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        }
      ],
      "title": "Avoid quadratic complexity in resolvePath in net/url"
    }
  },
  "cveMetadata": {
    "assignerOrgId": "1bb62c36-49e3-4200-9d77-64a1400537cc",
    "assignerShortName": "Go",
    "cveId": "CVE-2026-56860",
    "datePublished": "2026-08-13T21:58:53.731Z",
    "dateReserved": "2026-06-23T15:10:49.353Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-08-14T16:14:39.166Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.2"
}

{
  "containers": {
    "adp": [
      {
        "metrics": [
          {
            "cvssV3_1": {
              "attackComplexity": "LOW",
              "attackVector": "NETWORK",
              "availabilityImpact": "HIGH",
              "baseScore": 7.5,
              "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
              "confidentialityImpact": "NONE",
              "integrityImpact": "NONE",
              "privilegesRequired": "NONE",
              "scope": "UNCHANGED",
              "userInteraction": "NONE",
              "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
              "version": "3.1"
            }
          },
          {
            "other": {
              "content": {
                "id": "CVE-2026-56862",
                "options": [
                  {
                    "Exploitation": "none"
                  },
                  {
                    "Automatable": "yes"
                  },
                  {
                    "Technical Impact": "partial"
                  }
                ],
                "role": "CISA Coordinator",
                "timestamp": "2026-08-14T15:27:34.651997Z",
                "version": "2.0.3"
              },
              "type": "ssvc"
            }
          }
        ],
        "problemTypes": [
          {
            "descriptions": [
              {
                "cweId": "CWE-770",
                "description": "CWE-770 Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling",
                "lang": "en",
                "type": "CWE"
              }
            ]
          }
        ],
        "providerMetadata": {
          "dateUpdated": "2026-08-14T15:29:41.741Z",
          "orgId": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
          "shortName": "CISA-ADP"
        },
        "title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment"
      }
    ],
    "cna": {
      "affected": [
        {
          "collectionURL": "https://pkg.go.dev",
          "defaultStatus": "unaffected",
          "packageName": "crypto/tls",
          "product": "crypto/tls",
          "programRoutines": [
            {
              "name": "Conn.readRecordOrCCS"
            },
            {
              "name": "Conn.Handshake"
            },
            {
              "name": "Conn.HandshakeContext"
            },
            {
              "name": "Conn.Read"
            },
            {
              "name": "Conn.Write"
            },
            {
              "name": "Dial"
            },
            {
              "name": "DialWithDialer"
            },
            {
              "name": "Dialer.Dial"
            },
            {
              "name": "Dialer.DialContext"
            },
            {
              "name": "QUICConn.HandleData"
            },
            {
              "name": "QUICConn.Start"
            }
          ],
          "vendor": "Go standard library",
          "versions": [
            {
              "lessThan": "1.25.13",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "0",
              "versionType": "semver"
            },
            {
              "lessThan": "1.26.6",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "1.26.0-0",
              "versionType": "semver"
            },
            {
              "lessThan": "1.27.0-rc.3",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "1.27.0-0",
              "versionType": "semver"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "credits": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "Qi Deng of Aurascape.ai"
        }
      ],
      "descriptions": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "Handshake messages, such as KeyUpdate, are always considered as state-advancing, regardless of whether a handshake has been completed or not. As a result, a malicious client can keep sending KeyUpdate messages to force the server to keep performing key derivation operations indefinitely."
