Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-441
Allowed-with-ReviewUnintended Proxy or Intermediary ('Confused Deputy')
Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft
The product receives a request, message, or directive from an upstream component, but the product does not sufficiently preserve the original source of the request before forwarding the request to an external actor that is outside of the product's control sphere. This causes the product to appear to be the source of the request, leading it to act as a proxy or other intermediary between the upstream component and the external actor.
188 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2026-17107 (GCVE-0-2026-17107)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-24 18:56 – Updated: 2026-08-25 05:12
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Cluster-proxy: cluster-proxy: impersonation header injection in service-proxy grants cluster-admin on every managed cluster
Summary
A flaw was found in the cluster-proxy service-proxy component used in Red Hat Advanced Cluster Management for Kubernetes (RHACM) and multicluster-engine (MCE). The service-proxy appends impersonation group headers to proxied requests without first removing caller-supplied values, and the spoke ServiceAccount holds unrestricted impersonation permissions. An authenticated hub principal can inject an Impersonate-Group header to escalate to cluster-admin on every managed cluster.
Severity
8.5 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-27 17:20 UTC
CWE
- CWE-441 - Unintended Proxy or Intermediary ('Confused Deputy')
Assigner
References
9 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:46885 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:47388 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:47735 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:47949 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:47953 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:47974 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:48284 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-17107 | vdb-entryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2506771 | issue-trackingx_refsource_REDHAT |
Impacted products
6 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Red Hat | multicluster engine for Kubernetes 2.10 |
Unaffected:
1784342329 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:multicluster_engine:2.10::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | multicluster engine for Kubernetes 2.11.0 |
Unaffected:
1784925025 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:multicluster_engine:2.11::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | multicluster engine for Kubernetes 2.17 |
Unaffected:
1784926298 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:multicluster_engine:2.17::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | multicluster engine for Kubernetes 2.6 |
Unaffected:
1783985960 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:multicluster_engine:2.6::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | multicluster engine for Kubernetes 2.8 |
Unaffected:
1784342329 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:multicluster_engine:2.8::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | multicluster engine for Kubernetes 2.9 |
Unaffected:
1783278220 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:multicluster_engine:2.9::el9 |
Date Public
2026-07-24 18:49
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CVE-2026-16456 (GCVE-0-2026-16456)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-10 20:44 – Updated: 2026-08-11 18:38
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Odh-model-controller: odh-model-controller: cross-namespace secret read via nim account crd confused deputy
Summary
A flaw was found in the `odh-model-controller`. An authenticated user with permissions to create custom resources can exploit a vulnerability in the `loadSecret` function. This function improperly reads the Secret namespace from user-controlled input without validation. This allows an attacker to read sensitive API keys and cloud credentials from other namespaces, leading to information disclosure.
Severity
6.5 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-11 13:46 UTC
CWE
- CWE-441 - Unintended Proxy or Intermediary ('Confused Deputy')
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:53261 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:53262 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:53263 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-16456 | vdb-entryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2503159 | issue-trackingx_refsource_REDHAT |
Impacted products
3 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Red Hat | Red Hat OpenShift AI 2.25 |
Unaffected:
1785187158 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_ai:2.25::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat OpenShift AI 3.3 |
Unaffected:
1785189333 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_ai:3.3::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat OpenShift AI 3.4 |
Unaffected:
1784950479 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_ai:3.4::el9 |
Date Public
2026-08-10 18:46
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CVE-2026-16158 (GCVE-0-2026-16158)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-18 12:28 – Updated: 2026-07-20 15:15
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
@fastify/reply-from vulnerable to cross-upstream request routing via URL cache key collision
Summary
Impact: @fastify/reply-from versions from 8.3.1 up to but not including 12.6.4 build the internal URL cache key by concatenating the destination and source path without a delimiter. Different destination and source pairs can therefore produce the same key while resolving to different upstream URLs. When getUpstream selects an upstream from request data, a URL cached for one upstream can be reused for a request intended for another upstream, causing cross-upstream data access and modification. The default configuration is affected. Setting disableCache to true prevents the behavior. Patches: upgrade to @fastify/reply-from 12.6.4. Workarounds: pass disableCache: true when registering the plugin.
