Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-441
Allowed-with-ReviewUnintended Proxy or Intermediary ('Confused Deputy')
Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft
The product receives a request, message, or directive from an upstream component, but the product does not sufficiently preserve the original source of the request before forwarding the request to an external actor that is outside of the product's control sphere. This causes the product to appear to be the source of the request, leading it to act as a proxy or other intermediary between the upstream component and the external actor.
294 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2026-83837 (GCVE-0-2026-83837)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-13 19:00 – Updated: 2026-10-14 17:56
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Windows Kernel-Mode Drivers Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability
Summary
Improper access control in Windows Kernel-Mode Drivers allows an authorized attacker to elevate privileges locally.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-13 20:25 UTC
CWE
- CWE-441 - Unintended Proxy or Intermediary ('Confused Deputy')
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerabi… | vendor-advisorypatch |
Impacted products
17 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Microsoft | Windows 10 Version 1607 |
Affected:
10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.9612
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 10 Version 1809 |
Affected:
10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.9376
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 10 Version 21H2 |
Affected:
10.0.19044.0 , < 10.0.19044.7807
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 10 Version 22H2 |
Affected:
10.0.19045.0 , < 10.0.19044.7807
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 version 23H2 |
Affected:
10.0.22631.0 , < 10.0.22631.7652
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 Version 23H2 |
Affected:
10.0.22631.0 , < 10.0.22631.7652
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2012 |
Affected:
6.2.9200.0 , < 6.2.9200.26434
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2012 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
6.2.9200.0 , < 6.2.9200.26434
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2012 R2 |
Affected:
6.3.9600.0 , < 6.3.9600.23470
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2012 R2 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
6.3.9600.0 , < 6.3.9600.23470
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2016 |
Affected:
10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.9612
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2016 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.9612
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2019 |
Affected:
10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.9376
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2019 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.9376
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2022 |
Affected:
10.0.20348.0 , < 10.0.20348.5761
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2025 |
Affected:
10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.33650
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2025 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.33650
(custom)
|
Date Public
2026-10-13 14:00
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CVE-2026-83548 (GCVE-0-2026-83548)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-01 21:25 – Updated: 2026-09-03 03:55
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
A Pre-authentication SSRF vulnerability exists in the SMA1000 Appliance Work Place interface due to an unintended alternate access path. A remote unauthenticated attacker could potentially exploit this vulnerability to gain unauthorized access to sensitive functionality and perform unauthorized operations.
Severity
10 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: active
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-01 00:00 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://psirt.global.sonicwall.com/vuln-detail/SN… | vendor-advisory |
| https://www.cisa.gov/known-exploited-vulnerabilit… | government-resource |
Impacted products
Date Public
2026-09-01 21:17
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CVE-2026-81303 (GCVE-0-2026-81303)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-15 05:35 – Updated: 2026-09-15 17:52
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Hawtio-operator: hawtio-operator: routes/custom-host confused-deputy via spec.routehostname
Summary
A flaw was found in hawtio-operator. The operator holds routes/custom-host:create permission cluster-wide and writes the tenant-supplied spec.routeHostName value from the Hawtio custom resource directly into the Route spec without validation or authorization checks. A namespace edit user, who normally cannot set custom Route hostnames, can use the operator as a confused deputy to claim arbitrary externally-routable hostnames, enabling subdomain takeover and, in combination with the auto-grant OAuthClient, OAuth redirect hijack.
Severity
6.3 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-15 17:50 UTC
CWE
- CWE-441 - Unintended Proxy or Intermediary ('Confused Deputy')
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-81303 | vdb-entryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2524897 | issue-trackingx_refsource_REDHAT |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Red Hat | Red Hat build of Apache Camel - HawtIO 4 |
cpe:/a:redhat:apache_camel_hawtio:4
|
Date Public
2026-09-15 05:09
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CVE-2026-77348 (GCVE-0-2026-77348)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-31 21:15 – Updated: 2026-09-03 17:43
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Wallos incomplete fix for CVE-2026-33407: unauthenticated httpoxy SSRF still reachable via `endpoints/payments/search.php`
Summary
Wallos is an open-source, self-hostable personal subscription tracker. Prior to version 5.0.0, the fix for CVE-2026-33407 (GHSA-hhjq-82f8-m6rc, "SSRF via HTTP Proxy Environment Variable") hardened endpoints/logos/search.php by disabling cURL proxying (CURLOPT_PROXY = '' + CURLOPT_NOPROXY = '*'). However, Wallos ships a second, near-identical, unauthenticated logo-image search endpoint — endpoints/payments/search.php — that was not given the same hardening. It still passes the HTTP_PROXY/HTTPS_PROXY environment variable straight into CURLOPT_PROXY. This issue has been patched in version 5.0.0.