        }
      ],
      "problemTypes": [
        {
          "descriptions": [
            {
              "description": "CWE-770: Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling",
              "lang": "en"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "providerMetadata": {
        "dateUpdated": "2026-08-13T21:58:53.216Z",
        "orgId": "1bb62c36-49e3-4200-9d77-64a1400537cc",
        "shortName": "Go"
      },
      "references": [
        {
          "url": "https://go.dev/issue/80528"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://go.dev/cl/804261"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://groups.google.com/g/golang-announce/c/94pEornpRlI"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://pkg.go.dev/vuln/GO-2026-6090"
        }
      ],
      "title": "Limit handshake messages we are willing to accept post-handshake in crypto/tls"
    }
  },
  "cveMetadata": {
    "assignerOrgId": "1bb62c36-49e3-4200-9d77-64a1400537cc",
    "assignerShortName": "Go",
    "cveId": "CVE-2026-56862",
    "datePublished": "2026-08-13T21:58:53.216Z",
    "dateReserved": "2026-06-23T15:10:49.353Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-08-14T15:29:41.741Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.2"
}

{
  "containers": {
    "adp": [
      {
        "metrics": [
          {
            "other": {
              "content": {
                "id": "CVE-2026-73500",
                "options": [
                  {
                    "Exploitation": "none"
                  },
                  {
                    "Automatable": "yes"
                  },
                  {
                    "Technical Impact": "partial"
                  }
                ],
                "role": "CISA Coordinator",
                "timestamp": "2026-08-13T17:49:14.567913Z",
                "version": "2.0.3"
              },
              "type": "ssvc"
            }
          }
        ],
        "providerMetadata": {
          "dateUpdated": "2026-08-13T17:53:16.094Z",
          "orgId": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
          "shortName": "CISA-ADP"
        },
        "title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment"
      }
    ],
    "cna": {
      "affected": [
        {
          "product": "etcd",
          "vendor": "etcd-io",
          "versions": [
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "\u003c 3.5.33"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "\u003e= 3.6.0, \u003c 3.6.14"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "\u003e= 3.7.0-alpha.0, \u003c 3.7.1"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "descriptions": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "etcd is a distributed key-value store for the data of a distributed system. Prior to versions 3.5.33, 3.6.14, and 3.7.1, a network attacker who can reach an etcd TLS listener can open many TCP connections and never send a ClientHello. In client/pkg/transport/listener_tls.go, each connection handled by tlsListener.acceptLoop spawns a goroutine that blocks indefinitely inside tls.Conn.Handshake() and remains tracked in the pending map. Unbounded goroutine and map growth can exhaust memory in the etcd process, causing loss of availability for the cluster and, when etcd backs Kubernetes, the control plane. This issue is fixed in versions 3.5.33, 3.6.14, and 3.7.1."
        }
      ],
      "metrics": [
        {
          "cvssV4_0": {
            "attackComplexity": "LOW",
            "attackRequirements": "NONE",
            "attackVector": "NETWORK",
            "baseScore": 8.7,
            "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
            "privilegesRequired": "NONE",
            "subAvailabilityImpact": "NONE",
            "subConfidentialityImpact": "NONE",
            "subIntegrityImpact": "NONE",
            "userInteraction": "NONE",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
            "version": "4.0",
            "vulnAvailabilityImpact": "HIGH",
            "vulnConfidentialityImpact": "NONE",
