Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-441
Allowed-with-ReviewUnintended Proxy or Intermediary ('Confused Deputy')
Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft
The product receives a request, message, or directive from an upstream component, but the product does not sufficiently preserve the original source of the request before forwarding the request to an external actor that is outside of the product's control sphere. This causes the product to appear to be the source of the request, leading it to act as a proxy or other intermediary between the upstream component and the external actor.
294 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2026-72668 (GCVE-0-2026-72668)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-26 20:42 – Updated: 2026-09-29 03:55
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Unintended Proxy or Intermediary ('Confused Deputy') in Kibana Leading to Privilege Escalation
Summary
Unintended Proxy or Intermediary ('Confused Deputy') (CWE-441) in Kibana Agent Builder can lead to privilege escalation. A non-administrative user able to edit a shared agent could cause privileged operations to be carried out under the identity of a higher-privileged user who subsequently interacts with that agent. Where the same user can also author workflows, this can extend to full administrative control of Kibana and of the Elasticsearch cluster.
Severity
7.3 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-28 00:00 UTC
CWE
- CWE-441 - Unintended Proxy or Intermediary ('Confused Deputy')
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
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CVE-2026-72640 (GCVE-0-2026-72640)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-13 19:13 – Updated: 2026-08-13 20:28
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Unintended Proxy or Intermediary in Elastic Cloud on Kubernetes Leading to Cross-Namespace Secret Disclosure
Summary
The Elastic Cloud on Kubernetes (ECK) operator reads a list of secret references from an annotation on secrets it manages, and it accepts the namespace recorded in each reference without validating that the reference is authorized for the resource being reconciled. A user whose Kubernetes permissions are limited to their own namespace can write that annotation, trigger a reconcile, and cause the operator to use its cluster-wide secret permissions to copy the contents of a secret from any other namespace into a secret the user can read.
Severity
6.5 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-13 19:49 UTC
CWE
- CWE-441 - Unintended Proxy or Intermediary ('Confused Deputy')
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Elastic | Eck Operator |
Affected:
3.0.0 , ≤ 3.4.1
(semver)
|
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CVE-2026-72526 (GCVE-0-2026-72526)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-12 01:10 – Updated: 2026-09-05 14:24
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Multicloud-integrations: multicloud-integrations: pull-model propagation allows hub tenant to target arbitrary spoke cluster via unvalidated ocm-managed-cluster annotation
Summary
A flaw was found in the multicloud-integrations component. The Application propagation controller processes the `ocm-managed-cluster` annotation from an Application Custom Resource (CR) without proper validation. A tenant with permissions to create Applications on the hub cluster can exploit this to target arbitrary managed clusters. This can force ArgoCD on the spoke clusters to synchronize attacker-controlled manifests, leading to arbitrary code execution or privilege escalation on those clusters.
Severity
9.9 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-12 12:38 UTC
CWE
- CWE-441 - Unintended Proxy or Intermediary ('Confused Deputy')
Assigner
References
8 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:60386 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:60387 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:60388 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:60389 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:60390 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:60391 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-72526 | vdb-entryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2514227 | issue-trackingx_refsource_REDHAT |
Impacted products
6 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Advanced Cluster Management for Kubernetes 2.11 |
Unaffected:
1787260689 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:acm:2.11::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Advanced Cluster Management for Kubernetes 2.13 |
Unaffected:
1787259106 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:acm:2.13::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Advanced Cluster Management for Kubernetes 2.14 |
Unaffected:
1787183407 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:acm:2.14::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Advanced Cluster Management for Kubernetes 2.15 |
Unaffected:
1787238604 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:acm:2.15::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Advanced Cluster Management for Kubernetes 2.16 |
Unaffected:
1787252179 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:acm:2.16::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Advanced Cluster Management for Kubernetes 2.17 |
Unaffected:
1787243221 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:acm:2.17::el9 |
Date Public
2026-08-11 00:00
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CVE-2026-70398 (GCVE-0-2026-70398)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-12 01:10 – Updated: 2026-09-05 14:23
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Multicloud-integrations: multicloud-integrations: gitopscluster.spec.argoserver.argonamespace writes spoke bearer tokens to attacker-chosen namespace
Summary
A flaw was found in multicloud-integrations, a component of Red Hat Advanced Cluster Management (RHACM). This vulnerability allows an authenticated user, referred to as a tenant, to manipulate the GitOpsCluster controller. By exploiting this, a tenant can redirect sensitive spoke cluster bearer tokens from secure locations to a namespace they control. This unauthorized access to tokens can lead to the disclosure of critical information and bypass security policies within ArgoCD AppProjects.
