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          "value": "### Summary\n\n\n\n`qs.stringify` with `arrayFormat: \u0027comma\u0027` throws `TypeError: Cannot convert object to primitive value` when an array element cannot be coerced to a string, such as an object with an own non-callable `toString` (`{ \"toString\": \"x\" }`) or a null-prototype object. The comma format joins array elements with `Array.prototype.join` and, under `encodeValuesOnly`, first passes each element through `String()` in `utils.encode`; neither guards against an element whose string coercion fails.\n\n\n\n### Details\n\n\n\nIn `lib/stringify.js`, the comma branch collapses the array with `obj.join(\u0027,\u0027)`. For an element whose own `toString` is not callable, `ToPrimitive` skips it, falls through to `Object.prototype.valueOf` (which returns the object itself), and throws. Under `encodeValuesOnly: true`, the same element first reaches `String(str)` in `utils.encode` (`lib/utils.js`) and throws there. Nested arrays (`{ \"a\": [[{ \"toString\": \"x\" }]] }`) throw the same way, through `Array.prototype.toString`. The `indices`, `brackets`, and `repeat` formats walk into object elements instead of coercing them, and are not affected.\n\n\n\nSuch elements can come from untrusted input. `JSON.parse` produces `{ \"a\": [{ \"toString\": \"x\" }] }` with no qs option involved. `qs.parse(\"a[0][toString]=x\", { allowPrototypes: true })` keeps the `toString` key, and `qs.parse(\"a[][b]=c\", { plainObjects: true })` produces a null-prototype element; the default parse options drop `toString` and produce ordinary objects, which do not throw. Express 4\u0027s default `query parser`, Express 5\u0027s `extended` query parser, and body-parser\u0027s `urlencoded({ extended: true })` all call `qs.parse` with `allowPrototypes: true`.\n\n\n\n#### PoC\n\n\n\n```js\n\n\n\nvar qs = require(\"qs\");\n\n\n\nqs.stringify(JSON.parse(\"{\\\"a\\\":[{\\\"toString\\\":\\\"x\\\"}]}\"), { arrayFormat: \"comma\" });\n\n\n\nqs.stringify(qs.parse(\"a[0][toString]=x\", { allowPrototypes: true }), { arrayFormat: \"comma\" });\n\n\n\nqs.stringify(qs.parse(\"a[][b]=c\", { plainObjects: true }), { arrayFormat: \"comma\", encodeValuesOnly: true });\n\n\n\n// TypeError: Cannot convert object to primitive value\n\n\n\n```\n\n\n\n#### Fix\n\n\n\nApplied in a952e75 on `main` and released as v6.16.1: an element whose string coercion would fail is coerced to its primitive `valueOf`, if any, or else to `Object.prototype.toString`, so it renders as `[object Object]`, the same as any other object element already does under the comma format. Nested arrays are walked the way `join` walks them. Every input that did not previously throw serializes exactly as before, and a `toString` or `valueOf` that itself throws still propagates.\n\n\n\n### Affected versions\n\n\n\n`\u003e=6.7.0 \u003c6.16.1`, fixed in v6.16.1.\n\n\n\nThe `join` path was introduced with the comma format in b84acba and first shipped in v6.7.0; v6.6.x and earlier ignore `arrayFormat: \u0027comma\u0027` and are not affected. The `encodeValuesOnly` `String()` site was introduced in 4c4b23d (v6.11.1); before that, the same input throws at `join`. Every release from v6.7.0 through v6.16.0 is affected.\n\n\n\n### Impact\n\n\n\nAn unauthenticated request can make any code path that re-serializes attacker-influenced data with `qs.stringify` and `arrayFormat: \u0027comma\u0027` (for example, rebuilding a query string from `req.query` for a redirect or an upstream request, or serializing a parsed JSON body) throw synchronously. In a typical Node.js HTTP framework the throw is caught by the framework error boundary and the affected request returns a 500; the process survives and other requests are unaffected. Where the call runs outside an error boundary, such as an `async` Express 4 handler (where the throw becomes an unhandled promise rejection) or a bare `http` request handler, the process exits, so the impact in that case depends on the application error handling rather than on qs. The default `arrayFormat` (`indices`) is not affected."
