Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-639

Weakness Allowed

Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key

Abstraction: Base · Status: Incomplete

API response cwe.mitre.org

The system's authorization functionality does not prevent one user from gaining access to another user's data or record by modifying the key value identifying the data.

It is likely that an attacker would have to be an authenticated user in the system. However, the authorization process would not properly check the data access operation to ensure that the authenticated user performing the operation has sufficient entitlements to perform the requested data access, hence bypassing any other authorization checks present in the system.

For example, attackers can look at places where user specific data is retrieved (e.g. search screens) and determine whether the key for the item being looked up is controllable externally. The key may be a hidden field in the HTML form field, might be passed as a URL parameter or as an unencrypted cookie variable, then in each of these cases it will be possible to tamper with the key value.

Mapping guidance

This CWE entry is at the Base level of abstraction, which is a preferred level of abstraction for mapping to the root causes of vulnerabilities.

Carefully read both the name and description to ensure that this mapping is an appropriate fit. Do not try to 'force' a mapping to a lower-level Base/Variant simply to comply with this preferred level of abstraction.

Relationships and members
ChildOf: CWE-863 · View CWE-1000
ChildOf: CWE-863 · View CWE-1003
ChildOf: CWE-284 · View CWE-1340
Modes of introduction
Architecture and Design

REALIZATION: This weakness is caused during implementation of an architectural security tactic.

Architecture and Design

Retrieval of a user record occurs in the system based on some key value that is under user control. The key would typically identify a user-related record stored in the system and would be used to lookup that record for presentation to the user.

Implementation

One manifestation of this weakness is when a system uses sequential or otherwise easily-guessable session IDs that would allow one user to easily switch to another user's session and read/modify their data.

Detection methods

Automated Static Analysis

Automated static analysis, commonly referred to as Static Application Security Testing (SAST), can find some instances of this weakness by analyzing source code (or binary/compiled code) without having to execute it. Typically, this is done by building a model of data flow and control flow, then searching for potentially-vulnerable patterns that connect "sources" (origins of input) with "sinks" (destinations where the data interacts with external components, a lower layer such as the OS, etc.)

Effectiveness: High

Notes

Maintenance

As of CWE 4.20, the relationship between IDOR and BOLA needs to be investigated more closely, including research into how these terms are used in the industry. The CWE team suspects that IDOR can be a part of BOLA, but BOLA expands on the weakness inherent to IDOR in that it is not only about objects that are being directly referenced.

Content history
Submission: Evgeny Lebanidze · Cigital · 2008-01-30 · CWE Draft 8
Contribution: Mateus Godinho Pantoja · 2024-08-09 · CWE 4.20

Suggested corrections to use of IDOR versus BOLA

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2008-09-08 · CWE 1.0

updated Common_Consequences, Relationships, Type

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2008-10-14 · CWE 1.0.1

updated Description

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2009-03-10 · CWE 1.3

updated Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2009-05-27 · CWE 1.4

updated Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2009-10-29 · CWE 1.6

updated Common_Consequences

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2010-06-21 · CWE 1.9

updated Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2011-03-29 · CWE 1.12

updated Alternate_Terms, Applicable_Platforms, Description, Name, Potential_Mitigations, Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2011-06-01 · CWE 1.13

updated Common_Consequences, Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2012-05-11 · CWE 2.2

updated Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2013-02-21 · CWE 2.4

updated Alternate_Terms, Common_Consequences

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2013-07-17 · CWE 2.5

updated Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2014-07-30 · CWE 2.8

updated Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2017-11-08 · CWE 3.0

updated Description, Enabling_Factors_for_Exploitation, Modes_of_Introduction, Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2018-03-27 · CWE 3.1

updated Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2019-06-20 · CWE 3.3

updated Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2020-02-24 · CWE 4.0

updated Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2020-06-25 · CWE 4.1

updated Alternate_Terms

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2020-12-10 · CWE 4.3

updated Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2021-03-15 · CWE 4.4

updated Alternate_Terms

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2021-10-28 · CWE 4.6

updated Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2023-04-27 · CWE 4.11

updated Detection_Factors, Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2023-06-29 · CWE 4.12