            "vulnIntegrityImpact": "NONE"
          }
        }
      ],
      "problemTypes": [
        {
          "descriptions": [
            {
              "cweId": "CWE-770",
              "description": "CWE-770: Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling",
              "lang": "en",
              "type": "CWE"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "providerMetadata": {
        "dateUpdated": "2026-08-12T21:22:25.151Z",
        "orgId": "a0819718-46f1-4df5-94e2-005712e83aaa",
        "shortName": "GitHub_M"
      },
      "references": [
        {
          "name": "https://github.com/etcd-io/etcd/security/advisories/GHSA-6vch-q96h-7gc3",
          "tags": [
            "x_refsource_CONFIRM"
          ],
          "url": "https://github.com/etcd-io/etcd/security/advisories/GHSA-6vch-q96h-7gc3"
        },
        {
          "name": "https://github.com/etcd-io/etcd/pull/22130",
          "tags": [
            "x_refsource_MISC"
          ],
          "url": "https://github.com/etcd-io/etcd/pull/22130"
        },
        {
          "name": "https://github.com/etcd-io/etcd/commit/2e07efce9745004eb4773cffaada9b5cdf77cff2",
          "tags": [
            "x_refsource_MISC"
          ],
          "url": "https://github.com/etcd-io/etcd/commit/2e07efce9745004eb4773cffaada9b5cdf77cff2"
        },
        {
          "name": "https://github.com/etcd-io/etcd/commit/89ff6d50796049d4f1136915ba21504b76e7e372",
          "tags": [
            "x_refsource_MISC"
          ],
          "url": "https://github.com/etcd-io/etcd/commit/89ff6d50796049d4f1136915ba21504b76e7e372"
        },
        {
          "name": "https://github.com/etcd-io/etcd/commit/8e4dd0679a2c6b095d2a32a749fda2521c7809a3",
          "tags": [
            "x_refsource_MISC"
          ],
          "url": "https://github.com/etcd-io/etcd/commit/8e4dd0679a2c6b095d2a32a749fda2521c7809a3"
        },
        {
          "name": "https://github.com/etcd-io/etcd/commit/f73cba7d920019f91a1ea1f6697833e42731f057",
          "tags": [
            "x_refsource_MISC"
          ],
          "url": "https://github.com/etcd-io/etcd/commit/f73cba7d920019f91a1ea1f6697833e42731f057"
        },
        {
          "name": "https://github.com/etcd-io/etcd/releases/tag/v3.5.33",
          "tags": [
            "x_refsource_MISC"
          ],
          "url": "https://github.com/etcd-io/etcd/releases/tag/v3.5.33"
        },
        {
          "name": "https://github.com/etcd-io/etcd/releases/tag/v3.6.14",
          "tags": [
            "x_refsource_MISC"
          ],
          "url": "https://github.com/etcd-io/etcd/releases/tag/v3.6.14"
        },
        {
          "name": "https://github.com/etcd-io/etcd/releases/tag/v3.7.1",
          "tags": [
            "x_refsource_MISC"
          ],
          "url": "https://github.com/etcd-io/etcd/releases/tag/v3.7.1"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "advisory": "GHSA-6vch-q96h-7gc3",
        "discovery": "UNKNOWN"
      },
      "title": "etcd: `tlsListener.acceptLoop` spawns unbounded handshake goroutines with no deadline"
    }
  },
  "cveMetadata": {
    "assignerOrgId": "a0819718-46f1-4df5-94e2-005712e83aaa",
    "assignerShortName": "GitHub_M",
    "cveId": "CVE-2026-73500",
    "datePublished": "2026-08-12T21:22:25.151Z",
    "dateReserved": "2026-08-12T19:00:33.736Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-08-13T17:53:16.094Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
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  "dataVersion": "5.2"
}

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Go",
