Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-639

Weakness Allowed

Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key

Abstraction: Base · Status: Incomplete

The system's authorization functionality does not prevent one user from gaining access to another user's data or record by modifying the key value identifying the data.

It is likely that an attacker would have to be an authenticated user in the system. However, the authorization process would not properly check the data access operation to ensure that the authenticated user performing the operation has sufficient entitlements to perform the requested data access, hence bypassing any other authorization checks present in the system.

For example, attackers can look at places where user specific data is retrieved (e.g. search screens) and determine whether the key for the item being looked up is controllable externally. The key may be a hidden field in the HTML form field, might be passed as a URL parameter or as an unencrypted cookie variable, then in each of these cases it will be possible to tamper with the key value.

Mapping guidance

This CWE entry is at the Base level of abstraction, which is a preferred level of abstraction for mapping to the root causes of vulnerabilities.

Carefully read both the name and description to ensure that this mapping is an appropriate fit. Do not try to 'force' a mapping to a lower-level Base/Variant simply to comply with this preferred level of abstraction.

Relationships and members
ChildOf: CWE-863 · View CWE-1000
ChildOf: CWE-863 · View CWE-1003
ChildOf: CWE-284 · View CWE-1340
Modes of introduction
Architecture and Design

REALIZATION: This weakness is caused during implementation of an architectural security tactic.

Architecture and Design

Retrieval of a user record occurs in the system based on some key value that is under user control. The key would typically identify a user-related record stored in the system and would be used to lookup that record for presentation to the user.

Implementation

One manifestation of this weakness is when a system uses sequential or otherwise easily-guessable session IDs that would allow one user to easily switch to another user's session and read/modify their data.

Detection methods

Automated Static Analysis

Automated static analysis, commonly referred to as Static Application Security Testing (SAST), can find some instances of this weakness by analyzing source code (or binary/compiled code) without having to execute it. Typically, this is done by building a model of data flow and control flow, then searching for potentially-vulnerable patterns that connect "sources" (origins of input) with "sinks" (destinations where the data interacts with external components, a lower layer such as the OS, etc.)

Effectiveness: High

Notes

Maintenance

As of CWE 4.20, the relationship between IDOR and BOLA needs to be investigated more closely, including research into how these terms are used in the industry. The CWE team suspects that IDOR can be a part of BOLA, but BOLA expands on the weakness inherent to IDOR in that it is not only about objects that are being directly referenced.

Content history
Submission: Evgeny Lebanidze · Cigital · 2008-01-30 · CWE Draft 8
Contribution: Mateus Godinho Pantoja · 2024-08-09 · CWE 4.20

Suggested corrections to use of IDOR versus BOLA

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2008-09-08 · CWE 1.0

updated Common_Consequences, Relationships, Type

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2008-10-14 · CWE 1.0.1

updated Description

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2009-03-10 · CWE 1.3

updated Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2009-05-27 · CWE 1.4

updated Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2009-10-29 · CWE 1.6

updated Common_Consequences

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2010-06-21 · CWE 1.9

updated Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2011-03-29 · CWE 1.12

updated Alternate_Terms, Applicable_Platforms, Description, Name, Potential_Mitigations, Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2011-06-01 · CWE 1.13

updated Common_Consequences, Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2012-05-11 · CWE 2.2

updated Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2013-02-21 · CWE 2.4

updated Alternate_Terms, Common_Consequences

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2013-07-17 · CWE 2.5

updated Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2014-07-30 · CWE 2.8

updated Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2017-11-08 · CWE 3.0

updated Description, Enabling_Factors_for_Exploitation, Modes_of_Introduction, Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2018-03-27 · CWE 3.1

updated Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2019-06-20 · CWE 3.3

updated Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2020-02-24 · CWE 4.0

updated Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2020-06-25 · CWE 4.1

updated Alternate_Terms

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2020-12-10 · CWE 4.3

updated Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2021-03-15 · CWE 4.4

updated Alternate_Terms

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2021-10-28 · CWE 4.6

updated Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2023-04-27 · CWE 4.11

updated Detection_Factors, Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2023-06-29 · CWE 4.12