Severity
8.7 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-20 15:15 UTC
CWE
- CWE-441 - Unintended Proxy or Intermediary ('Confused Deputy')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| @fastify/reply-from | @fastify/reply-from |
Affected:
8.3.1 , < 12.6.4
(semver)
Unaffected: 12.6.4 (semver) |
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CVE-2026-15183 (GCVE-0-2026-15183)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-14 08:42 – Updated: 2026-07-14 12:21
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Input Validation Vulnerabilities in Snowflake Spark Connector
Summary
Multiple input validation vulnerabilities in the Snowflake Spark Connector (spark-snowflake) versions prior to 3.2.1 can allow attackers to exfiltrate OAuth client credentials, execute arbitrary SQL with the connector's Snowflake role, or redirect COPY operations to attacker-controlled storage. An attacker could exploit these vulnerabilities by supplying a crafted OAuth token request URL, placing malicious files in an ingestion pipeline, injecting SQL via staging options in a shared Spark environment , or issuing runtime SET commands in a shared Spark-SQL session to inject arbitrary SQL into the SnowflakeFallbackCatalog's option map, which executes under the cluster admin's JDBC credentials. Successful exploitation may result in credential theft, unauthorized access to Snowflake account data, or privilege escalation within connected infrastructure.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-14 12:21 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Snowflake | Snowflake Spark Connector |
Affected:
0.1.0 , < 3.2.1
(semver)
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CVE-2026-13062 (GCVE-0-2026-13062)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-22 19:19 – Updated: 2026-07-23 14:23
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
MongoDB mongos Improper Validation of Internal Flags in Queryable Encryption Write Commands on Sharded Clusters
Summary
An authenticated user with write privileges on a Queryable Encryption-enabled collection may be able to modify internal encryption metadata fields that are intended to be server-controlled, by sending crafted write commands through the mongos router on a sharded cluster. This can result in corruption of encrypted query correctness.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-23 14:23 UTC
CWE
- CWE-441 - Unintentional Proxy or Intermediary ('Confused Deputy')
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| MongoDB | MongoDB Server |
Affected:
7.0 , < 7.0.39
(semver)
Affected: 8.0 , < 8.0.28 (semver) Affected: 8.2.0 , < 8.2.12 (semver) Affected: 8.3.0 , < 8.3.7 (semver) |
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CVE-2026-12879 (GCVE-0-2026-12879)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-09 12:56 – Updated: 2026-07-09 13:42
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Cross-Tenant Data Exfiltration in Apigee via BigQuery Confused Deputy
Summary
An Improper Input Validation vulnerability in BigQuery DAO in Google Cloud Apigee versions prior to 2026-06-12 on Google Cloud Platform allows an authenticated attacker to exfiltrate cross-tenant data.
This vulnerability was patched on 12 June 2026 on the Apigee Servers, and no customer action is needed.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-09 13:42 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Google Cloud | Apigee |
Affected:
0 , < 2026-06-12
(date)
|
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CVE-2026-9595 (GCVE-0-2026-9595)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-15 15:00 – Updated: 2026-06-15 16:08
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
webpack-dev-server vulnerable to HMR WebSocket interception via permissive user proxies
Summary
Impact: When a user-configured proxy on webpack-dev-server has a broad context (e.g. /) and ws: true, it also intercepts the dev server's own HMR WebSocket and forwards it to the proxy target. This leaks the browser's cookies and Origin header to the backend, bypasses the dev server's Host/Origin validation, and corrupts the HMR socket (both HMR and the proxy end up writing to the same socket).
Patches: Fixed in webpack-dev-server@5.2.5.
Workarounds: Scope user-defined proxy context to specific paths instead of /, or omit ws: true from the proxy entry when WebSocket forwarding is not required.
Severity
5.3 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-06-15 16:08 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| webpack-dev-server | webpack-dev-server |
Affected:
0 , < 5.2.5
(semver)
Unaffected: 5.2.5 (semver) |
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CVE-2026-7381 (GCVE-0-2026-7381)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-04-29 22:13 – Updated: 2026-04-30 13:18
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Plack::Middleware::XSendfile versions through 1.0053 for Perl can allow client-controlled path rewriting
Summary
Plack::Middleware::XSendfile versions through 1.0053 for Perl can allow client-controlled path rewriting.
Plack::Middleware::XSendfile allows the variation setting (sendfile type) to be set by the client via the X-Sendfile-Type header, if it is not considered in the middleware constructor or the Plack environment.
A malicious client can set the X-Sendfile-Type header to "X-Accel-Redirect" to services running behind nginx reverse proxies, and then set the X-Accel-Mapping to map the path to an arbitrary file on the server.
Since 1.0053, Plack::Middleware::XSendfile is deprecated and will be removed from future releases of Plack.
This is similar to CVE-2025-61780 for Rack::Sendfile, although Plack::Middleware::XSendfile has some mitigations that disallow regular expressions to be used in the mapping, and only apply the mapping for the "X-Accel-Redirect" type.