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            },
            {
              "name": "http2transportResponseBody.Read"
            },
            {
              "name": "http2unencryptedTransport.RoundTrip"
            },
            {
              "name": "http2writeData.String"
            },
            {
              "name": "initALPNRequest.ServeHTTP"
            },
            {
              "name": "loggingConn.Close"
            },
            {
              "name": "loggingConn.Read"
            },
            {
              "name": "loggingConn.Write"
            },
            {
              "name": "maxBytesReader.Close"
            },
            {
              "name": "maxBytesReader.Read"
            },
            {
              "name": "onceCloseListener.Close"
            },
            {
              "name": "persistConn.Read"
            },
            {
              "name": "persistConnWriter.ReadFrom"
            },
            {
              "name": "persistConnWriter.Write"
            },
            {
              "name": "populateResponse.Write"
            },
            {
              "name": "populateResponse.WriteHeader"
            },
            {
              "name": "readTrackingBody.Close"
            },
            {
              "name": "readTrackingBody.Read"
            },
            {
              "name": "readWriteCloserBody.CloseWrite"
            },
            {
              "name": "readWriteCloserBody.Read"
            },
            {
              "name": "redirectHandler.ServeHTTP"
            },
            {
              "name": "response.Flush"
            },
            {
              "name": "response.FlushError"
            },
            {
              "name": "response.Hijack"
            },
            {
              "name": "response.ReadFrom"
            },
            {
              "name": "response.Write"
            },
            {
              "name": "response.WriteHeader"
            },
            {
              "name": "response.WriteString"
            },
            {
              "name": "serverHandler.ServeHTTP"
            },
            {
              "name": "socksDialer.DialWithConn"
            },
            {
              "name": "socksUsernamePassword.Authenticate"
            },
            {
              "name": "stringWriter.WriteString"
            },
            {
              "name": "timeoutHandler.ServeHTTP"
            },
            {
              "name": "timeoutWriter.Write"
            },
            {
              "name": "timeoutWriter.WriteHeader"
            },
            {
              "name": "transportReadFromServerError.Error"
            },
            {
              "name": "unencryptedHTTP2Request.ServeHTTP"
            }
          ],
          "vendor": "Go standard library",
          "versions": [
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              "lessThan": "1.26.9",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "0",
              "versionType": "semver"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "collectionURL": "https://pkg.go.dev",
          "defaultStatus": "unaffected",
          "packageName": "net/http/internal/http2",
          "product": "net/http/internal/http2",
          "programRoutines": [
            {
              "name": "Framer.readMetaFrame"
            },
            {
              "name": "ClientConn.Close"
            },
            {
              "name": "ClientConn.Ping"
            },
            {
              "name": "ClientConn.RoundTrip"
            },
            {
              "name": "ClientConn.Shutdown"
            },
            {
              "name": "Framer.ReadFrame"
            },
            {
              "name": "Framer.ReadFrameForHeader"
            },
            {
              "name": "Framer.ReadFrameHeader"
            },
            {
              "name": "Framer.WriteContinuation"
            },
            {
              "name": "Framer.WriteData"
            },
            {
              "name": "Framer.WriteDataPadded"
            },
            {
              "name": "Framer.WriteGoAway"
            },
            {
              "name": "Framer.WriteHeaders"
            },
            {
              "name": "Framer.WritePing"
            },
            {
              "name": "Framer.WritePriority"
            },
            {
              "name": "Framer.WritePriorityUpdate"
            },
            {
              "name": "Framer.WritePushPromise"
            },
            {
              "name": "Framer.WriteRSTStream"
            },
            {
              "name": "Framer.WriteRawFrame"
            },
            {
              "name": "Framer.WriteSettings"
            },
            {
              "name": "Framer.WriteSettingsAck"
            },
            {
              "name": "Framer.WriteWindowUpdate"
            },
            {
              "name": "NetHTTPClientConn.Close"
            },
            {