        "name": "go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "1.21.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "1.40.0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-24051"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-426"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-02-02T20:07:46Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-02-02T23:16:07Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "### Impact\nThe OpenTelemetry Go SDK in version `v1.20.0`-`1.39.0` is vulnerable to Path Hijacking (Untrusted Search Paths) on macOS/Darwin systems. The resource detection code in `sdk/resource/host_id.go` executes the `ioreg` system command using a search path. An attacker with the ability to locally modify the PATH environment variable can achieve Arbitrary Code Execution (ACE) within the context of the application.\n\n### Patches\nThis has been patched in [d45961b](https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-go/commit/d45961bcda453fcbdb6469c22d6e88a1f9970a53), which was released with `v1.40.0`.\n\n### References\n- [CWE-426: Untrusted Search Path](https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/426.html)",
  "id": "GHSA-9h8m-3fm2-qjrq",
  "modified": "2026-02-27T21:39:46Z",
  "published": "2026-02-02T20:07:46Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-go/security/advisories/GHSA-9h8m-3fm2-qjrq"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-24051"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-go/commit/d45961bcda453fcbdb6469c22d6e88a1f9970a53"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-go"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://pkg.go.dev/vuln/GO-2026-4394"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "OpenTelemetry Go SDK Vulnerable to Arbitrary Code Execution via PATH Hijacking"
}

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 0.28.1"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Go",
        "name": "github.com/google/cel-go"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0.22.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "0.29.0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-495"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-07-24T16:48:56Z",
    "nvd_published_at": null,
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "The function `ext.NativeTypes(ParseStructTag(\"json\"))` does not honour the `encoding/json` skip directive `json:\"-\"`. Fields tagged `json:\"-\"` are registered in the CEL type system under the literal name `\"-\"` and are readable from any user-submitted CEL expression via `dyn(obj)[\"-\"]`. \n\nAdditionally, `newNativeTypes` silently registers every nested struct reachable from the type passed to `NativeTypes`, including types from third-party dependencies the developer never examined.\n\n## Root cause\n\nIn `fieldNameByTag`, the helper used by `ParseStructTag(\"json\")` to translate Go struct tags into CEL field names.\n\nSee at `ext/native.go:146`:\n\n```go\nfunc fieldNameByTag(structTagToParse string) func(field reflect.StructField) string {\n    return func(field reflect.StructField) string {\n        tag, found := field.Tag.Lookup(structTagToParse)\n        if found {\n            splits := strings.Split(tag, \",\")\n            if len(splits) \u003e 0 {\n                // We make the assumption that the leftmost entry in the tag is the name.\n                // This seems to be true for most tags that have the concept of a name/key, such as:\n                // https://pkg.go.dev/encoding/xml#Marshal\n                // https://pkg.go.dev/encoding/json#Marshal\n                // https://pkg.go.dev/go.mongodb.org/mongo-driver/bson#hdr-Structs\n                // https://pkg.go.dev/go.yaml.in/yaml/v3#Marshal\n                name := splits[0]\n                return name\n            }\n        }\n\n        return field.Name\n    }\n}\n```\n\nFor a field tagged `json:\"-\"`, this code splits the tag into `[]string{\"-\"}` and returns `\"-\"` as the CEL field name. It never checks whether `\"-\"` is the JSON skip sentinel.\n\nThis contradicts the `encoding/json` rule that the source comment explicitly points readers to:\n\n```text\nAs a special case, if the field tag is \"-\", the field is always omitted. Note\nthat a field with name \"-\" can still be generated using the tag \"-,\".\n```\n\nThe public option also documents JSON-style parsing as the intended behavior.\nSee at `ext/native.go:190`:\n\n```go\n// ParseStructTag configures the struct tag to parse. The 0th item in the tag is used as the name of the CEL field.