Severity
8.2 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-03 17:43 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/ellite/Wallos/security/advisor… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/ellite/Wallos/security/advisor… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/ellite/Wallos/commit/11eaf402e… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/ellite/Wallos/releases/tag/v5.0.0 | x_refsource_MISC |
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CVE-2026-77255 (GCVE-0-2026-77255)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-22 18:29 – Updated: 2026-09-26 00:00
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
MCP Atlassian: Arbitrary File Read & Exfiltration (Confused Deputy) in JIRA update_issue
Summary
MCP Atlassian is a Model Context Protocol (MCP) server for Atlassian products (Confluence and Jira). Prior to 0.22.0, the Jira update_issue attachments argument is converted into local paths and routed to the attachment upload implementation without workspace validation. A caller can make the MCP server read arbitrary local files and attach them to a Jira issue, using the server as a confused deputy to exfiltrate the contents. The advisory traces the vulnerable input and processing flow through jira update_issue, attachments, upload_attachment, and file_path, which identify the affected entry points, controls, and code paths. This issue is fixed in version 0.22.0.
Severity
8.6 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-26 00:00 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/sooperset/mcp-atlassian/securi… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/sooperset/mcp-atlassian/pull/1448 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/sooperset/mcp-atlassian/commit… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/sooperset/mcp-atlassian/releas… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| sooperset | mcp-atlassian |
Affected:
< 0.22.0
|
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CVE-2026-77246 (GCVE-0-2026-77246)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-22 18:51 – Updated: 2026-09-24 15:26
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
MCP Atlassian: MCP HTTP Client Server-Local File Exfiltration via Unvalidated Attachment Upload Path
Summary
MCP Atlassian is a Model Context Protocol (MCP) server for Atlassian products (Confluence and Jira). Prior to 0.22.0, an HTTP transport deployment with READ_ONLY_MODE=false accepts a request without an Authorization identity and permits attacker-controlled Atlassian service headers, including X-Atlassian-Confluence-Url, to select a public attacker hostname or one allowed by MCP_ALLOWED_URL_DOMAINS. A caller can then invoke confluence_upload_attachment or the Jira attachment variant in src/mcp_atlassian/jira/attachments.py with a server-local file_path and cause the MCP process to send the file to the selected attachment endpoint. This issue is fixed in version 0.22.0.
Severity
7.4 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-24 15:26 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/sooperset/mcp-atlassian/securi… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/sooperset/mcp-atlassian/pull/1448 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/sooperset/mcp-atlassian/commit… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/sooperset/mcp-atlassian/releas… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| sooperset | mcp-atlassian |
Affected:
< 0.22.0
|
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CVE-2026-75886 (GCVE-0-2026-75886)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-23 20:48 – Updated: 2026-10-01 16:35
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Openshift/console: openshift/console: unauthenticated reverse proxy to in-cluster catalogd service with session token forwarding
Summary
A flaw was found in openshift/console. An unauthenticated remote attacker can exploit a misconfiguration in the CatalogdHandler, which lacks proper authentication, and the forwarding of the `openshift-session-token` cookie. This allows the attacker to send requests to the in-cluster catalogd service, leading to the disclosure of the internal operator-catalog index and providing a relay into the openshift-catalogd namespace.
Severity
7.2 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-24 13:53 UTC
CWE
- CWE-441 - Unintended Proxy or Intermediary ('Confused Deputy')
Assigner
References
8 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:70587 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:70617 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:71447 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:71450 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:71453 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:71454 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-75886 | vdb-entryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2517886 | issue-trackingx_refsource_REDHAT |
Impacted products
7 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Red Hat | Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform 4.17 |
Unaffected:
1789939565 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:openshift:4.17::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform 4.18 |
Unaffected:
1789904865 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:openshift:4.18::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform 4.19 |
Unaffected:
1790095950 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:openshift:4.19::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform 4.20 |
Unaffected:
1790112153 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:openshift:4.20::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform 4.21 |
Unaffected:
1790142788 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:openshift:4.21::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform 4.22 |
Unaffected:
1790130905 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:openshift:4.22::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform 4 |
cpe:/a:redhat:openshift:4
|
Date Public
2026-09-23 20:05
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CVE-2026-73424 (GCVE-0-2026-73424)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-17 17:11 – Updated: 2026-08-18 14:49
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Astro: Unauthenticated path override in the @astrojs/vercel ISR function
Summary
Astro is a web framework for content-driven websites. From 10.0.3 until 11.0.3, the Astro Vercel adapter in packages/integrations/vercel/src/serverless/entrypoint.ts accepts x_astro_path for the public /_isr function based only on the x-vercel-isr header, allowing unauthenticated GET requests to render routes protected only by Vercel edge path rules or split edge middleware. This issue is fixed in 11.0.3.