Severity
9.6 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-12 12:36 UTC
CWE
- CWE-441 - Unintended Proxy or Intermediary ('Confused Deputy')
Assigner
References
8 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:60386 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:60387 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:60388 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:60389 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:60390 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:60391 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-70398 | vdb-entryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2514228 | issue-trackingx_refsource_REDHAT |
Impacted products
6 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Advanced Cluster Management for Kubernetes 2.11 |
Unaffected:
1787260689 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:acm:2.11::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Advanced Cluster Management for Kubernetes 2.13 |
Unaffected:
1787259106 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:acm:2.13::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Advanced Cluster Management for Kubernetes 2.14 |
Unaffected:
1787183407 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:acm:2.14::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Advanced Cluster Management for Kubernetes 2.15 |
Unaffected:
1787238604 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:acm:2.15::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Advanced Cluster Management for Kubernetes 2.16 |
Unaffected:
1787252179 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:acm:2.16::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Advanced Cluster Management for Kubernetes 2.17 |
Unaffected:
1787243221 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:acm:2.17::el9 |
Date Public
2026-08-11 00:00
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CVE-2026-70148 (GCVE-0-2026-70148)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-13 19:01 – Updated: 2026-10-14 17:57
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Windows Broadcast DVR User Service Information Disclosure Vulnerability
Summary
Improper authorization in Windows Broadcast DVR User Service allows an authorized attacker to disclose information locally.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-13 20:55 UTC
CWE
- CWE-441 - Unintended Proxy or Intermediary ('Confused Deputy')
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerabi… | vendor-advisorypatch |
Impacted products
11 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Microsoft | Windows 10 Version 1809 |
Affected:
10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.9376
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 10 Version 21H2 |
Affected:
10.0.19044.0 , < 10.0.19044.7807
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 10 Version 22H2 |
Affected:
10.0.19045.0 , < 10.0.19044.7807
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 version 23H2 |
Affected:
10.0.22631.0 , < 10.0.22631.7652
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 Version 23H2 |
Affected:
10.0.22631.0 , < 10.0.22631.7652
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 Version 24H2 |
Affected:
10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.9711
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 Version 25H2 |
Affected:
10.0.26200.0 , < 10.0.26200.9711
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 version 26H1 |
Affected:
10.0.28000.0 , < 10.0.28000.3231
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 Version 26H2 |
Affected:
10.0.26300.0 , < 10.0.26300.9711
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2019 |
Affected:
10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.9376
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2019 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.9376
(custom)
|
Date Public
2026-10-13 14:00
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CVE-2026-69531 (GCVE-0-2026-69531)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-08 17:11 – Updated: 2026-10-14 23:06
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Microsoft Windows Speech Tampering Vulnerability
Summary
Unintended proxy or intermediary ('confused deputy') in Microsoft Windows Speech allows an authorized attacker to perform tampering locally.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-09 19:07 UTC
CWE
- CWE-441 - Unintended Proxy or Intermediary ('Confused Deputy')
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerabi… | vendor-advisorypatch |
Impacted products
16 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Microsoft | Windows 10 Version 1607 |
Affected:
10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.9512
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 10 Version 1809 |
Affected:
10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.9245
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 10 Version 21H2 |
Affected:
10.0.19044.0 , < 10.0.19044.7725
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 10 Version 22H2 |
Affected:
10.0.19045.0 , < 10.0.19045.7725
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 version 23H2 |
Affected:
10.0.22631.0 , < 10.0.22631.7582
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 Version 23H2 |
Affected:
10.0.22631.0 , < 10.0.22631.7582
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 Version 24H2 |
Affected:
10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.9445
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 Version 25H2 |
Affected:
10.0.26200.0 , < 10.0.26200.9445
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 version 26H1 |
Affected:
10.0.28000.0 , < 10.0.28000.2954
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2016 |
Affected:
10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.9512
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2016 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.9512
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2019 |
Affected:
10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.9245
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2019 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.9245
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2022 |
Affected:
10.0.20348.0 , < 10.0.20348.5622
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2025 |
Affected:
10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.33438
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2025 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.33438
(custom)
|
Date Public
2026-09-08 14:00
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CVE-2026-69399 (GCVE-0-2026-69399)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-17 22:55 – Updated: 2026-10-14 23:05 Exclusively Hosted Service
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Azure Arc Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability
Summary
Azure Arc Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-18 14:12 UTC
CWE
- CWE-441 - Unintended Proxy or Intermediary
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerabi… | vendor-advisorypatch |
Impacted products
Date Public
2026-09-17 14:00
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CVE-2026-67567 (GCVE-0-2026-67567)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-20 20:34 – Updated: 2026-09-05 14:23
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Multicloud-operators-subscription: multicloud-operators-subscription: helmrelease chart applied with controller sa without gvk or namespace restriction
Summary
A flaw was found in the multicloud-operators-subscription component. This vulnerability allows a tenant, who has the ability to create HelmRelease custom resources (CRs), to bypass existing security controls. The system's HelmRelease controller processes Helm chart templates using its own elevated ServiceAccount privileges without proper validation. This enables the tenant to deploy arbitrary resources across the entire cluster, leading to a significant security compromise.
