Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-59
AllowedImproper Link Resolution Before File Access ('Link Following')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The product attempts to access a file based on the filename, but it does not properly prevent that filename from identifying a link or shortcut that resolves to an unintended resource.
2426 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2026-100692 (GCVE-0-2026-100692)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-26 13:23 – Updated: 2026-09-28 16:30
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Hugo before v0.166.0 Path Traversal via Symlinked Mount Roots
Summary
Hugo is a static site generator. In versions after v0.123.0 and before v0.166.0, Hugo's symlink confinement checks stopped at the mount root itself, so a theme or module checked into themes/ (or a vendored module) could contain a symlink at a mount root (for example themes/mytheme/assets -> /some/dir/outside). Files behind such a symlink were readable during a site build through resources.Get, resources.Match and similar functions, and could be published to public/ via static mounts, bypassing the rule that theme and module mount sources must be local paths. Modules fetched via Go modules are not affected because Go module zips cannot contain symlinks, and this is not an escalation for the main project, which may already mount absolute paths by configuration. Fixed in v0.166.0, where symlinked mount roots and symlinked directories between the mount root and the module directory are treated as non-existent for all modules. As a workaround, inspect themes/ and vendored modules for symlinks at mount roots before building, or replace symlinks with explicit mounts.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-28 16:30 UTC
CWE
- CWE-59 - Improper Link Resolution Before File Access ('Link Following')
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/gohugoio/hugo/security/advisor… | vendor-advisory |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/hugo-before-… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
Date Public
2026-09-09 00:00
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CVE-2026-100690 (GCVE-0-2026-100690)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-26 13:23 – Updated: 2026-09-30 15:04
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Hugo v0.161.0 to v0.165.0 Arbitrary File Read via Symlinks
Summary
Hugo versions from v0.161.0 through v0.165.0 run Node.js tools (css.PostCSS, css.TailwindCSS, js.Babel) under the Node.js permission model to restrict file system reads to the project directory and configured mounts. Because the Node.js permission model validates only the lexical path and follows symbolic links that point outside the allowed set, Hugo did not detect symlinks escaping the sandbox. An attacker who can contribute content to a Hugo project (for example via a pull request) can commit a symlink such as assets/css/x.css -> /etc/passwd together with a PostCSS plugin that reads it, allowing any file readable by the Hugo build process to be disclosed and potentially embedded in the published site. This affects builds using the default security configuration; projects that do not invoke Node.js tools are unaffected. Fixed in v0.166.0, which scans allowed paths and fails the build when a symbolic link resolves outside them.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-30 15:04 UTC
CWE
- CWE-59 - Improper Link Resolution Before File Access ('Link Following')
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/gohugoio/hugo/security/advisor… | vendor-advisory |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/hugo-0.161.0… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
Date Public
2026-09-09 00:00
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CVE-2026-100419 (GCVE-0-2026-100419)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-25 22:04 – Updated: 2026-09-28 13:06
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
gitoxide gix-fs before 0.23.0 Worktree Escape via Symlink
Summary
gitoxide gix-fs before 0.23.0 contains a path validation bypass vulnerability in the worktree checkout mechanism that allows attackers to escape the worktree directory via symlink manipulation. During forced checkout with overwrite_existing enabled, attackers can craft malicious repository trees where symlink entries replace validated directories, causing subsequent files to be written outside the worktree through the symlink for code execution or file manipulation.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-28 13:05 UTC
CWE
- CWE-59 - Improper Link Resolution Before File Access ('Link Following')
Assigner
References
6 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/GitoxideLabs/gitoxide/security… | vendor-advisory |
| https://github.com/GitoxideLabs/gitoxide/commit/b… | patch |
| https://github.com/GitoxideLabs/gitoxide/blob/gix… | technical-description |
| https://github.com/GitoxideLabs/gitoxide/security… | relatedvendor-advisory |
| https://github.com/GitoxideLabs/gitoxide | product |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/gitoxide-gix… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| GitoxideLabs | gitoxide |
Affected:
0 , < 0.23.0
(semver)
Unaffected: 0.23.0 (semver) cpe:2.3:a:gitoxidelabs:gitoxide:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
Date Public
2026-09-25 00:00
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CVE-2026-97790 (GCVE-0-2026-97790)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-13 19:01 – Updated: 2026-10-19 23:52
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Windows Container Isolation FS Filter Driver (unionfs.sys) Tampering Vulnerability
Summary
