Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-639

Weakness Allowed

Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key

Abstraction: Base · Status: Incomplete

API response cwe.mitre.org

The system's authorization functionality does not prevent one user from gaining access to another user's data or record by modifying the key value identifying the data.

It is likely that an attacker would have to be an authenticated user in the system. However, the authorization process would not properly check the data access operation to ensure that the authenticated user performing the operation has sufficient entitlements to perform the requested data access, hence bypassing any other authorization checks present in the system.

For example, attackers can look at places where user specific data is retrieved (e.g. search screens) and determine whether the key for the item being looked up is controllable externally. The key may be a hidden field in the HTML form field, might be passed as a URL parameter or as an unencrypted cookie variable, then in each of these cases it will be possible to tamper with the key value.

Mapping guidance

This CWE entry is at the Base level of abstraction, which is a preferred level of abstraction for mapping to the root causes of vulnerabilities.

Carefully read both the name and description to ensure that this mapping is an appropriate fit. Do not try to 'force' a mapping to a lower-level Base/Variant simply to comply with this preferred level of abstraction.

Relationships and members
ChildOf: CWE-863 · View CWE-1000
ChildOf: CWE-863 · View CWE-1003
ChildOf: CWE-284 · View CWE-1340
Modes of introduction
Architecture and Design

REALIZATION: This weakness is caused during implementation of an architectural security tactic.

Architecture and Design

Retrieval of a user record occurs in the system based on some key value that is under user control. The key would typically identify a user-related record stored in the system and would be used to lookup that record for presentation to the user.

Implementation

One manifestation of this weakness is when a system uses sequential or otherwise easily-guessable session IDs that would allow one user to easily switch to another user's session and read/modify their data.

Detection methods

Automated Static Analysis

Automated static analysis, commonly referred to as Static Application Security Testing (SAST), can find some instances of this weakness by analyzing source code (or binary/compiled code) without having to execute it. Typically, this is done by building a model of data flow and control flow, then searching for potentially-vulnerable patterns that connect "sources" (origins of input) with "sinks" (destinations where the data interacts with external components, a lower layer such as the OS, etc.)

Effectiveness: High

Notes

Maintenance

As of CWE 4.20, the relationship between IDOR and BOLA needs to be investigated more closely, including research into how these terms are used in the industry. The CWE team suspects that IDOR can be a part of BOLA, but BOLA expands on the weakness inherent to IDOR in that it is not only about objects that are being directly referenced.

Content history
Submission: Evgeny Lebanidze · Cigital · 2008-01-30 · CWE Draft 8
Contribution: Mateus Godinho Pantoja · 2024-08-09 · CWE 4.20

Suggested corrections to use of IDOR versus BOLA

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2008-09-08 · CWE 1.0

updated Common_Consequences, Relationships, Type

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2008-10-14 · CWE 1.0.1

updated Description

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2009-03-10 · CWE 1.3

updated Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2009-05-27 · CWE 1.4

updated Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2009-10-29 · CWE 1.6

updated Common_Consequences

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2010-06-21 · CWE 1.9

updated Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2011-03-29 · CWE 1.12

updated Alternate_Terms, Applicable_Platforms, Description, Name, Potential_Mitigations, Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2011-06-01 · CWE 1.13

updated Common_Consequences, Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2012-05-11 · CWE 2.2

updated Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2013-02-21 · CWE 2.4

updated Alternate_Terms, Common_Consequences

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2013-07-17 · CWE 2.5

updated Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2014-07-30 · CWE 2.8

updated Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2017-11-08 · CWE 3.0

updated Description, Enabling_Factors_for_Exploitation, Modes_of_Introduction, Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2018-03-27 · CWE 3.1

updated Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2019-06-20 · CWE 3.3

updated Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2020-02-24 · CWE 4.0

updated Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2020-06-25 · CWE 4.1

updated Alternate_Terms

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2020-12-10 · CWE 4.3

updated Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2021-03-15 · CWE 4.4

updated Alternate_Terms

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2021-10-28 · CWE 4.6

updated Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2023-04-27 · CWE 4.11

updated Detection_Factors, Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2023-06-29 · CWE 4.12