\n// For example:\n// If the tag to parse is \"cel\" and the struct field has tag cel:\"foo\", the CEL struct field will be \"foo\".\n// If the tag to parse is \"json\" and the struct field has tag json:\"foo,omitempty\", the CEL struct field will be \"foo\".\nfunc ParseStructTag(tag string) NativeTypesOption {\n    return func(ntp *nativeTypeOptions) error {\n        ntp.fieldNameHandler = fieldNameByTag(tag)\n        return nil\n    }\n}\n```\n\nA developer using `ParseStructTag(\"json\")` is therefore led to expect `encoding/json` field-name semantics. Instead, `json:\"-\"` is treated as a real field name.\n\nThe bad name is accepted during native type construction. `newNativeType` checks for duplicate field names, but it does not reject or skip empty names or skip sentinels.\n\nSee at `ext/native.go:663`:\n\n```go\nif fieldNameHandler != nil {\n    fieldNames := make(map[string]struct{})\n\n    for idx := 0; idx \u003c refType.NumField(); idx++ {\n        field := refType.Field(idx)\n        fieldName := toFieldName(fieldNameHandler, field)\n\n        if _, found := fieldNames[fieldName]; found {\n            return nil, fmt.Errorf(\"invalid field name `%s` in struct `%s`: %w\", fieldName, refType.Name(), errDuplicatedFieldName)\n        } else {\n            fieldNames[fieldName] = struct{}{}\n        }\n    }\n}\n```\n\nOnce accepted, the field becomes part of CEL\u0027s view of the type. Field enumeration reports it as a normal field name.\n\nSee at `ext/native.go:286`:\n\n```go\nfunc (tp *nativeTypeProvider) FindStructFieldNames(typeName string) ([]string, bool) {\n    if t, found := tp.nativeTypes[typeName]; found {\n        fieldCount := t.refType.NumField()\n        fields := make([]string, fieldCount)\n        for i := 0; i \u003c fieldCount; i++ {\n            fields[i] = toFieldName(tp.options.fieldNameHandler, t.refType.Field(i))\n        }\n        return fields, true\n    }\n    if celTypeFields, found := tp.baseProvider.FindStructFieldNames(typeName); found {\n        return celTypeFields, true\n    }\n    return tp.baseProvider.FindStructFieldNames(typeName)\n}\n```\n\nField lookup also treats the name as valid and returns the underlying Go field value.\n\nSee at `ext/native.go:303`:\n\n```go\nfunc (tp *nativeTypeProvider) FindStructFieldType(typeName, fieldName string) (*types.FieldType, bool) {\n    t, found := tp.nativeTypes[typeName]\n    if !found {\n        return tp.baseProvider.FindStructFieldType(typeName, fieldName)\n    }\n    refField, isDefined := t.hasField(fieldName)\n    if !found || !isDefined {\n        return nil, false\n    }\n\n    return \u0026types.FieldType{\n        IsSet: func(obj any) bool {\n            refVal := reflect.Indirect(reflect.ValueOf(obj))\n            refField := refVal.FieldByName(refField.Name)\n            return !refField.IsZero()\n        },\n        GetFrom: func(obj any) (any, error) {\n            refVal := reflect.Indirect(reflect.ValueOf(obj))\n            refField := refVal.FieldByName(refField.Name)\n            return getFieldValue(refField), nil\n        },\n    }, true\n}\n```\n\nAt runtime, native objects advertise index access.\nSee at `ext/native.go:37`:\n\n```go\nvar (\n    nativeObjTraitMask = traits.FieldTesterType | traits.IndexerType\n)\n```\n\nBecause `traits.IndexerType` is present, a user expression can bypass ordinary field syntax and read the registered `\"-\"` field with bracket access:\n\n```cel\ndyn(req.auth)[\"-\"]\n```\n\nThe same mistaken name is also used when converting native objects to JSON-like CEL values. `ConvertToNative(jsonStructType)` iterates all Go struct fields, computes the CEL field name, and inserts it into the output map without applying the JSON skip rule.\n\nSee at `ext/native.go:501`:\n\n```go\ncase jsonStructType:\n    refVal := reflect.Indirect(o.refValue)\n    refType := refVal.Type()\n    fields := make(map[string]*structpb.Value, refVal.NumField())\n    for i := 0; i \u003c refVal.NumField(); i++ {\n        fieldType := refType.Field(i)\n        fieldValue := refVal.Field(i)\n        if !fieldValue.IsValid() || fieldValue.IsZero() {\n            continue\n        }\n        fieldName := toFieldName(o.valType.fieldNameHandler, fieldType)\n        fieldCELVal := o.NativeToValue(fieldValue.Interface())\n        fieldJSONVal, err := fieldCELVal.ConvertToNative(jsonValueType)\n        if err != nil {\n            return nil, err\n        }\n        fields[fieldName] = fieldJSONVal.