updated Mapping_Notes

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2023-10-26 · CWE 4.13

updated Observed_Examples

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2024-02-29 · CWE 4.14

updated Demonstrative_Examples

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2025-12-11 · CWE 4.19

updated References, Relationships, Weakness_Ordinalities

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2026-04-30 · CWE 4.20

updated Alternate_Terms, Maintenance_Notes, References

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2026-10-28 · CWE 5.0

updated Description, Modes_of_Introduction, Time_of_Introduction

5712 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

CVE-2025-11321 (GCVE-0-2025-11321)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-10-06 05:02 – Updated: 2025-10-06 17:20
VLAI
Title
zhuimengshaonian wisdom-education WrongBookController.java authorization
Summary
A vulnerability was detected in zhuimengshaonian wisdom-education up to 1.0.4. The affected element is an unknown function of the file src/main/java/com/education/api/controller/student/WrongBookController.java. Performing manipulation of the argument subjectId results in authorization bypass. The attack can be initiated remotely. The exploit is now public and may be used.
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-10-06 17:20 UTC
CWE
Assigner
VulDB CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard B 83/100 over 3839 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
zhuimengshaonian wisdom-education Affected: 1.0.0
Affected: 1.0.1
Affected: 1.0.2
Affected: 1.0.3
Affected: 1.0.4
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2025-11247 (GCVE-0-2025-11247)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-12-11 04:04 – Updated: 2025-12-11 15:12
VLAI
Title
Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key in GitLab
Summary
GitLab has remediated an issue in GitLab EE affecting all versions from 13.2 before 18.4.6, 18.5 before 18.5.4, and 18.6 before 18.6.2 that could have allowed an authenticated user to disclose sensitive information from private projects by executing specifically crafted GraphQL queries.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-12-11 15:00 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-639 - Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key
Assigner
GitLab CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard B 75/100 over 304 records in the last 180 days details
References
URL Tags
https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/573766 issue-trackingpermissions-required
https://hackerone.com/reports/3307422 technical-descriptionexploitpermissions-required
https://about.gitlab.com/releases/2025/12/10/patc…
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
GitLab GitLab Affected: 13.2 , < 18.4.6 (semver)
Affected: 18.5 , < 18.5.4 (semver)
Affected: 18.6 , < 18.6.2 (semver)
    cpe:2.3:a:gitlab:gitlab:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2025-11176 (GCVE-0-2025-11176)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-10-15 05:23 – Updated: 2026-04-08 16:52
VLAI
Title
Quick Featured Images <= 13.7.2 - Insecure Direct Object Reference to Image Manipulation
Summary
The Quick Featured Images plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Insecure Direct Object Reference in all versions up to, and including, 13.7.2 via the qfi_set_thumbnail and qfi_delete_thumbnail AJAX actions due to missing validation on a user controlled key. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Author-level access and above, to change or remove featured images of other user's posts.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-10-15 18:15 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-639 - Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key
Assigner
Wordfence CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard C 65/100 over 2454 records in the last 180 days details
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
kybernetikservices Quick Featured Images Affected: 0 , ≤ 13.7.2 (semver)
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CVE-2025-10947 (GCVE-0-2025-10947)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-09-25 13:02 – Updated: 2026-03-25 12:30
VLAI
Title
Sistemas Pleno Gestão de Locação CPF validarCpf authorization
Summary
A flaw has been found in Sistemas Pleno Gestão de Locação up to 2025.7.x. The impacted element is an unknown function of the file /api/areacliente/pessoa/validarCpf of the component CPF Handler. Executing a manipulation of the argument pes_cpf can lead to authorization bypass. The attack can be executed remotely. The exploit has been published and may be used. Upgrading to version 2025.8.0 is sufficient to resolve this issue. It is advisable to upgrade the affected component.
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-09-25 13:14 UTC
CWE
Assigner
VulDB CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard B 83/100 over 3839 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Sistemas Pleno Gestão de Locação Affected: 2025.0
Affected: 2025.1
Affected: 2025.2
Affected: 2025.3
Affected: 2025.4
Affected: 2025.5
Affected: 2025.6
Affected: 2025.7
Unaffected: 2025.8.0
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2025-10912 (GCVE-0-2025-10912)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-02-11 07:54 – Updated: 2026-06-05 06:39 Exclusively Hosted Service
VLAI
Title
IDOR in saastech.io's TemizlikYolda
Summary
Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key vulnerability in Saastech Cleaning and Internet Services Inc. TemizlikYolda allows Manipulating User-Controlled Variables. This issue affects TemizlikYolda: through 11022026. NOTE: The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-02-11 15:13 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-639 - Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key
Assigner
TR-CERT CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard C 75/100 over 276 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Date Public
2026-02-11 07:49
Credits