              "name": "NetHTTPClientConn.Ping"
            },
            {
              "name": "NetHTTPClientConn.RoundTrip"
            },
            {
              "name": "ReadFrameHeader"
            },
            {
              "name": "Server.GracefulShutdown"
            },
            {
              "name": "Server.ServeConn"
            },
            {
              "name": "SettingsFrame.ForeachSetting"
            },
            {
              "name": "Transport.AddConn"
            },
            {
              "name": "Transport.CloseIdleConnections"
            },
            {
              "name": "Transport.NewClientConn"
            },
            {
              "name": "Transport.RoundTrip"
            },
            {
              "name": "Transport.RoundTripOpt"
            },
            {
              "name": "bufferedWriter.Flush"
            },
            {
              "name": "bufferedWriter.Write"
            },
            {
              "name": "bufferedWriterTimeoutWriter.Write"
            },
            {
              "name": "chunkWriter.Write"
            },
            {
              "name": "clientConnPool.GetClientConn"
            },
            {
              "name": "gzipReader.Close"
            },
            {
              "name": "gzipReader.Read"
            },
            {
              "name": "noDialClientConnPool.GetClientConn"
            },
            {
              "name": "requestBody.Close"
            },
            {
              "name": "responseWriter.Flush"
            },
            {
              "name": "responseWriter.FlushError"
            },
            {
              "name": "responseWriter.Push"
            },
            {
              "name": "responseWriter.Write"
            },
            {
              "name": "responseWriter.WriteHeader"
            },
            {
              "name": "responseWriter.WriteString"
            },
            {
              "name": "serve400Handler.ServeHTTP"
            },
            {
              "name": "serverConn.Flush"
            },
            {
              "name": "stickyErrWriter.Write"
            },
            {
              "name": "transportResponseBody.Close"
            },
            {
              "name": "transportResponseBody.Read"
            }
          ],
          "vendor": "Go standard library",
          "versions": [
            {
              "lessThan": "1.27.2",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "1.27.0-0",
              "versionType": "semver"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "collectionURL": "https://pkg.go.dev",
          "defaultStatus": "unaffected",
          "packageName": "golang.org/x/net/http2",
          "product": "golang.org/x/net/http2",
          "programRoutines": [
            {
              "name": "Framer.readMetaFrame"
            },
            {
              "name": "ClientConn.Close"
            },
            {
              "name": "ClientConn.Ping"
            },
            {
              "name": "ClientConn.RoundTrip"
            },
            {
              "name": "ClientConn.Shutdown"
            },
            {
              "name": "ConfigureServer"
            },
            {
              "name": "ConfigureTransport"
            },
            {
              "name": "ConfigureTransports"
            },
            {
              "name": "ConnectionError.Error"
            },
            {
              "name": "ErrCode.String"
            },
            {
              "name": "FrameHeader.String"
            },
            {
              "name": "FrameType.String"
            },
            {
              "name": "FrameWriteRequest.String"
            },
            {
              "name": "Framer.ReadFrame"
            },
            {
              "name": "Framer.ReadFrameForHeader"
            },
            {
              "name": "Framer.ReadFrameHeader"
            },
            {
              "name": "Framer.WriteContinuation"
            },
            {
              "name": "Framer.WriteData"
            },
            {
              "name": "Framer.WriteDataPadded"
            },
            {
              "name": "Framer.WriteGoAway"
            },
            {
              "name": "Framer.WriteHeaders"
            },
            {
              "name": "Framer.WritePing"
            },
            {
              "name": "Framer.WritePriority"
            },
            {
              "name": "Framer.WritePriorityUpdate"
            },
            {
              "name": "Framer.WritePushPromise"
            },
            {
              "name": "Framer.WriteRSTStream"
            },
            {
              "name": "Framer.WriteRawFrame"
            },
            {
              "name": "Framer.WriteSettings"
            },
            {
              "name": "Framer.WriteSettingsAck"
            },
            {
              "name": "Framer.WriteWindowUpdate"
            },
            {
              "name": "GoAwayError.Error"