(*structpb.Value)\n    }\n    return \u0026structpb.Struct{Fields: fields}, nil\n```\n\nThis means a `json:\"-\"` secret is exposed in two ways: it can be read directly through CEL indexing as `dyn(obj)[\"-\"]`, and it can appear under the key `\"-\"` in JSON struct conversion output.\n\nThe blast radius is widened by `newNativeTypes`, which registers not only the type explicitly passed to `NativeTypes`, but also every nested struct reachable from its fields.\n\nSee at `ext/native.go:609`:\n\n```go\nfunc newNativeTypes(fieldNameHandler NativeTypesFieldNameHandler, rawType reflect.Type) ([]*nativeType, error) {\n    nt, err := newNativeType(fieldNameHandler, rawType)\n    if err != nil {\n        return nil, err\n    }\n    result := []*nativeType{nt}\n\n    var iterateStructMembers func(reflect.Type)\n    iterateStructMembers = func(t reflect.Type) {\n        if k := t.Kind(); k == reflect.Pointer || k == reflect.Slice || k == reflect.Array || k == reflect.Map {\n            iterateStructMembers(t.Elem())\n            return\n        }\n        if t.Kind() != reflect.Struct {\n            return\n        }\n\n        nt, ntErr := newNativeType(fieldNameHandler, t)\n        if ntErr != nil {\n            err = ntErr\n            return\n        }\n        result = append(result, nt)\n\n        for idx := 0; idx \u003c t.NumField(); idx++ {\n            iterateStructMembers(t.Field(idx).Type)\n        }\n    }\n    iterateStructMembers(rawType)\n\n    return result, err\n}\n```\n\nAs a result, a developer can register one apparently safe request type while a nested dependency type is silently registered too. If that nested type contains a `json:\"-\"` secret, CEL still receives a readable field named `\"-\"` even though the developer never registered or audited that nested type directly.\n\n## Reproduction\n\n```go\npackage main\n\nimport (\n    \"fmt\"\n    \"reflect\"\n\n    \"github.com/google/cel-go/cel\"\n    \"github.com/google/cel-go/ext\"\n)\n\n// Simulates a library type; developer never registers this directly.\ntype AuthCtx struct {\n    UserID string `json:\"userId\"`\n    Secret string `json:\"-\"` // server-internal; never appears in JSON output\n}\n\n// Developer registers only this type.\ntype Req struct{ Auth AuthCtx `json:\"auth\"` }\n\nfunc main() {\n    env, _ := cel.NewEnv(\n        // Only Req is passed; AuthCtx is registered silently by newNativeTypes.\n        ext.NativeTypes(reflect.TypeOf(Req{}), ext.ParseStructTag(\"json\")),\n        cel.Variable(\"req\", cel.ObjectType(\"main.Req\")),\n    )\n    ast, _ := env.Compile(`dyn(req.auth)[\"-\"]`)\n    prg, _ := env.Program(ast)\n    out, _, _ := prg.Eval(map[string]any{\n        \"req\": Req{Auth: AuthCtx{UserID: \"alice\", Secret: \"sk-live-s3cr3t\"}},\n    })\n    fmt.Println(out) // sk-live-s3cr3t\n}\n```\n\n**Expected:** expression compile error or empty result; `json:\"-\"` field should not be\naccessible.  \n**Actual:** `sk-live-s3cr3t`; the server-injected secret is returned verbatim.\n\nThe same field is also included under key `\"-\"` in `ConvertToNative(jsonStructType)`\noutput, and appears in `FindStructFieldNames` enumeration.\n\n### path 1. CEL indexing\n\nTested against the released module `github.com/google/cel-go v0.28.1`\n(latest stable release as of 2026-05-12), using the `go.mod` entry:\n\n```\nrequire github.com/google/cel-go v0.28.1\n```\n\nRunning the PoC above (`go run main.go`) produces:\n\n```\nsk-live-s3cr3t\n```\n\nThe secret value is returned verbatim, with no error at compile time or at runtime.\n\n### Path 2. `ConvertToNative(jsonStructType)`\n\nWhen the `nativeObj` for the `AuthCtx` value is converted to a Protobuf `Struct`\n(the representation used whenever CEL output is serialised to JSON), the\n`json:\"-\"` field appears in the output map under the key `\"-\"`.