Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-441

Allowed-with-Review

Unintended Proxy or Intermediary ('Confused Deputy')

Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft

The product receives a request, message, or directive from an upstream component, but the product does not sufficiently preserve the original source of the request before forwarding the request to an external actor that is outside of the product's control sphere. This causes the product to appear to be the source of the request, leading it to act as a proxy or other intermediary between the upstream component and the external actor.

294 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

CVE-2026-56675 (GCVE-0-2026-56675)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-10 15:39 – Updated: 2026-07-10 16:55
VLAI
Title
9router: Reverse proxy locality collapse allows unauthenticated access to 9router /v1 APIs
Summary
9Router is an AI router & token saver. Prior to 0.5.2, 9router treats loopback requests as trusted and allows /v1/* access without an API key, so a same-host reverse proxy that forwards public traffic to the backend through 127.0.0.1 causes src/dashboardGuard.js to misclassify external requests as local. A remote unauthenticated attacker can access /v1 APIs such as /v1/models and may abuse configured upstream provider credentials through /v1 proxy endpoints depending on enabled providers. This issue is fixed in version 0.5.2.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-10 16:54 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-287 - Improper Authentication
  • CWE-290 - Authentication Bypass by Spoofing
  • CWE-306 - Missing Authentication for Critical Function
  • CWE-441 - Unintended Proxy or Intermediary ('Confused Deputy')
Assigner
GitHub_M CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard C 72/100 over 7637 records in the last 180 days details
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
decolua 9router Affected: < 0.5.2
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-55430 (GCVE-0-2026-55430)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-08 00:03 – Updated: 2026-07-08 17:10
VLAI
Title
Coder's subdomain workspace app routing trusts unauthenticated X-Forwarded-Host header, enabling cross-app data access
Summary
Coder allows organizations to provision remote development environments via Terraform. Prior to versions 2.29.7, 2.32.7, 2.33.8, and 2.34.2, the workspace app proxy resolves the target app from `httpapi.RequestHost()` which prefers the `X-Forwarded-Host` header over the real `Host` header. No middleware strips `X-Forwarded-Host` before routing and the header is not browser-forbidden so client-side JavaScript can set it on `fetch()` calls. Practical exploitation requires subdomain app routing (wildcard hostname) enabled, a victim who visits the attacker's shared app and a deployment whose upstream proxy does not strip `X-Forwarded-Host`. The fix in versions 2.29.7, 2.32.7, 2.33.8, and 2.34.2 trusts `X-Forwarded-Host` only from configured trusted proxies and otherwise resolves the routing host from the verified request host. As a workaround, place an upstream reverse proxy that strips or overwrites `X-Forwarded-Host` on untrusted requests.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-08 16:57 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-345 - Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity
  • CWE-441 - Unintended Proxy or Intermediary ('Confused Deputy')
Assigner
GitHub_M CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard C 72/100 over 7637 records in the last 180 days details
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
coder coder Affected: >= 2.34.0, < 2.34.2
Affected: >= 2.33.0, < 2.33.8
Affected: >= 2.30.0, < 2.32.7
Affected: < 2.29.17
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-55225 (GCVE-0-2026-55225)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-15 17:15 – Updated: 2026-09-16 12:04
VLAI
Title
Strimzi: Cross-namespace privilege escalation via `Kafka.spec.entityOperator`
Summary
Strimzi provides a way to run an Apache Kafka cluster on Kubernetes or OpenShift in various deployment configurations. In Strimzi 1.0.0 and earlier, an attacker who can create a Kafka custom resource can set Kafka.spec.entityOperator watchedNamespace to a target namespace, causing the Cluster Operator to create a Role with full Secret CRUD permissions there and bind it to the Entity Operator ServiceAccount in the attacker's namespace. The attacker can mint a token for that ServiceAccount and read or write Secrets in any target namespace where the Cluster Operator has been granted permissions, regardless of STRIMZI_NAMESPACE. This issue is fixed in versions 1.0.1 and 1.1.0.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-15 19:02 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-269 - Improper Privilege Management
  • CWE-441 - Unintended Proxy or Intermediary ('Confused Deputy')
  • CWE-250 - Execution with Unnecessary Privileges
Assigner
GitHub_M CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard C 72/100 over 7637 records in the last 180 days details
Impacted products
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-54663 (GCVE-0-2026-54663)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-29 14:28 – Updated: 2026-07-29 14:58
VLAI
Title
swagger-typescript-api vulnerable to Server-Side Request Forgery via spec `$ref`
Summary