            },
            {
              "name": "ReadFrameHeader"
            },
            {
              "name": "Server.ServeConn"
            },
            {
              "name": "Setting.String"
            },
            {
              "name": "SettingID.String"
            },
            {
              "name": "SettingsFrame.ForeachSetting"
            },
            {
              "name": "StreamError.Error"
            },
            {
              "name": "Transport.CloseIdleConnections"
            },
            {
              "name": "Transport.NewClientConn"
            },
            {
              "name": "Transport.RoundTrip"
            },
            {
              "name": "Transport.RoundTripOpt"
            },
            {
              "name": "bufferedWriter.Flush"
            },
            {
              "name": "bufferedWriter.Write"
            },
            {
              "name": "bufferedWriterTimeoutWriter.Write"
            },
            {
              "name": "chunkWriter.Write"
            },
            {
              "name": "clientConnPool.GetClientConn"
            },
            {
              "name": "connError.Error"
            },
            {
              "name": "dataBuffer.Read"
            },
            {
              "name": "duplicatePseudoHeaderError.Error"
            },
            {
              "name": "gzipReader.Close"
            },
            {
              "name": "gzipReader.Read"
            },
            {
              "name": "headerFieldNameError.Error"
            },
            {
              "name": "headerFieldValueError.Error"
            },
            {
              "name": "netHTTPClientConn.Close"
            },
            {
              "name": "netHTTPClientConn.RoundTrip"
            },
            {
              "name": "noDialClientConnPool.GetClientConn"
            },
            {
              "name": "noDialH2RoundTripper.NewClientConn"
            },
            {
              "name": "noDialH2RoundTripper.RoundTrip"
            },
            {
              "name": "pipe.Read"
            },
            {
              "name": "priorityWriteSchedulerRFC7540.CloseStream"
            },
            {
              "name": "priorityWriteSchedulerRFC7540.OpenStream"
            },
            {
              "name": "priorityWriteSchedulerRFC9218.OpenStream"
            },
            {
              "name": "pseudoHeaderError.Error"
            },
            {
              "name": "requestBody.Close"
            },
            {
              "name": "requestBody.Read"
            },
            {
              "name": "responseWriter.Flush"
            },
            {
              "name": "responseWriter.FlushError"
            },
            {
              "name": "responseWriter.Push"
            },
            {
              "name": "responseWriter.SetReadDeadline"
            },
            {
              "name": "responseWriter.SetWriteDeadline"
            },
            {
              "name": "responseWriter.Write"
            },
            {
              "name": "responseWriter.WriteHeader"
            },
            {
              "name": "responseWriter.WriteString"
            },
            {
              "name": "roundRobinWriteScheduler.OpenStream"
            },
            {
              "name": "serverConn.CloseConn"
            },
            {
              "name": "serverConn.Flush"
            },
            {
              "name": "stickyErrWriter.Write"
            },
            {
              "name": "transportResponseBody.Close"
            },
            {
              "name": "transportResponseBody.Read"
            },
            {
              "name": "unencryptedTransport.RoundTrip"
            },
            {
              "name": "writeData.String"
            }
          ],
          "vendor": "golang.org/x/net",
          "versions": [
            {
              "lessThan": "0.60.0",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "0",
              "versionType": "semver"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "credits": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "RyotaK (https://ryotak.net) of GMO Flatt Security Inc."
        }
      ],
      "descriptions": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "When \"Trailer\" headers are sent by a client, the HTTP server internally uses the header values to populate the Request.Trailer map passed to the server handler. Because Request.Trailer is a map, each entry incurs memory overhead. For HTTP/2 servers, a malicious client can exploit this by sending a \"Trailer\" header that declares a large number of fields, causing the server to allocate a disproportionate amount of memory while bypassing Server.MaxHeaderValueCount and Server.MaxHeaderBytes limits. This exploit is not applicable for HTTP/1 servers, which do not support multiplexing a large number of requests over one TCP connection, and whose Server.MaxHeaderBytes are calculated differently."
