrary kernel memory manipulation.\nA:H - The observed failure reaches refcount_warn_saturate from the engine park path and can produce a kernel warning/oops or crash; repeated triggering can deny service."
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