Improper link resolution before file access ('link following') in Windows Container Isolation FS Filter Driver (unionfs.sys) allows an authorized attacker to perform tampering locally.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-13 19:31 UTC
CWE
- CWE-59 - Improper Link Resolution Before File Access ('Link Following')
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerabi… | vendor-advisorypatch |
Impacted products
7 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 Version 24H2 |
Affected:
10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.9711
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 Version 25H2 |
Affected:
10.0.26200.0 , < 10.0.26200.9711
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 version 26H1 |
Affected:
10.0.28000.0 , < 10.0.28000.3231
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 Version 26H2 |
Affected:
10.0.26300.0 , < 10.0.26300.9711
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2022 |
Affected:
10.0.20348.0 , < 10.0.20348.5761
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2025 |
Affected:
10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.33650
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2025 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.33650
(custom)
|
Date Public
2026-10-13 14:00
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CVE-2026-96911 (GCVE-0-2026-96911)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-13 19:01 – Updated: 2026-10-19 23:51
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Microsoft Windows Search Component Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability
Summary
Improper link resolution before file access ('link following') in Microsoft Windows Search Component allows an authorized attacker to elevate privileges locally.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-13 19:41 UTC
CWE
- CWE-59 - Improper Link Resolution Before File Access ('Link Following')
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerabi… | vendor-advisorypatch |
Impacted products
21 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Microsoft | Windows 10 Version 1607 |
Affected:
10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.9612
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 10 Version 1809 |
Affected:
10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.9376
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 10 Version 21H2 |
Affected:
10.0.19044.0 , < 10.0.19044.7807
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 10 Version 22H2 |
Affected:
10.0.19045.0 , < 10.0.19045.7807
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 version 23H2 |
Affected:
10.0.22631.0 , < 10.0.22631.7652
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 Version 23H2 |
Affected:
10.0.22631.0 , < 10.0.22631.7652
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 Version 24H2 |
Affected:
10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.9711
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 Version 25H2 |
Affected:
10.0.26200.0 , < 10.0.26200.9711
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 version 26H1 |
Affected:
10.0.28000.0 , < 10.0.28000.3231
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 Version 26H2 |
Affected:
10.0.26300.0 , < 10.0.26300.9711
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2012 |
Affected:
6.2.9200.0 , < 6.2.9200.26434
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2012 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
6.2.9200.0 , < 6.2.9200.26434
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2012 R2 |
Affected:
6.3.9600.0 , < 6.3.9600.23470
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2012 R2 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
6.3.9600.0 , < 6.3.9600.23470
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2016 |
Affected:
10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.9612
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2016 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.9612
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2019 |
Affected:
10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.9376
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2019 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.9376
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2022 |
Affected:
10.0.20348.0 , < 10.0.20348.5761
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2025 |
Affected:
10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.33650
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2025 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.33650
(custom)
|
Date Public
2026-10-13 14:00
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CVE-2026-96284 (GCVE-0-2026-96284)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-27 22:04 – Updated: 2026-09-29 16:04
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Flatpak: flatpak: arbitrary read-access to files in the system-helper context via oci symlink following
Summary
A malicious user can get read-access to files in the flatpak-system-helper context if a system OCI repository is configured, because the OCI code paths in the system helper follow symlinks when importing OCI images that are under the user's control.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-29 16:04 UTC
CWE
- CWE-59 - Improper Link Resolution Before File Access ('Link Following')
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-96284 | vdb-entryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2539423 | issue-trackingx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://github.com/flatpak/flatpak/security/advis… |
Impacted products
4 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10 |
cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:10
|
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 |
cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:7
|