        }
      ],
      "problemTypes": [
        {
          "descriptions": [
            {
              "description": "CWE-405: Asymmetric Resource Consumption (Amplification)",
              "lang": "en"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "providerMetadata": {
        "dateUpdated": "2026-10-08T22:53:58.192Z",
        "orgId": "1bb62c36-49e3-4200-9d77-64a1400537cc",
        "shortName": "Go"
      },
      "references": [
        {
          "url": "https://go.dev/cl/847185"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://go.dev/cl/847314"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://go.dev/issue/81857"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://groups.google.com/g/golang-announce/c/U2fTuyDJznI"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://groups.google.com/g/golang-announce/c/ZPwCyRUuGBs"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://pkg.go.dev/vuln/GO-2026-6603"
        }
      ],
      "title": "HTTP/2 server memory exhaustion due to Trailer headers in net/http"
    }
  },
  "cveMetadata": {
    "assignerOrgId": "1bb62c36-49e3-4200-9d77-64a1400537cc",
    "assignerShortName": "Go",
    "cveId": "CVE-2026-78659",
    "datePublished": "2026-10-08T22:53:58.192Z",
    "dateReserved": "2026-08-24T23:36:03.109Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-10-09T15:34:24.199Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.2"
}

{
  "containers": {
    "adp": [
      {
        "metrics": [
          {
            "cvssV3_1": {
              "attackComplexity": "LOW",
              "attackVector": "NETWORK",
              "availabilityImpact": "NONE",
              "baseScore": 7.5,
              "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
              "confidentialityImpact": "NONE",
              "integrityImpact": "HIGH",
              "privilegesRequired": "NONE",
              "scope": "UNCHANGED",
              "userInteraction": "NONE",
              "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
              "version": "3.1"
            }
          },
          {
            "other": {
              "content": {
                "id": "CVE-2026-78660",
                "options": [
                  {
                    "Exploitation": "none"
                  },
                  {
                    "Automatable": "yes"
                  },
                  {
                    "Technical Impact": "partial"
                  }
                ],
                "role": "CISA Coordinator",
                "timestamp": "2026-10-09T16:21:51.217328Z",
                "version": "2.0.3"
              },
              "type": "ssvc"
            }
          }
        ],
        "problemTypes": [
          {
            "descriptions": [
              {
                "cweId": "CWE-444",
                "description": "CWE-444 Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests (\u0027HTTP Request/Response Smuggling\u0027)",
                "lang": "en",
                "type": "CWE"
              }
            ]
          }
        ],
        "providerMetadata": {
          "dateUpdated": "2026-10-09T16:23:56.092Z",
          "orgId": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
          "shortName": "CISA-ADP"
        },
        "title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment"
      }
    ],
    "cna": {
      "affected": [
        {
          "collectionURL": "https://pkg.go.dev",
          "defaultStatus": "unaffected",
          "packageName": "net/http",
          "product": "net/http",
          "programRoutines": [
            {
              "name": "http2clientConnReadLoop.handleResponse"
            },
            {
              "name": "Client.CloseIdleConnections"
            },
            {
              "name": "Client.Do"
            },
            {
              "name": "Client.Get"
            },
            {
              "name": "Client.Head"
            },
            {
              "name": "Client.Post"
            },
            {
              "name": "Client.PostForm"
            },
            {
              "name": "ClientConn.Close"
            },
            {
              "name": "ClientConn.RoundTrip"
            },
            {
              "name": "Get"
            },
            {
              "name": "Head"
            },
            {
              "name": "Post"
            },
            {
              "name": "PostForm"
            },
            {
              "name": "Transport.CloseIdleConnections"
            },
            {
              "name": "Transport.NewClientConn"
            },
            {
              "name": "Transport.RoundTrip"
            },
            {
              "name": "http1ClientConn.Close"
            },
            {
              "name": "http1ClientConn.RoundTrip"
            },
            {
              "name": "http2Transport.NewClientConn"
            },
            {
              "name": "http2Transport.RoundTrip"
            },
            {
              "name": "http2Transport.RoundTripOpt"