updated Mapping_Notes

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2023-10-26 · CWE 4.13

updated Observed_Examples

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2024-02-29 · CWE 4.14

updated Demonstrative_Examples

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2025-12-11 · CWE 4.19

updated References, Relationships, Weakness_Ordinalities

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2026-04-30 · CWE 4.20

updated Alternate_Terms, Maintenance_Notes, References

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2026-10-28 · CWE 5.0

updated Description, Modes_of_Introduction, Time_of_Introduction

5710 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

CVE-2025-27565 (GCVE-0-2025-27565)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-04-15 21:23 – Updated: 2025-04-16 15:08
VLAI
Title
Growatt Cloud portal Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key
Summary
An unauthenticated attacker can delete any user's "rooms" by knowing the user's and room IDs.
Severity
6.9 (Medium)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
5.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-04-16 14:59 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-639 - Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key
Assigner
icscert CNA under the icscert root
CNA scorecard B 75/100 over 343 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Growatt Cloud portal Affected: 0 , ≤ 3.6.0 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2025-04-15 16:00
Credits
Forescout Technologies reported these vulnerabilities to CISA.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2025-27561 (GCVE-0-2025-27561)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-04-15 21:55 – Updated: 2025-04-16 14:39
VLAI
Title
Growatt Cloud portal Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key
Summary
Unauthenticated attackers can rename "rooms" of arbitrary users.
Severity
6.9 (Medium)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
5.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-04-16 14:21 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-639 - Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key
Assigner
icscert CNA under the icscert root
CNA scorecard B 75/100 over 343 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Growatt Cloud portal Affected: 0 , < 3.6.0 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2025-04-15 16:00
Credits
Forescout Technologies reported these vulnerabilities to CISA.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2025-27507 (GCVE-0-2025-27507)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-03-04 16:43 – Updated: 2025-03-12 21:11
VLAI
Title
IDOR Vulnerabilities in ZITADEL's Admin API that Primarily Impact LDAP Configurations
Summary
The open-source identity infrastructure software Zitadel allows administrators to disable the user self-registration. ZITADEL's Admin API contains Insecure Direct Object Reference (IDOR) vulnerabilities that allow authenticated users, without specific IAM roles, to modify sensitive settings. While several endpoints are affected, the most critical vulnerability lies in the ability to manipulate LDAP configurations. Customers who do not utilize LDAP for authentication are not at risk from the most severe aspects of this vulnerability. However, upgrading to the patched version to address all identified issues is strongly recommended. This vulnerability is fixed in 2.71.0, 2.70.1, ,2.69.4, 2.68.4, 2.67.8, 2.66.11, 2.65.6, 2.64.5, and 2.63.8.
Severity
9 (Critical)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:L
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-03-04 17:05 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-639 - Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key
Assigner
GitHub_M CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard C 72/100 over 7877 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
zitadel zitadel Affected: >= 2.63.0-rc.1, < 2.63.8
Affected: >= 2.64.0-rc.1, < 2.64.5
Affected: >= 2.66.0-rc.1, < 2.66.11
Affected: >= 2.67.0-rc.1, < 2.67.8
Affected: >= 2.68.0-rc.1, < 2.68.4
Affected: >= 2.69.0-rc.1, < 2.69.4
Affected: >= 2.70.0-rc.1, < 2.70.1
Affected: >= 2.65.0-rc.1, < 2.65.6
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
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CVE-2025-27436 (GCVE-0-2025-27436)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-03-11 00:39 – Updated: 2025-03-11 02:03
VLAI
Title
Broken Access Control vulnerabilities in SAP S/4HANA (Manage Bank Statements)
Summary
The Manage Bank Statements in SAP S/4HANA does not perform required access control checks for an authenticated user to confirm whether a request to interact with a resource is legitimate, allowing the attacker to delete the attachment of a posted bank statement. This leads to a low impact on integrity, with no impact on the confidentiality of the data or the availability of the application.
Severity
4.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-03-11 02:03 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-639 - Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key
Assigner
sap CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard C 65/100 over 103 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
SAP_SE SAP S/4HANA (Manage Bank Statements) Affected: S4CORE 107
Affected: 108
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
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CVE-2025-27433 (GCVE-0-2025-27433)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-03-11 00:38 – Updated: 2025-03-11 02:04
VLAI
Title
Broken Access Control vulnerabilities in SAP S/4HANA (Manage Bank Statements)
Summary
The Manage Bank Statements in SAP S/4HANA allows authenticated attacker to bypass certain functionality restrictions of the application and upload files to a reversed bank statement. This vulnerability has a low impact on the application's integrity, with no effect on confidentiality and availability of the application.
Severity
4.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-03-11 02:04 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-639 - Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key
Assigner
sap CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard C 65/100 over 103 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
SAP_SE SAP S/4HANA (Manage Bank Statements) Affected: S4CORE 107
Affected: 108
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
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CVE-2025-26977 (GCVE-0-2025-26977)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-02-25 14:17 – Updated: 2026-04-28 16:11
VLAI
Title
WordPress FileBird plugin <= 6.4.2.1 - Insecure Direct Object References (IDOR) vulnerability
Summary
Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key vulnerability in Ninja Team Filebird filebird allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Filebird: from n/a through <= 6.4.2.1.
Severity
3.8 (Low)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-02-25 17:07 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-639 - Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key
Assigner