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8 |
cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:8
|
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 |
cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:9
|
Date Public
2026-04-07 00:00
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CVE-2026-96282 (GCVE-0-2026-96282)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-27 21:53 – Updated: 2026-09-28 12:58
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Flatpak: flatpak: extension metadata path traversal file existence oracle
Summary
A malicious Flatpak extension can probe the host filesystem to determine what files and directories exist at arbitrary paths, and host directory listings can be disclosed to sandboxed applications using the extension. Additionally, unvalidated extension metadata can cause extension content to be mounted at unintended locations inside the sandbox.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-28 12:58 UTC
CWE
- CWE-59 - Improper Link Resolution Before File Access ('Link Following')
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-96282 | vdb-entryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2539422 | issue-trackingx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://github.com/flatpak/flatpak/security/advis… |
Impacted products
4 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10 |
cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:10
|
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 |
cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:7
|
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8 |
cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:8
|
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 |
cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:9
|
Date Public
2026-08-11 00:00
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CVE-2026-96279 (GCVE-0-2026-96279)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-27 19:49 – Updated: 2026-09-28 13:56
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Flatpak: flatpak: path traversal issue in oci archive extraction via hardlinks
Summary
A malicious OCI registry can hardlink arbitrary host files into the extraction directory when a user installs or updates a Flatpak application from an OCI remote, allowing disclosure of arbitrary host file contents. For system-wide installs running as root, this includes sensitive files such as /etc/shadow.
Severity
6.5 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-28 13:54 UTC
CWE
- CWE-59 - Improper Link Resolution Before File Access ('Link Following')
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-96279 | vdb-entryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2539417 | issue-trackingx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://github.com/flatpak/flatpak/security/advis… |
Impacted products
4 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10 |
cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:10
|
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 |
cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:7
|
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8 |
cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:8
|
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 |
cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:9
|
Date Public
2026-08-11 00:00
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CVE-2026-96243 (GCVE-0-2026-96243)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-13 19:01 – Updated: 2026-10-19 23:51
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Windows WalletService Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability
Summary
Improper link resolution before file access ('link following') in Windows WalletService allows an authorized attacker to elevate privileges locally.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-13 19:46 UTC
CWE
- CWE-59 - Improper Link Resolution Before File Access ('Link Following')
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerabi… | vendor-advisorypatch |
Impacted products
17 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Microsoft | Windows 10 Version 1607 |
Affected:
10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.9612
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 10 Version 1809 |
Affected:
10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.9376
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 10 Version 21H2 |
Affected:
10.0.19044.0 , < 10.0.19044.7807
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 10 Version 22H2 |
Affected:
10.0.19045.0 , < 10.0.19045.7807
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 version 23H2 |
Affected:
10.0.22631.0 , < 10.0.22631.7652
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 Version 23H2 |
Affected:
10.0.22631.0 , < 10.0.22631.7652
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 Version 24H2 |
Affected:
10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.9711
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 Version 25H2 |
Affected:
10.0.26200.0 , < 10.0.26200.9711
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 version 26H1 |
Affected:
10.0.28000.0 , < 10.0.28000.3231
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 Version 26H2 |
Affected:
10.0.26300.0 , < 10.0.26300.9711
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2016 |
Affected:
10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.9612
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2016 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.9612
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2019 |
Affected:
10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.9376
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2019 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.9376