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2025-10910 (GCVE-0-2025-10910)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-12-18 11:21 – Updated: 2025-12-19 19:04
VLAI
Title
Gaining remote control over Govee devices
Summary
A flaw in the binding process of Govee’s cloud platform and devices allows a remote attacker to bind an existing, online Govee device to the attacker’s account, resulting in full control of the device and removal of the device from its legitimate owner’s account. The server‑side API allows device association using a set of identifiers: "device", "sku", "type", and a client‑computed "value", that are not cryptographically bound to a secret originating from the device itself. The vulnerability has been verified for the Govee H6056 - lamp device in firmware version 1.08.13, but may affect also other Govee cloud‑connected devices. The vendor is investigating other potentially affected models. The vendor has deployed server-side security enhancements and automatic firmware updates for model H6056. Most of H6056 devices have been successfully patched through automatic updates. Remaining H6056 users with upgradeable hardware versions must manually update firmware through the Govee Home app while keeping their device WiFi-connected. Users should open the Govee Home app, tap their H6056 device card to enter the device details page, tap the settings icon in the upper right corner, navigate to Device Information section (Firmware Version), and tap the Update button to install the security patch immediately. Govee H6056 devices with hardware versions 1.00.10 or 1.00.11 cannot receive firmware update due to hardware limitations.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-12-18 14:40 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-639 - Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key
Assigner
CERT-PL CNA under the ENISA root
CNA scorecard B 81/100 over 258 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Govee H6056 Affected: 1.08.13 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2025-10855 (GCVE-0-2025-10855)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-01-22 12:13 – Updated: 2026-06-05 08:28
VLAI
Title
IDOR in Solvera Software's Teknoera
Summary
Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key vulnerability in Solvera Software Services Trade Inc. Teknoera allows Exploitation of Trusted Identifiers. This issue affects Teknoera: through 01102025.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-01-22 14:05 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-639 - Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key
Assigner
TR-CERT CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard C 75/100 over 276 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Solvera Software Services Trade Inc. Teknoera Affected: 0 , ≤ 01102025 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-01-22 12:10
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2025-10759 (GCVE-0-2025-10759)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-09-21 01:02 – Updated: 2025-09-22 14:36
VLAI
Title
Webkul QloApps CSRF Token authorization
Summary
A vulnerability was detected in Webkul QloApps up to 1.7.0. This affects an unknown function of the component CSRF Token Handler. Performing manipulation of the argument token results in authorization bypass. The attack may be initiated remotely. The exploit is now public and may be used. The vendor explains: "As We are already aware about this vulnerability and our Internal team are already working on this issue. (...) We'll implement the fix for this vulnerability in our next major release."
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-09-22 14:36 UTC
CWE
Assigner
VulDB CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard B 83/100 over 3839 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Webkul QloApps Affected: 1.0
Affected: 1.1
Affected: 1.2
Affected: 1.3
Affected: 1.4
Affected: 1.5
Affected: 1.6
Affected: 1.7.0
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2025-10742 (GCVE-0-2025-10742)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-10-16 06:47 – Updated: 2026-04-08 17:13
VLAI
Title
Truelysell Core <= 1.8.6 - Unauthenticated Arbitrary User Password Change
Summary
The Truelysell Core plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Arbitrary User Password Change in versions up to, and including, 1.8.6. This is due to the plugin providing user-controlled access to objects, letting a user bypass authorization and access system resources. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to change user passwords and potentially take over administrator accounts. Note: This can only be exploited unauthenticated if the attacker knows which page contains the 'truelysell_edit_staff' shortcode.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-10-16 13:32 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-639 - Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key
Assigner
Wordfence CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard C 65/100 over 2454 records in the last 180 days details
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
dreamstechnologies Truelysell Core Affected: 0 , ≤ 1.8.6 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2025-10719 (GCVE-0-2025-10719)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-09-19 10:06 – Updated: 2025-09-19 11:45
VLAI
Title
WisdomGarden|Tronclass - Insecure Direct Object Reference
Summary
Tronclass developed by WisdomGarden has an Insecure Direct object Reference vulnerability, allowing remote attackers with regular privilege to modify a specific parameter to access other users' files.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-09-19 11:42 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-639 - Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key
Assigner
twcert CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard B 80/100 over 96 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
WisdomGarden Tronclass Affected: 0 , ≤ 1.74 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2025-09-19 10:04
Show details on NVD website