updated Mapping_Notes

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2023-10-26 · CWE 4.13

updated Observed_Examples

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2024-02-29 · CWE 4.14

updated Demonstrative_Examples

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2025-12-11 · CWE 4.19

updated References, Relationships, Weakness_Ordinalities

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2026-04-30 · CWE 4.20

updated Alternate_Terms, Maintenance_Notes, References

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2026-10-28 · CWE 5.0

updated Description, Modes_of_Introduction, Time_of_Introduction

5711 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

CVE-2025-12283 (GCVE-0-2025-12283)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-10-27 14:02 – Updated: 2026-01-07 16:50 X_Freeware
VLAI
Title
code-projects Client Details System authorization
Summary
A security flaw has been discovered in code-projects Client Details System 1.0. The impacted element is an unknown function. The manipulation results in authorization bypass. The attack can be launched remotely. The exploit has been released to the public and may be exploited.
Severity
5.3 (Medium)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P
4.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N/E:P/RL:X/RC:R
4.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N/E:P/RL:X/RC:R
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-01-07 16:50 UTC
CWE
Assigner
VulDB CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard B 83/100 over 3839 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Credits
LiuJiYing (VulDB User)
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2025-12126 (GCVE-0-2025-12126)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-11-11 03:30 – Updated: 2026-04-08 17:28
VLAI
Title
The Total Book Project <= 1.0 - Insecure Direct Object Reference to Authenticated (Contributor+) Book Manipulation
Summary
The The Total Book Project plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Insecure Direct Object Reference in all versions up to, and including, 1.0 via several functions due to missing validation on a user controlled key. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Contributor-level access and above, to perform several actions like moving/deleting/creating chapters in books that do not belong to them.
Severity
5.4 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-11-12 15:10 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-639 - Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key
Assigner
Wordfence CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard C 65/100 over 2454 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
ryanmoyer The Total Book Project Affected: 0 , ≤ 1.0 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Credits
Athiwat Tiprasaharn
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2025-12087 (GCVE-0-2025-12087)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-11-12 04:29 – Updated: 2026-04-08 16:37
VLAI
Title
Wishlist and Save for later for Woocommerce <= 1.1.22 - Insecure Direct Object Reference to Authenticated (Subscriber+) Wishlist Item Deletion
Summary
The Wishlist and Save for later for Woocommerce plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Insecure Direct Object Reference in all versions up to, and including, 1.1.22 via the 'awwlm_remove_added_wishlist_page' AJAX action due to missing validation on a user controlled key. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Subscriber-level access and above, to delete wishlist items from other user's wishlists.
Severity
4.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-11-12 18:31 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-639 - Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key
Assigner
Wordfence CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard C 65/100 over 2454 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Credits
Itthidej Aramsri
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2025-12086 (GCVE-0-2025-12086)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-11-21 07:31 – Updated: 2026-04-08 16:36
VLAI
Title
Return Refund and Exchange For WooCommerce <= 4.5.5 - Insecure Direct Object Reference to Authenticated (Subscriber+) Refund Request Cancellation
Summary
The Return Refund and Exchange For WooCommerce plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Insecure Direct Object Reference in all versions up to, and including, 4.5.5 via the 'wps_rma_cancel_return_request' AJAX endpoint due to missing validation on a user controlled key. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Subscriber-level access and above, to delete other users refund requests.
Severity
4.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-11-21 14:48 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-639 - Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key
Assigner
Wordfence CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard C 65/100 over 2454 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Credits
Powpy
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2025-12071 (GCVE-0-2025-12071)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-02-18 04:35 – Updated: 2026-04-08 16:44
VLAI
Title
Frontend User Notes <= 2.1.0 - Insecure Direct Object Reference to Authenticated (Subscriber+) Arbitrary Note Modification
Summary
The Frontend User Notes plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Insecure Direct Object Reference in all versions up to, and including, 2.1.0 via the 'funp_ajax_modify_notes' AJAX endpoint due to missing validation on a user controlled key. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Subscriber-level access and above, to modify arbitrary notes that do not belong to them.
Severity
4.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-02-18 14:44 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-639 - Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key
Assigner
Wordfence CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard C 65/100 over 2454 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
absikandar Frontend User Notes Affected: 0 , ≤ 2.1.0 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Credits
Athiwat Tiprasaharn