\n\n```go\npackage main\n\nimport (\n    \"encoding/json\"\n    \"fmt\"\n    \"reflect\"\n\n    \"github.com/google/cel-go/cel\"\n    \"github.com/google/cel-go/ext\"\n\n    structpb \"google.golang.org/protobuf/types/known/structpb\"\n)\n\ntype AuthCtxConv struct {\n    UserID string `json:\"userId\"`\n    Secret string `json:\"-\"` // should never appear in JSON output\n}\n\ntype ReqConv struct{ Auth AuthCtxConv `json:\"auth\"` }\n\nfunc main() {\n    env, _ := cel.NewEnv(\n        ext.NativeTypes(reflect.TypeOf(ReqConv{}), ext.ParseStructTag(\"json\")),\n        cel.Variable(\"req\", cel.ObjectType(\"main.ReqConv\")),\n    )\n\n    ast, _ := env.Compile(`req.auth`)\n    prg, _ := env.Program(ast)\n    out, _, _ := prg.Eval(map[string]any{\n        \"req\": ReqConv{Auth: AuthCtxConv{UserID: \"alice\", Secret: \"sk-live-s3cr3t\"}},\n    })\n\n    jsonStructType := reflect.TypeOf(\u0026structpb.Struct{})\n    raw, _ := out.ConvertToNative(jsonStructType)\n\n    st := raw.(*structpb.Struct)\n    b, _ := json.MarshalIndent(st.AsMap(), \"\", \"  \")\n    fmt.Printf(\"ConvertToNative(jsonStructType) output:\\n%s\\n\", b)\n    fmt.Printf(\"\\nDirect field access via \\\"-\\\" key present: %v\\n\", st.Fields[\"-\"] != nil)\n    if v, ok := st.Fields[\"-\"]; ok {\n        fmt.Printf(\"Value: %s\\n\", v.GetStringValue())\n    }\n}\n```\n\nRunning the PoC above produces:\n\n```\nConvertToNative(jsonStructType) output:\n{\n  \"-\": \"sk-live-s3cr3t\",\n  \"userId\": \"alice\"\n}\n\nDirect field access via \"-\" key present: true\nValue: sk-live-s3cr3t\n```\n\nThe `\"-\"` key is present in the serialised Protobuf struct alongside `userId`.\nAny system that converts a CEL evaluation result to JSON (e.g. via `structpb.Struct`) will include the secret in the output, regardless of whether the `dyn()[\"-\"]` indexing path is used.\n\n## Impact\n\nAny user who can submit CEL expressions to an application that uses `ext.NativeTypes(ParseStructTag(\"json\"))` can read struct fields that the developer explicitly marked `json:\"-\"` to keep out of serialised output. By writing `dyn(obj)[\"-\"]`, the attacker retrieves the raw Go field value, typically a secret, internal token, or private identifier, with no compile-time or runtime error. Because `newNativeTypes` silently registers every nested struct reachable from the root type, the attacker may also reach secrets in dependency types the developer never intended to expose to CEL.\n\n## Remediation\n\nDo not treat `json:\"-\"` as a CEL field named `\"-\"`. Model it as an explicit skipped field, not as an empty string field name.\n\nUpdate the struct-tag parsing path so exact `json:\"-\"` returns \u201cskip this field\u201d, while `json:\"-,\"` continues to mean the literal field name `\"-\"`, matching `encoding/json` semantics.\n\nApply that skip decision consistently anywhere native fields are exposed or resolved:\n\n- duplicate-name validation in `newNativeType`\n- field enumeration in `FindStructFieldNames`\n- field type lookup in `FindStructFieldType`\n- runtime lookup in `fieldByName` / `hasField`\n- object construction in `NewValue`\n- JSON conversion in `ConvertToNative(jsonStructType)`\n\nApply the same omit handling for `xml:\"-\"`, `yaml:\"-\"`, and `bson:\"-\"` where `ParseStructTag` is used.",
  "id": "GHSA-gcjh-h69q-9w9g",
  "modified": "2026-07-24T16:48:56Z",
  "published": "2026-07-24T16:48:56Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/cel-expr/cel-go/security/advisories/GHSA-gcjh-h69q-9w9g"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/cel-expr/cel-go"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "cel-go: JSON Private Fields Exposed via NativeTypes and ParseStructTag"
}

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Go",