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        },
        {
          "cvssV4_0": {
            "Automatable": "NOT_DEFINED",
            "Recovery": "NOT_DEFINED",
            "Safety": "NOT_DEFINED",
            "attackComplexity": "LOW",
            "attackRequirements": "NONE",
            "attackVector": "NETWORK",
            "baseScore": 5.3,
            "baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
            "privilegesRequired": "LOW",
            "providerUrgency": "NOT_DEFINED",
            "subAvailabilityImpact": "NONE",
            "subConfidentialityImpact": "NONE",
            "subIntegrityImpact": "NONE",
            "userInteraction": "NONE",
            "valueDensity": "NOT_DEFINED",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
            "version": "4.0",
            "vulnAvailabilityImpact": "NONE",
            "vulnConfidentialityImpact": "LOW",
            "vulnIntegrityImpact": "NONE",
            "vulnerabilityResponseEffort": "NOT_DEFINED"
          },
          "format": "CVSS",
          "scenarios": [
            {
              "lang": "en",
              "value": "GENERAL"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "problemTypes": [
        {
          "descriptions": [
            {
              "cweId": "CWE-639",
              "description": "CWE-639 Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key",
              "lang": "en",
              "type": "CWE"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "providerMetadata": {
        "dateUpdated": "2025-09-19T10:06:37.226Z",
        "orgId": "cded6c7f-6ce5-4948-8f87-aa7a3bbb6b0e",
        "shortName": "twcert"
      },
      "references": [
        {
          "tags": [
            "third-party-advisory"
          ],
          "url": "https://www.twcert.org.tw/tw/cp-132-10396-68624-1.html"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "third-party-advisory"
          ],
          "url": "https://www.twcert.org.tw/en/cp-139-10397-49db1-2.html"
        }
      ],
      "solutions": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "supportingMedia": [
            {
              "base64": false,
              "type": "text/html",
              "value": "Update to version 1.77 and later\u003cbr\u003e"
            }
          ],
          "value": "Update to version 1.77 and later"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "advisory": "TVN-202509007",
        "discovery": "EXTERNAL"
      },
      "title": "WisdomGarden\uff5cTronclass - Insecure Direct Object Reference",
      "x_generator": {
        "engine": "Vulnogram 0.2.0"
      }
    }
  },
  "cveMetadata": {
    "assignerOrgId": "cded6c7f-6ce5-4948-8f87-aa7a3bbb6b0e",
    "assignerShortName": "twcert",
    "cveId": "CVE-2025-10719",
    "datePublished": "2025-09-19T10:06:37.226Z",
    "dateReserved": "2025-09-19T09:59:13.515Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2025-09-19T11:45:03.311Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.1"
}

Mitigation
Architecture and Design

For each and every data access, ensure that the user has sufficient privilege to access the record that is being requested.

Mitigation
Architecture and Design Implementation

Make sure that the key that is used in the lookup of a specific user's record is not controllable externally by the user or that any tampering can be detected.

Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Use encryption in order to make it more difficult to guess other legitimate values of the key or associate a digital signature with the key so that the server can verify that there has been no tampering.

No CAPEC attack patterns related to this CWE.