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2025-12063 (GCVE-0-2025-12063)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-02-10 05:52 – Updated: 2026-02-10 20:16
VLAI
Summary
An insecure direct object reference allowed a non-admin user to modify or remove certain data objects without having the appropriate permissions.
Severity
5.7 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-02-10 20:16 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-639 - Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key
Assigner
Axis CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard – unranked: 7 records in the last 180 days, 10 needed details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Axis Communications AB AXIS Camera Station Pro Affected: 6 , < 6.14 (semver)
    cpe:2.3:a:axis_communications_ab:axis_camera_station_pro:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
Credits
Seth Fogie
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2025-12040 (GCVE-0-2025-12040)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-11-25 07:28 – Updated: 2026-04-08 16:59
VLAI
Title
Wishlist for WooCommerce <= 1.1.3 - Insecure Direct Object Reference to Unauthenticated Wishlist Manipulation
Summary
The Wishlist for WooCommerce plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Insecure Direct Object Reference in all versions up to, and including, 1.1.3 via several functions in class-th-wishlist-frontend.php due to missing validation on a user controlled key. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to modify other user's wishlists
Severity
6.5 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-11-25 15:04 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-639 - Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key
Assigner
Wordfence CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard C 65/100 over 2454 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
themehunk Wishlist for WooCommerce Affected: 0 , ≤ 1.1.3 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Credits
Powpy
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2025-12030 (GCVE-0-2025-12030)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-01-07 08:21 – Updated: 2026-04-08 16:55
VLAI
Title
ACF to REST API <= 3.3.4 - Insecure Direct Object Reference to Authenticated (Contributor+) ACF Field/Option Modification
Summary
The ACF to REST API plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Insecure Direct Object Reference in all versions up to, and including, 3.3.4. This is due to insufficient capability checks in the update_item_permissions_check() method, which only verifies that the current user has the edit_posts capability without checking object-specific permissions (e.g., edit_post($id), edit_user($id), manage_options). This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Contributor-level access and above, to modify ACF fields on posts they do not own, any user account, comments, taxonomy terms, and even the global options page via the /wp-json/acf/v3/{type}/{id} endpoints, granted they can authenticate to the site.
Severity
4.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-01-07 16:38 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-639 - Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key
Assigner
Wordfence CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard C 65/100 over 2454 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
airesvsg ACF to REST API Affected: 0 , ≤ 3.3.4 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Credits
Kai Aizen
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2025-12008 (GCVE-0-2025-12008)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-14 12:31 – Updated: 2026-05-14 13:47
VLAI
Title
IDOR in APPYAP's Yaay Social Media App
Summary
Authorization bypass through User-Controlled key vulnerability in APPYAP Technology and Information Inc. Yaay Social Media App allows Accessing Functionality Not Properly Constrained by ACLs. This issue affects Yaay Social Media App: from 3.8.0 through 24102025.
Severity
8.8 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-05-14 13:46 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-639 - Authorization bypass through User-Controlled key
Assigner
TR-CERT CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard C 75/100 over 276 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Date Public
2026-05-14 12:26
Credits
Aybora ÜNVEREN
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2025-11957 (GCVE-0-2025-11957)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-10-22 17:09 – Updated: 2025-11-25 17:25
VLAI
Summary
Improper authorization in the temporary access workflow of Devolutions Server 2025.2.12.0 and earlier allows an authenticated basic user to self-approve or approve the temporary access requests of other users and gain unauthorized access to vaults and entries via crafted API requests.
Severity
9 (Critical)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:P/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:L/SC:H/SI:H/SA:H
8.4 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:L
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-10-22 17:34 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-639 - Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key
Assigner
DEVOLUTIONS CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard E 44/100 over 71 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Devolutions Server Affected: 0 , ≤ 2025.2.12.0 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Credits
Gino Boudreau (mononclemich)
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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Mitigation
Architecture and Design

For each and every data access, ensure that the user has sufficient privilege to access the record that is being requested.

Mitigation
Architecture and Design Implementation

Make sure that the key that is used in the lookup of a specific user's record is not controllable externally by the user or that any tampering can be detected.

Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Use encryption in order to make it more difficult to guess other legitimate values of the key or associate a digital signature with the key so that the server can verify that there has been no tampering.

No CAPEC attack patterns related to this CWE.

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