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2022 |
Affected:
10.0.20348.0 , < 10.0.20348.5761
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2025 |
Affected:
10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.33650
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2025 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.33650
(custom)
|
Date Public
2026-10-13 14:00
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CVE-2026-96231 (GCVE-0-2026-96231)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-13 19:01 – Updated: 2026-10-19 23:51
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
.NET Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability
Summary
Improper link resolution before file access ('link following') in .NET allows an authorized attacker to elevate privileges locally.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-08 00:00 UTC
CWE
- CWE-59 - Improper Link Resolution Before File Access ('Link Following')
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerabi… | vendor-advisorypatch |
Impacted products
6 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Microsoft | .NET 10.0 |
Affected:
10.0.0 , < 10.0.13
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | .NET 11.0 |
Affected:
11.0.0 , < 11.0.0-rc.2
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | .NET 8.0 |
Affected:
8.0.0 , < 8.0.32
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | .NET 9.0 |
Affected:
9.0.0 , < 9.0.21
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Microsoft Visual Studio 2022 version 17.14 |
Affected:
17.14.0 , < 17.14.42
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Microsoft Visual Studio 2026 version 18.10 |
Affected:
18.10.0 , < 18.10.4
(custom)
|
Date Public
2026-10-13 14:00
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"criteria": "cpe:2.3:a:microsoft:.net:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
"versionEndExcluding": "11.0.0-rc.2",
"versionStartIncluding": "11.0.0",
"vulnerable": true
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],
"datePublic": "2026-10-13T14:00:00.000Z",
"descriptions": [
{
"lang": "en-US",
"value": "Improper link resolution before file access (\u0027link following\u0027) in .NET allows an authorized attacker to elevate privileges locally."
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"metrics": [
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"cvssV3_1": {
"baseScore": 7.8,
"baseSeverity": "HIGH",
"vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H/E:U/RL:O/RC:C",
"version": "3.1"
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],
"problemTypes": [
{
"descriptions": [
{
"cweId": "CWE-59",
"description": "CWE-59: Improper Link Resolution Before File Access (\u0027Link Following\u0027)",
"lang": "en-US",
"type": "CWE"
}
]
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],
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2026-10-19T23:51:25.296Z",
"orgId": "f38d906d-7342-40ea-92c1-6c4a2c6478c8",
"shortName": "microsoft"
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"references": [
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"name": ".NET Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability",
"tags": [
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"patch"
],
"url": "https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2026-96231"
}
],
"title": ".NET Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability"
}
},
"cveMetadata": {
"assignerOrgId": "f38d906d-7342-40ea-92c1-6c4a2c6478c8",
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"cveId": "CVE-2026-96231",
"datePublished": "2026-10-13T19:01:16.061Z",
"dateReserved": "2026-09-22T19:05:22.813Z",
"dateUpdated": "2026-10-19T23:51:25.296Z",
"state": "PUBLISHED"
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Mitigation MIT-48.1
Architecture and Design
Strategy: Separation of Privilege
- Follow the principle of least privilege when assigning access rights to entities in a software system.
- Denying access to a file can prevent an attacker from replacing that file with a link to a sensitive file. Ensure good compartmentalization in the system to provide protected areas that can be trusted.
CAPEC-132: Symlink Attack
An adversary positions a symbolic link in such a manner that the targeted user or application accesses the link's endpoint, assuming that it is accessing a file with the link's name.
CAPEC-17: Using Malicious Files
An attack of this type exploits a system's configuration that allows an adversary to either directly access an executable file, for example through shell access; or in a possible worst case allows an adversary to upload a file and then execute it. Web servers, ftp servers, and message oriented middleware systems which have many integration points are particularly vulnerable, because both the programmers and the administrators must be in synch regarding the interfaces and the correct privileges for each interface.
CAPEC-35: Leverage Executable Code in Non-Executable Files
An attack of this type exploits a system's trust in configuration and resource files. When the executable loads the resource (such as an image file or configuration file) the attacker has modified the file to either execute malicious code directly or manipulate the target process (e.g. application server) to execute based on the malicious configuration parameters. Since systems are increasingly interrelated mashing up resources from local and remote sources the possibility of this attack occurring is high.
CAPEC-76: Manipulating Web Input to File System Calls
An attacker manipulates inputs to the target software which the target software passes to file system calls in the OS. The goal is to gain access to, and perhaps modify, areas of the file system that the target software did not intend to be accessible.