Severity
9.9 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-21 16:20 UTC
CWE
- CWE-441 - Unintended Proxy or Intermediary ('Confused Deputy')
Assigner
References
8 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:60386 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:60387 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:60388 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:60389 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:60390 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:60391 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-67567 | vdb-entryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2514224 | issue-trackingx_refsource_REDHAT |
Impacted products
6 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Advanced Cluster Management for Kubernetes 2.11 |
Unaffected:
1787263584 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:acm:2.11::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Advanced Cluster Management for Kubernetes 2.13 |
Unaffected:
1787263693 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:acm:2.13::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Advanced Cluster Management for Kubernetes 2.14 |
Unaffected:
1787170830 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:acm:2.14::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Advanced Cluster Management for Kubernetes 2.15 |
Unaffected:
1787240030 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:acm:2.15::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Advanced Cluster Management for Kubernetes 2.16 |
Unaffected:
1787242321 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:acm:2.16::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Advanced Cluster Management for Kubernetes 2.17 |
Unaffected:
1787242108 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:acm:2.17::el9 |
Date Public
2026-08-11 00:00
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CVE-2026-63643 (GCVE-0-2026-63643)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-18 17:18 – Updated: 2026-08-19 18:21
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
MagicMirror: ssrf calendar .js
Summary
MagicMirror² is an open source modular smart mirror platform. Prior to 2.37.0, the ADD_CALENDAR handler in defaultmodules/calendar/node_helper.js accepts an attacker-controlled URL, authentication data, and selfSignedCert setting through the unauthenticated Socket.IO namespace /calendar. The handler passes these fields to CalendarFetcher, causing a server-side request without SSRF validation and optionally disabling TLS verification. When the response is valid iCal, CALENDAR_EVENTS returns parsed event data to the attacker, allowing internal-service response data to be exfiltrated; other responses still provide a blind request and timing primitive. This issue is fixed in version 2.37.0.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-19 18:04 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/MagicMirrorOrg/MagicMirror/sec… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/MagicMirrorOrg/MagicMirror/pull/4169 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/MagicMirrorOrg/MagicMirror/com… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/MagicMirrorOrg/MagicMirror/rel… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| MagicMirrorOrg | MagicMirror |
Affected:
< 2.37.0
|
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CVE-2026-61793 (GCVE-0-2026-61793)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-17 14:48 – Updated: 2026-09-17 15:15
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Nuxt OG Image has unauthenticated SSRF via `fonts[].path` URL parameter
Summary
Nuxt OG Image generates OG Images with Vue templates in Nuxt. From 6.0.2 until 6.7.0, nuxt-og-image exposes the unauthenticated /_og/d/** route when the documented defaults security.strict = false and security.secret = "" are used, and base64url-decodes the fonts parameter through decodeOgImageParams. Attacker-controlled fonts[].path values flow through loadDefinedFonts into the font-assets/node.js binding, which performs a server-side fetch without validating the URL scheme, origin, resolved address, or redirects. This permits blind requests to loopback, private, link-local, cloud metadata, and other internal HTTP services, while differences in the outer response status and timing can reveal service reachability. Slow targets can also occupy OG image render workers for the configured fetch and render timeouts. This issue is fixed in version 6.7.0.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-17 15:15 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/nuxt-modules/og-image/security… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/nuxt-modules/og-image/pull/637 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/nuxt-modules/og-image/commit/2… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/nuxt-modules/og-image/releases… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nuxt-modules | og-image |
Affected:
>= 6.0.2, < 6.7.0
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Mitigation
Architecture and Design
Enforce the use of strong mutual authentication mechanism between the two parties.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
Whenever a product is an intermediary or proxy for transactions between two other components, the proxy core should not drop the identity of the initiator of the transaction. The immutability of the identity of the initiator must be maintained and should be forwarded all the way to the target.
CAPEC-219: XML Routing Detour Attacks
An attacker subverts an intermediate system used to process XML content and forces the intermediate to modify and/or re-route the processing of the content. XML Routing Detour Attacks are Adversary in the Middle type attacks (CAPEC-94). The attacker compromises or inserts an intermediate system in the processing of the XML message. For example, WS-Routing can be used to specify a series of nodes or intermediaries through which content is passed. If any of the intermediate nodes in this route are compromised by an attacker they could be used for a routing detour attack. From the compromised system the attacker is able to route the XML process to other nodes of their choice and modify the responses so that the normal chain of processing is unaware of the interception. This system can forward the message to an outside entity and hide the forwarding and processing from the legitimate processing systems by altering the header information.
CAPEC-465: Transparent Proxy Abuse
A transparent proxy serves as an intermediate between the client and the internet at large. It intercepts all requests originating from the client and forwards them to the correct location. The proxy also intercepts all responses to the client and forwards these to the client. All of this is done in a manner transparent to the client.