swagger-typescript-api generates API clients for Fetch or Axios from OpenAPI specifications. Prior to 13.12.2, src/resolved-swagger-schema.ts warmUpRemoteSchemasCache resolves external $ref URLs and fetchRemoteSchemaDocument uses isHttpUrl to fetch any http or https target without private IP, redirect, DNS rebinding, or same-origin validation, allowing an attacker-controlled OpenAPI spec to make the generator issue requests to internal or link-local services. This issue is fixed in version 13.12.2.
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-29 14:58 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-20 - Improper Input Validation
  • CWE-441 - Unintended Proxy or Intermediary ('Confused Deputy')
  • CWE-918 - Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF)
Assigner
GitHub_M CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard C 72/100 over 7637 records in the last 180 days details
Impacted products
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-54628 (GCVE-0-2026-54628)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-14 19:57 – Updated: 2026-09-16 16:16
VLAI
Title
Anyquery: Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF) via Unrestricted SQLite Virtual Table Modules in Server Mode
Summary
Anyquery is an SQL query engine built on top of SQLite. Prior to 0.4.5, anyquery server exposes URL-capable SQLite virtual table modules such as json_reader and log_reader through its unauthenticated MySQL-compatible server port without restricting outbound destinations. A remote attacker can provide a loopback, private-network, or link-local cloud metadata URL, causing go-getter in the Anyquery server process to fetch the selected resource and expose its response as queryable table data. This permits internal network probing, access to internal APIs, and disclosure of cloud credentials; low-integrity impact is possible when a reached internal API performs state-changing actions. This issue is fixed in version 0.4.5.
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-16 16:13 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-284 - Improper Access Control
  • CWE-441 - Unintended Proxy or Intermediary ('Confused Deputy')
  • CWE-862 - Missing Authorization
  • CWE-918 - Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF)
Assigner
GitHub_M CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard C 72/100 over 7637 records in the last 180 days details
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
julien040 anyquery Affected: < 0.4.5
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-53999 (GCVE-0-2026-53999)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-14 18:39 – Updated: 2026-10-14 19:42
VLAI
Title
Radius Controller May Delete a Container Resource via an Injected Deployment Annotation (Multi-Tenant Installs)
Summary
Radius is a cloud-native, portable application platform that makes app development easier for teams building cloud-native apps. Prior to 0.58.0, the Kubernetes controller deserializes the user-controlled radapp.io/status annotation on a Deployment and uses its container resource identifier for deletion without confirming ownership by that Deployment. An attacker with permission to modify Deployment annotations and knowledge of a target Radius resource ID can forge radapp.io/status and set radapp.io/enabled to false, causing reconciliation to enter the privileged deletion path for another tenant's Radius-managed container resource. In a multi-tenant installation this confused-deputy condition can delete another team's recoverable container resource and disrupt service; in a single-tenant installation the impact is limited to self denial of service. The multi-tenant Radius controller reads the annotations in pkg/controller/reconciler/annotations.go and reaches the privileged delete in pkg/controller/reconciler/deployment_reconciler.go. The issue does not disclose data, grant privileges, or provide persistence. This issue is fixed in version 0.58.0.
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-14 19:42 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-20 - Improper Input Validation
  • CWE-441 - Unintended Proxy or Intermediary ('Confused Deputy')
Assigner
GitHub_M CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard C 72/100 over 7637 records in the last 180 days details
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
radius-project radius Affected: < 0.58.0
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-53931 (GCVE-0-2026-53931)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-23 19:41 – Updated: 2026-06-24 14:33
VLAI
Title
NocoDB: Server-Side Request Forgery via Spreadsheet Import Endpoint
Summary
NocoDB is software for building databases as spreadsheets. Prior to 2026.05.1, the spreadsheet-import endpoint axiosRequestMake could be used as a generic HTTP proxy. Before the fix it was reachable unauthenticated, and its URL-extension allowlist was a regex tested against the full URL string, so URLs whose query string ended in .csv satisfies the gate even though the underlying request is for another file. This vulnerability is fixed in 2026.05.1.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-06-24 14:33 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-441 - Unintended Proxy or Intermediary ('Confused Deputy')
  • CWE-918 - Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF)
Assigner
GitHub_M CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard C 72/100 over 7637 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
nocodb nocodb Affected: < 2026.05.1
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-53514 (GCVE-0-2026-53514)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-15 17:30 – Updated: 2026-07-18 01:13
VLAI
Title
Better Auth: Unauthorized invitation acceptance via unverified email match in organization plugin
Summary