        "name": "google.golang.org/grpc"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "1.79.3"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-33186"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-285"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-03-18T20:10:29Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-03-20T23:16:45Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "### Impact\n_What kind of vulnerability is it? Who is impacted?_\n\nIt is an **Authorization Bypass** resulting from **Improper Input Validation** of the HTTP/2 `:path` pseudo-header.\n\nThe gRPC-Go server was too lenient in its routing logic, accepting requests where the `:path` omitted the mandatory leading slash (e.g., `Service/Method` instead of `/Service/Method`). While the server successfully routed these requests to the correct handler, authorization interceptors (including the official `grpc/authz` package) evaluated the raw, non-canonical path string. Consequently, \"deny\" rules defined using canonical paths (starting with `/`) failed to match the incoming request, allowing it to bypass the policy if a fallback \"allow\" rule was present.\n\n**Who is impacted?**\nThis affects gRPC-Go servers that meet both of the following criteria:\n1. They use path-based authorization interceptors, such as the official RBAC implementation in `google.golang.org/grpc/authz` or custom interceptors relying on `info.FullMethod` or `grpc.Method(ctx)`.\n2. Their security policy contains specific \"deny\" rules for canonical paths but allows other requests by default (a fallback \"allow\" rule).\n\nThe vulnerability is exploitable by an attacker who can send raw HTTP/2 frames with malformed `:path` headers directly to the gRPC server.\n\n### Patches\n_Has the problem been patched? What versions should users upgrade to?_\n\nYes, the issue has been patched. The fix ensures that any request with a `:path` that does not start with a leading slash is immediately rejected with a `codes.Unimplemented` error, preventing it from reaching authorization interceptors or handlers with a non-canonical path string.\n\nUsers should upgrade to the following versions (or newer):\n* **v1.79.3**\n* The latest **master** branch.\n\nIt is recommended that all users employing path-based authorization (especially `grpc/authz`) upgrade as soon as the patch is available in a tagged release.\n\n### Workarounds\n_Is there a way for users to fix or remediate the vulnerability without upgrading?_\n\nWhile upgrading is the most secure and recommended path, users can mitigate the vulnerability using one of the following methods:\n\n#### 1. Use a Validating Interceptor (Recommended Mitigation)\nAdd an \"outermost\" interceptor to your server that validates the path before any other authorization logic runs:\n\n```go\nfunc pathValidationInterceptor(ctx context.Context, req any, info *grpc.UnaryServerInfo, handler grpc.UnaryHandler) (any, error) {\n    if info.FullMethod == \"\" || info.FullMethod[0] != \u0027/\u0027 {\n        return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Unimplemented, \"malformed method name\")\n    }   \n    return handler(ctx, req)\n}\n\n// Ensure this is the FIRST interceptor in your chain\ns := grpc.NewServer(\n    grpc.ChainUnaryInterceptor(pathValidationInterceptor, authzInterceptor),\n)\n```\n\n#### 2. Infrastructure-Level Normalization\nIf your gRPC server is behind a reverse proxy or load balancer (such as Envoy, NGINX, or an L7 Cloud Load Balancer), ensure it is configured to enforce strict HTTP/2 compliance for pseudo-headers and reject or normalize requests where the `:path` header does not start with a leading slash.\n\n#### 3. Policy Hardening\nSwitch to a \"default deny\" posture in your authorization policies (explicitly listing all allowed paths and denying everything else) to reduce the risk of bypasses via malformed inputs.",
  "id": "GHSA-p77j-4mvh-x3m3",
  "modified": "2026-03-25T18:12:09Z",
  "published": "2026-03-18T20:10:29Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/grpc/grpc-go/security/advisories/GHSA-p77j-4mvh-x3m3"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-33186"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/grpc/grpc-go"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "gRPC-Go has an authorization bypass via missing leading slash in :path"
}