            },
            {
              "name": "http2clientConnPool.GetClientConn"
            },
            {
              "name": "http2noDialClientConnPool.GetClientConn"
            },
            {
              "name": "http2noDialH2RoundTripper.NewClientConn"
            },
            {
              "name": "http2noDialH2RoundTripper.RoundTrip"
            },
            {
              "name": "http2unencryptedTransport.RoundTrip"
            }
          ],
          "vendor": "Go standard library",
          "versions": [
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              "lessThan": "1.26.9",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "0",
              "versionType": "semver"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "collectionURL": "https://pkg.go.dev",
          "defaultStatus": "unaffected",
          "packageName": "net/http/internal/http2",
          "product": "net/http/internal/http2",
          "programRoutines": [
            {
              "name": "clientConnReadLoop.handleResponse"
            },
            {
              "name": "Transport.AddConn"
            },
            {
              "name": "Transport.NewClientConn"
            },
            {
              "name": "Transport.RoundTrip"
            },
            {
              "name": "Transport.RoundTripOpt"
            },
            {
              "name": "clientConnPool.GetClientConn"
            },
            {
              "name": "noDialClientConnPool.GetClientConn"
            }
          ],
          "vendor": "Go standard library",
          "versions": [
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              "lessThan": "1.27.2",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "1.27.0-0",
              "versionType": "semver"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "collectionURL": "https://pkg.go.dev",
          "defaultStatus": "unaffected",
          "packageName": "golang.org/x/net/http2",
          "product": "golang.org/x/net/http2",
          "programRoutines": [
            {
              "name": "clientConnReadLoop.handleResponse"
            },
            {
              "name": "Transport.NewClientConn"
            },
            {
              "name": "Transport.RoundTrip"
            },
            {
              "name": "Transport.RoundTripOpt"
            },
            {
              "name": "clientConnPool.GetClientConn"
            },
            {
              "name": "noDialClientConnPool.GetClientConn"
            },
            {
              "name": "noDialH2RoundTripper.NewClientConn"
            },
            {
              "name": "noDialH2RoundTripper.RoundTrip"
            },
            {
              "name": "unencryptedTransport.RoundTrip"
            }
          ],
          "vendor": "golang.org/x/net",
          "versions": [
            {
              "lessThan": "0.60.0",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "0",
              "versionType": "semver"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "credits": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "TJ Barton"
        }
      ],
      "descriptions": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "Historically, we have been rather lax about malformed framing-related headers in our HTTP/2 implementation, as they cannot interfere with HTTP/2 framing. However, this makes it possible for our HTTP/2 implementation to forward responses containing such headers to an HTTP/1 client when acting as a reverse proxy. If the HTTP/1 client also does not behave strictly enough, this can result in response smuggling."
        }
      ],
      "problemTypes": [
        {
          "descriptions": [
            {
              "description": "CWE-444: Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests (\u0027HTTP Request/Response Smuggling\u0027)",
              "lang": "en"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "providerMetadata": {
        "dateUpdated": "2026-10-08T22:53:59.334Z",
        "orgId": "1bb62c36-49e3-4200-9d77-64a1400537cc",
        "shortName": "Go"
      },
      "references": [
        {
          "url": "https://go.dev/cl/835145"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://go.dev/cl/836385"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://go.dev/issue/81115"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://groups.google.com/g/golang-announce/c/U2fTuyDJznI"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://pkg.go.dev/vuln/GO-2026-6610"
        }
      ],
      "title": "HTTP/2 transport accepts malformed framing-related headers in net/http"
    }
  },
  "cveMetadata": {
    "assignerOrgId": "1bb62c36-49e3-4200-9d77-64a1400537cc",
    "assignerShortName": "Go",
    "cveId": "CVE-2026-78660",
    "datePublished": "2026-10-08T22:53:59.334Z",
    "dateReserved": "2026-08-24T23:36:15.738Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-10-09T16:23:56.092Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
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}