Better Auth is an authentication and authorization library for TypeScript. Prior to 1.6.11, and in 1.6.14 and later when invitation IDs can be obtained outside the invited mailbox and requireEmailVerificationOnInvitation: true is not enabled, the organization plugin's acceptInvitation, rejectInvitation, getInvitation, and listUserInvitations recipient endpoints use session.user.email and an invitation ID without sufficient verified-email ownership proof, allowing a user with an unverified session for the invited email address to accept an organization invitation after obtaining the invitation ID. This issue is fixed for the original default behavior in version 1.6.11, while 1.6.14 restored compatibility for built-in opaque invitation IDs and leaves affected configurations requiring secure options.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-18 01:12 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-287 - Improper Authentication
  • CWE-345 - Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity
  • CWE-441 - Unintended Proxy or Intermediary ('Confused Deputy')
  • CWE-862 - Missing Authorization
Assigner
GitHub_M CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard C 72/100 over 7637 records in the last 180 days details
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
better-auth better-auth Affected: < 1.6.11
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-53513 (GCVE-0-2026-53513)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-15 17:15 – Updated: 2026-07-15 19:29
VLAI
Title
Better Auth: Server-side request forgery via unvalidated OIDC endpoints on @better-auth/sso provider registration
Summary
Better Auth is an authentication and authorization library for TypeScript. Prior to 1.6.11, the @better-auth/sso plugin's POST /sso/register and POST /sso/update-provider endpoints accept attacker-controlled oidcConfig.userInfoEndpoint, tokenEndpoint, and jwksEndpoint URLs when skipDiscovery: true is set, store them on the ssoProvider row without origin validation, and fetch them during OIDC callback, allowing non-blind server-side request forgery and possible account linking when trustEmailVerified: true is configured. This issue is fixed in version 1.6.11.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-15 19:28 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-20 - Improper Input Validation
  • CWE-345 - Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity
  • CWE-441 - Unintended Proxy or Intermediary ('Confused Deputy')
  • CWE-918 - Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF)
Assigner
GitHub_M CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard C 72/100 over 7637 records in the last 180 days details
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
better-auth better-auth Affected: >= 0.1.0, < 1.6.11
Create a notification for this product.
@better-auth sso Affected: >= 0.1.0, < 1.6.11
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-50169 (GCVE-0-2026-50169)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-22 15:41 – Updated: 2026-06-22 17:32
VLAI
Title
Angular Service Worker Policy-Bypass & Credential-Stripping Vulnerabilities
Summary
Angular is a development platform for building mobile and desktop web applications using TypeScript/JavaScript and other languages. Prior to 22.0.0-rc.2, 21.2.15 20.3.22, and 19.2.23, an issue in the @angular/service-worker package compromises the integrity of request-policy enforcement during request reconstruction. When the Angular Service Worker intercepts network requests for matched assets, it reconstructs a new Request object using an internal helper function. During this reconstruction process, the helper function strips the strict, client-defined request redirect policy configuration (such as redirect: 'error'), falling back to the browser's default 'follow' strategy. If the target web application makes client-side requests with a strict policy (e.g., expecting a network error instead of automatically following redirects), the service worker will bypass this instruction and automatically follow HTTP 3xx redirects to other destinations. This acts as an unintended proxy/intermediary ("Confused Deputy") and can result in cookie/credential exposure or same-origin session-restricted data leakage if public dynamic routes redirect to sensitive routes. This vulnerability is fixed in 22.0.0-rc.2, 21.2.15, 20.3.22, and 19.2.23.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-06-22 17:32 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-200 - Exposure of Sensitive Information to an Unauthorized Actor
  • CWE-441 - Unintended Proxy or Intermediary ('Confused Deputy')
  • CWE-524 - Use of Cache Containing Sensitive Information
Assigner
GitHub_M CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard C 72/100 over 7637 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
angular angular Affected: >= 22.0.0-next.0, < 22.0.0-rc.2
Affected: >= 21.0.0-next.0, < 21.2.15
Affected: >= 20.0.0-next.0, < 20.3.22
Affected: >= 19.0.0-next.0, < 19.2.23
Affected: <= 18.2.14
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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          "lang": "en",