Patchstack CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard B 75/100 over 3444 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Ninja Team Filebird Affected: 0 , ≤ 6.4.2.1 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-04-01 16:35
Credits
Revan Arifio | Patchstack Bug Bounty Program
Show details on NVD website
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CVE-2025-26965 (GCVE-0-2025-26965)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-02-25 14:17 – Updated: 2026-04-29 09:51
VLAI
Title
WordPress Amelia plugin <= 1.2.16 - Insecure Direct Object References (IDOR) vulnerability
Summary
Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key vulnerability in ameliabooking Amelia ameliabooking allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Amelia: from n/a through <= 1.2.16.
Severity
5.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-02-25 14:54 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-639 - Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key
Assigner
Patchstack CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard B 75/100 over 3444 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
ameliabooking Amelia Affected: 0 , ≤ 1.2.16 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-04-01 16:35
Credits
Revan Arifio | Patchstack Bug Bounty Program
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2025-26857 (GCVE-0-2025-26857)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-04-15 21:12 – Updated: 2025-04-16 15:08
VLAI
Title
Growatt Cloud portal Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key
Summary
Unauthenticated attackers can rename arbitrary devices of arbitrary users (i.e., EV chargers).
Severity
6.9 (Medium)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
5.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-04-16 14:59 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-639 - Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key
Assigner
icscert CNA under the icscert root
CNA scorecard B 75/100 over 343 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Growatt Cloud portal Affected: 0 , < 3.6.0 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2025-04-15 16:00
Credits
Forescout Technologies reported these vulnerabilities to CISA.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2025-26788 (GCVE-0-2025-26788)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-02-14 00:00 – Updated: 2025-02-15 18:30
VLAI
Summary
StrongKey FIDO Server before 4.15.1 treats a non-discoverable (namedcredential) flow as a discoverable transaction.
Severity
8.4 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:L
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-02-14 15:38 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-639 - Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key
Assigner
mitre CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard E 29/100 over 2175 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
StrongKey FIDO Server Affected: 4.10.0 , < 4.15.1 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2025-26660 (GCVE-0-2025-26660)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-03-11 00:36 – Updated: 2025-03-11 14:13
VLAI
Title
Broken Access Control in SAP Fiori apps (Posting Library)
Summary
SAP Fiori applications using the posting library fail to properly configure security settings during the setup process, leaving them at default or inadequately defined. This vulnerability allows an attacker with low privileges to bypass access controls within the application, enabling them to potentially modify data. Confidentiality and Availability are not impacted.
Severity
4.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-03-11 14:13 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-639 - Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key
Assigner
sap CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard C 65/100 over 103 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
SAP_SE SAP Fiori apps (Posting Library) Affected: S4CORE 103
Affected: 104
Affected: 105
Affected: 106
Affected: 107
Affected: 108
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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                    "Technical Impact": "partial"
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                "timestamp": "2025-03-11T14:13:51.312177Z",
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          "dateUpdated": "2025-03-11T14:13:59.512Z",
          "orgId": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
          "shortName": "CISA-ADP"
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        "title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment"
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    ],
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          "defaultStatus": "unaffected",
          "product": "SAP Fiori apps (Posting Library)",
          "vendor": "SAP_SE",
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            "attackComplexity": "LOW",
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            "confidentialityImpact": "NONE",
            "integrityImpact": "LOW",
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            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
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              "description": "CWE-639: Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key",
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        "orgId": "e4686d1a-f260-4930-ac4c-2f5c992778dd",
        "shortName": "sap"
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        {
          "url": "https://me.sap.com/notes/3557655"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://url.sap/sapsecuritypatchday"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "discovery": "UNKNOWN"
      },
      "title": "Broken Access Control in SAP Fiori apps (Posting Library)",
      "x_generator": {
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  "cveMetadata": {
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    "assignerShortName": "sap",
    "cveId": "CVE-2025-26660",
    "datePublished": "2025-03-11T00:36:54.383Z",
    "dateReserved": "2025-02-12T21:05:31.735Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2025-03-11T14:13:59.512Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
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  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
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}
Mitigation
Architecture and Design

For each and every data access, ensure that the user has sufficient privilege to access the record that is being requested.

Mitigation
Architecture and Design Implementation

Make sure that the key that is used in the lookup of a specific user's record is not controllable externally by the user or that any tampering can be detected.

Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Use encryption in order to make it more difficult to guess other legitimate values of the key or associate a digital signature with the key so that the server can verify that there has been no tampering.

No CAPEC attack patterns related to this CWE.

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