Severity
6.5 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-18 14:48 UTC
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/withastro/astro/security/advis… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/withastro/astro/pull/17370 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/withastro/astro/commit/3a43cf0… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/withastro/astro/releases/tag/@… | x_refsource_MISC |
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CVE-2026-73266 (GCVE-0-2026-73266)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-13 16:36 – Updated: 2026-09-29 19:41
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Clusterclaims-controller: confused deputy: tenant-controlled clusterclaim labels propagated to managedcluster, enabling cross-tenant managedclusterset join
Summary
A flaw was found in the clusterclaims-controller component of Multicluster Engine (MCE). An authenticated tenant can exploit this vulnerability by manipulating ClusterClaim labels. This allows the tenant to force a cluster to join a ManagedClusterSet belonging to another tenant. Such unauthorized access could enable the injection of policies and workloads into other tenants' clusters.
Severity
7.1 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-18 01:25 UTC
CWE
- CWE-441 - Unintended Proxy or Intermediary ('Confused Deputy')
Assigner
References
8 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:59556 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:59557 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:59558 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:59559 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:59579 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:59593 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-73266 | vdb-entryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2514217 | issue-trackingx_refsource_REDHAT |
Impacted products
6 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Red Hat | multicluster engine for Kubernetes 2.10 |
Unaffected:
1787196014 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:multicluster_engine:2.10::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | multicluster engine for Kubernetes 2.11 |
Unaffected:
1787239442 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:multicluster_engine:2.11::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | multicluster engine for Kubernetes 2.17 |
Unaffected:
1786577950 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:multicluster_engine:2.17::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | multicluster engine for Kubernetes 2.6 |
Unaffected:
1787259112 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:multicluster_engine:2.6::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | multicluster engine for Kubernetes 2.8 |
Unaffected:
1787259059 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:multicluster_engine:2.8::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | multicluster engine for Kubernetes 2.9 |
Unaffected:
1787195995 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:multicluster_engine:2.9::el9 |
Date Public
2026-08-11 00:00
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CVE-2026-73079 (GCVE-0-2026-73079)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-11 15:54 – Updated: 2026-08-11 16:42
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Sub2API: Path traversal in the Responses subpath routes lets an authenticated tenant relay requests to arbitrary upstream endpoints using pooled account credentials
Summary
Sub2API is an AI API gateway platform designed to distribute and manage API quotas from AI product subscriptions. From 0.1.135, to 0.1.168, platform API keys issued to tenants are exchanged for upstream requests made with shared provider accounts (ChatGPT/Codex OAuth, OpenAI platform keys, or an operator-configured base URL) that belong to the operator, not to the caller. The `POST /responses/*subpath` wildcard routes spliced the client-supplied subpath into the upstream URL with no validation. This lets an authenticated tenant relay requests to arbitrary upstream endpoints using pooled account credentials via a path traversal. This vulnerability is fixed in 0.1.169.
Severity
8.5 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-11 16:42 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/security/advi… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/pull/5137 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/commit/017f6b… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/releases/tag/… | x_refsource_MISC |
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Mitigation
Architecture and Design
Enforce the use of strong mutual authentication mechanism between the two parties.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
Whenever a product is an intermediary or proxy for transactions between two other components, the proxy core should not drop the identity of the initiator of the transaction. The immutability of the identity of the initiator must be maintained and should be forwarded all the way to the target.
CAPEC-219: XML Routing Detour Attacks
An attacker subverts an intermediate system used to process XML content and forces the intermediate to modify and/or re-route the processing of the content. XML Routing Detour Attacks are Adversary in the Middle type attacks (CAPEC-94). The attacker compromises or inserts an intermediate system in the processing of the XML message. For example, WS-Routing can be used to specify a series of nodes or intermediaries through which content is passed. If any of the intermediate nodes in this route are compromised by an attacker they could be used for a routing detour attack. From the compromised system the attacker is able to route the XML process to other nodes of their choice and modify the responses so that the normal chain of processing is unaware of the interception. This system can forward the message to an outside entity and hide the forwarding and processing from the legitimate processing systems by altering the header information.
CAPEC-465: Transparent Proxy Abuse
A transparent proxy serves as an intermediate between the client and the internet at large. It intercepts all requests originating from the client and forwards them to the correct location. The proxy also intercepts all responses to the client and forwards these to the client. All of this is done in a manner transparent to the client.