          "value": "Angular is a development platform for building mobile and desktop web applications using TypeScript/JavaScript and other languages. Prior to 22.0.0-rc.2, 21.2.15 20.3.22, and 19.2.23, an issue in the @angular/service-worker package compromises the integrity of request-policy enforcement during request reconstruction. When the Angular Service Worker intercepts network requests for matched assets, it reconstructs a new Request object using an internal helper function. During this reconstruction process, the helper function strips the strict, client-defined request redirect policy configuration (such as redirect: \u0027error\u0027), falling back to the browser\u0027s default \u0027follow\u0027 strategy. If the target web application makes client-side requests with a strict policy (e.g., expecting a network error instead of automatically following redirects), the service worker will bypass this instruction and automatically follow HTTP 3xx redirects to other destinations. This acts as an unintended proxy/intermediary (\"Confused Deputy\") and can result in cookie/credential exposure or same-origin session-restricted data leakage if public dynamic routes redirect to sensitive routes. This vulnerability is fixed in 22.0.0-rc.2, 21.2.15, 20.3.22, and 19.2.23."
        }
      ],
      "metrics": [
        {
          "cvssV4_0": {
            "attackComplexity": "HIGH",
            "attackRequirements": "PRESENT",
            "attackVector": "LOCAL",
            "baseScore": 5.7,
            "baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
            "privilegesRequired": "NONE",
            "subAvailabilityImpact": "NONE",
            "subConfidentialityImpact": "NONE",
            "subIntegrityImpact": "NONE",
            "userInteraction": "PASSIVE",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:H/AT:P/PR:N/UI:P/VC:H/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
            "version": "4.0",
            "vulnAvailabilityImpact": "NONE",
            "vulnConfidentialityImpact": "HIGH",
            "vulnIntegrityImpact": "NONE"
          }
        }
      ],
      "problemTypes": [
        {
          "descriptions": [
            {
              "cweId": "CWE-200",
              "description": "CWE-200: Exposure of Sensitive Information to an Unauthorized Actor",
              "lang": "en",
              "type": "CWE"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "descriptions": [
            {
              "cweId": "CWE-441",
              "description": "CWE-441: Unintended Proxy or Intermediary (\u0027Confused Deputy\u0027)",
              "lang": "en",
              "type": "CWE"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "descriptions": [
            {
              "cweId": "CWE-524",
              "description": "CWE-524: Use of Cache Containing Sensitive Information",
              "lang": "en",
              "type": "CWE"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "providerMetadata": {
        "dateUpdated": "2026-06-22T15:46:26.364Z",
        "orgId": "a0819718-46f1-4df5-94e2-005712e83aaa",
        "shortName": "GitHub_M"
      },
      "references": [
        {
          "name": "https://github.com/angular/angular/security/advisories/GHSA-gv2q-mqqv-365m",
          "tags": [
            "x_refsource_CONFIRM"
          ],
          "url": "https://github.com/angular/angular/security/advisories/GHSA-gv2q-mqqv-365m"
        },
        {
          "name": "https://github.com/angular/angular/pull/67494",
          "tags": [
            "x_refsource_MISC"
          ],
          "url": "https://github.com/angular/angular/pull/67494"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "advisory": "GHSA-gv2q-mqqv-365m",
        "discovery": "UNKNOWN"
      },
      "title": "Angular Service Worker Policy-Bypass \u0026 Credential-Stripping Vulnerabilities"
    }
  },
  "cveMetadata": {
    "assignerOrgId": "a0819718-46f1-4df5-94e2-005712e83aaa",
    "assignerShortName": "GitHub_M",
    "cveId": "CVE-2026-50169",
    "datePublished": "2026-06-22T15:41:17.125Z",
    "dateReserved": "2026-06-03T20:54:20.433Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-06-22T17:32:36.408Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.2"
}

Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Enforce the use of strong mutual authentication mechanism between the two parties.

Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Whenever a product is an intermediary or proxy for transactions between two other components, the proxy core should not drop the identity of the initiator of the transaction. The immutability of the identity of the initiator must be maintained and should be forwarded all the way to the target.

CAPEC-219: XML Routing Detour Attacks

An attacker subverts an intermediate system used to process XML content and forces the intermediate to modify and/or re-route the processing of the content. XML Routing Detour Attacks are Adversary in the Middle type attacks (CAPEC-94). The attacker compromises or inserts an intermediate system in the processing of the XML message. For example, WS-Routing can be used to specify a series of nodes or intermediaries through which content is passed. If any of the intermediate nodes in this route are compromised by an attacker they could be used for a routing detour attack. From the compromised system the attacker is able to route the XML process to other nodes of their choice and modify the responses so that the normal chain of processing is unaware of the interception. This system can forward the message to an outside entity and hide the forwarding and processing from the legitimate processing systems by altering the header information.

CAPEC-465: Transparent Proxy Abuse

A transparent proxy serves as an intermediate between the client and the internet at large. It intercepts all requests originating from the client and forwards them to the correct location. The proxy also intercepts all responses to the client and forwards these to the client. All of this is done in a manner transparent to the client.