Severity
9.1 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-04-30 13:18 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://metacpan.org/release/MIYAGAWA/Plack-1.005… | release-notes |
| https://metacpan.org/release/MIYAGAWA/Plack-1.005… | technical-description |
| https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-61780 | related |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| MIYAGAWA | Plack::Middleware::XSendfile |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 1.0053
(custom)
|
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CVE-2026-6993 (GCVE-0-2026-6993)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-04-25 18:30 – Updated: 2026-04-27 13:41 X_Open Source
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
go-kratos http.DefaultServeMux Fallback server.go NewServer confused deputy
Summary
A security flaw has been discovered in go-kratos kratos up to 2.9.2. This impacts the function NewServer of the file transport/http/server.go of the component http.DefaultServeMux Fallback Handler. The manipulation results in unintended intermediary. The attack may be launched remotely. The exploit has been released to the public and may be used for attacks. The patch is identified as 0284a5bcf92b5a7ee015300ce3051baf7ae4718d. Applying a patch is advised to resolve this issue.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-04-27 13:40 UTC
CWE
- CWE-441 - Unintended Intermediary
Assigner
References
7 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/359545 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/359545/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/797099 | third-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/go-kratos/kratos/issues/3810 | exploitissue-tracking |
| https://github.com/go-kratos/kratos/pull/3814 | issue-trackingpatch |
| https://github.com/Yanhu007/kratos/commit/0284a5b… | patch |
| https://github.com/go-kratos/kratos/ | product |
Impacted products
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CVE-2026-3160 (GCVE-0-2026-3160)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-14 05:35 – Updated: 2026-05-14 13:09
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Unintended Proxy or Intermediary ('Confused Deputy') in GitLab
Summary
GitLab has remediated an issue in GitLab CE/EE affecting all versions from 13.7 before 18.9.7, 18.10 before 18.10.6, and 18.11 before 18.11.3 that could have allowed an authenticated user to view Jira issues outside the configured project scope due to an integration filter functioning only as a display control rather than enforcing access boundaries as specified.
Severity
5.8 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-05-14 13:09 UTC
CWE
- CWE-441 - Unintended Proxy or Intermediary ('Confused Deputy')
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://hackerone.com/reports/3566042 | technical-descriptionexploitpermissions-required |
| https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/work_items… | |
| https://about.gitlab.com/releases/2026/05/13/patc… |
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"dateUpdated": "2026-05-14T05:35:57.340Z",
"orgId": "ceab7361-8a18-47b1-92ba-4d7d25f6715a",
"shortName": "GitLab"
},
"references": [
{
"name": "HackerOne Bug Bounty Report #3566042",
"tags": [
"technical-description",
"exploit",
"permissions-required"
],
"url": "https://hackerone.com/reports/3566042"
},
{
"url": "https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/work_items/591354"
},
{
"url": "https://about.gitlab.com/releases/2026/05/13/patch-release-gitlab-18-11-3-released/"
}
],
"solutions": [
{
"lang": "en",
"value": "Upgrade to versions 18.9.7, 18.10.6, 18.11.3 or above. Additionally, review the Jira API token used in your integration and ensure it is scoped to only the Jira projects you intend to expose. The project keys field in the integration configuration filters the displayed issues but does not restrict the token\u0027s access. To limit which issues can be read through the integration, generate the API token from a Jira account with access only to the desired projects."
}
],
"title": "Unintended Proxy or Intermediary (\u0027Confused Deputy\u0027) in GitLab"
}
},
"cveMetadata": {
"assignerOrgId": "ceab7361-8a18-47b1-92ba-4d7d25f6715a",
"assignerShortName": "GitLab",
"cveId": "CVE-2026-3160",
"datePublished": "2026-05-14T05:35:57.340Z",
"dateReserved": "2026-02-24T21:03:59.433Z",
"dateUpdated": "2026-05-14T13:09:24.780Z",
"state": "PUBLISHED"
},
"dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
"dataVersion": "5.2"
}
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
Enforce the use of strong mutual authentication mechanism between the two parties.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
Whenever a product is an intermediary or proxy for transactions between two other components, the proxy core should not drop the identity of the initiator of the transaction. The immutability of the identity of the initiator must be maintained and should be forwarded all the way to the target.
CAPEC-219: XML Routing Detour Attacks
An attacker subverts an intermediate system used to process XML content and forces the intermediate to modify and/or re-route the processing of the content. XML Routing Detour Attacks are Adversary in the Middle type attacks (CAPEC-94). The attacker compromises or inserts an intermediate system in the processing of the XML message. For example, WS-Routing can be used to specify a series of nodes or intermediaries through which content is passed. If any of the intermediate nodes in this route are compromised by an attacker they could be used for a routing detour attack. From the compromised system the attacker is able to route the XML process to other nodes of their choice and modify the responses so that the normal chain of processing is unaware of the interception. This system can forward the message to an outside entity and hide the forwarding and processing from the legitimate processing systems by altering the header information.
CAPEC-465: Transparent Proxy Abuse
A transparent proxy serves as an intermediate between the client and the internet at large. It intercepts all requests originating from the client and forwards them to the correct location. The proxy also intercepts all responses to the client and forwards these to the client. All of this is done in a manner transparent to the client.