Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-294
AllowedAuthentication Bypass by Capture-replay
Abstraction: Base · Status: Incomplete
A capture-replay flaw exists when the design of the product makes it possible for a malicious user to sniff network traffic and bypass authentication by replaying it to the server in question to the same effect as the original message (or with minor changes).
455 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2026-35618 (GCVE-0-2026-35618)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-04-09 21:26 – Updated: 2026-06-23 16:15 X_Open Source
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
OpenClaw < 2026.3.23 - Replay Identity Drift via Query-Only Variants in Plivo V2 Verification
Summary
OpenClaw before 2026.3.23 contains a replay identity vulnerability in Plivo V2 signature verification that allows attackers to bypass replay protection by modifying query parameters. The verification path derives replay keys from the full URL including query strings instead of the canonicalized base URL, enabling attackers to mint new verified request keys through unsigned query-only changes to signed requests.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-04-10 12:33 UTC
CWE
- CWE-294 - Authentication Bypass by Capture-replay
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/adv… | vendor-advisory |
| https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/commit/630f1… | patch |
| https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/commit/b0ce5… | patch |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/openclaw-rep… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
Date Public
2026-03-24 00:00
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CVE-2026-35149 (GCVE-0-2026-35149)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-16 11:03 – Updated: 2026-07-16 12:06
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
HCL DFXServer is affected by an Authentication Bypass vulnerability via server response manipulation.
Summary
HCL DFXServer is affected by an Authentication Bypass vulnerability via server response manipulation. An unauthorized user without valid credentials can exploit this flaw by intercepting and altering the server's authentication responses, allowing them to gain unauthorized access to the application without verification.
Severity
8.2 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-16 12:06 UTC
CWE
- CWE-294 - Authentication Bypass by Capture-replay
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| HCL Software | DFXServer |
Affected:
version 2.5 and below
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CVE-2026-35141 (GCVE-0-2026-35141)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-16 12:59 – Updated: 2026-07-16 14:16
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
HCL DFXAnalytics is affected by a Login Replay Attack vulnerability
Summary
HCL DFXAnalytics is affected by a Login Replay Attack vulnerability. The application allows a remote attacker to intercept, delay, or fraudulently retransmit valid authentication data to achieve unauthorized access. To mitigate this risk, the application must implement a mechanism to include timestamps with every message, ensuring that messages exceeding a specific age threshold are automatically rejected by the recipient system.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-16 14:15 UTC
CWE
- CWE-294 - Authentication Bypass by Capture-replay
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| HCL Software | DFXAnalytics |
Affected:
version 3.0 and below
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CVE-2026-34209 (GCVE-0-2026-34209)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-03-31 14:10 – Updated: 2026-04-02 15:13
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
mppx: Tempo has a session close voucher bypass vulnerability due to settled amount equality
Summary
mppx is a TypeScript interface for machine payments protocol. Prior to version 0.4.11, the tempo/session cooperative close handler validated the close voucher amount using "<" instead of "<=" against the on-chain settled amount. An attacker could submit a close voucher exactly equal to the settled amount, which would be accepted without committing any new funds, effectively closing or griefing the channel for free. This issue has been patched in version 0.4.11.
Severity
7.5 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-04-02 15:13 UTC
CWE
- CWE-294 - Authentication Bypass by Capture-replay
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/wevm/mppx/security/advisories/… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/wevm/mppx/commit/94088246ee18f… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/wevm/mppx/releases/tag/mppx@0.4.11 | x_refsource_MISC |
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CVE-2026-34021 (GCVE-0-2026-34021)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-15 10:02 – Updated: 2026-06-15 13:10
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Lack of cryptographic protection in Wertheim SafeController 5400 enables RS-485 message sniffing and replay
Summary
The Wertheim SafeController 5400, Controller 5400 - AssemblyVersion 6.11.8130.22320, uses RS-485 communication between the server and the microcontroller without cryptographic protection. An attacker with access to the communication path between the server and the microcontroller can sniff RS-485 messages and replay previously observed messages. This can be used, for example, to spoof a "quit alarm" message and continuously deactivate the safe alarm.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-06-15 13:10 UTC
CWE
- CWE-294 - Authentication bypass by capture-replay
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://wertheim-safes.com/safe-deposit-boxes/ | product |
| https://r.sec-consult.com/wertdev | third-party-advisory |
| https://sec-consult.com/vulnerability-lab/advisor… | exploit |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Wertheim GmbH | Wertheim SafeController 5400 Hardware for VAULT ROOMS (Safe Deposit Locker System - Microcontroller) |
Affected:
Wertheim SafeController 5400, Controller 5400 - AssemblyVersion 6.11.8130.22320
|
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CVE-2026-32987 (GCVE-0-2026-32987)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-03-29 12:44 – Updated: 2026-06-23 16:15
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
OpenClaw < 2026.3.13 - Bootstrap Setup Code Replay via Device Pairing
Summary
OpenClaw before 2026.3.13 allows bootstrap setup codes to be replayed during device pairing verification in src/infra/device-bootstrap.ts. Attackers can verify a valid bootstrap code multiple times before approval to escalate pending pairing scopes, including privilege escalation to operator.admin.
Severity
9.8 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-03-30 14:11 UTC
CWE
- CWE-294 - Authentication Bypass by Capture-replay
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/adv… | vendor-advisory |
| https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/commit/1803d… | patch |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/openclaw-boo… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
Date Public
2026-03-14 00:00
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CVE-2026-32053 (GCVE-0-2026-32053)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-03-21 00:42 – Updated: 2026-06-23 16:15 X_Open Source
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
OpenClaw < 2026.2.23 - Twilio Webhook Replay Bypass via Randomized Event ID Normalization
Summary
OpenClaw versions prior to 2026.2.23 contain a vulnerability in Twilio webhook event deduplication where normalized event IDs are randomized per parse, allowing replay events to bypass manager dedupe checks. Attackers can replay Twilio webhook events to trigger duplicate or stale call-state transitions, potentially causing incorrect call handling and state corruption.
Severity
6.5 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-03-23 17:29 UTC
CWE
- CWE-294 - Authentication Bypass by Capture-replay
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/adv… | vendor-advisory |
| https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/commit/1d28d… | patch |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/openclaw-twi… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
Date Public
2026-02-24 00:00
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CVE-2026-28787 (GCVE-0-2026-28787)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-03-06 04:55 – Updated: 2026-03-09 19:46
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
OneUptime has WebAuthn 2FA bypass: server accepts client-supplied challenge instead of server-stored value, allowing credential replay
Summary
OneUptime is a solution for monitoring and managing online services. In version 10.0.11 and prior, the WebAuthn authentication implementation does not store the challenge on the server side. Instead, the challenge is returned to the client and accepted back from the client request body during verification. This violates the WebAuthn specification (W3C Web Authentication Level 2, §13.4.3) and allows an attacker who has obtained a valid WebAuthn assertion (e.g., via XSS, MitM, or log exposure) to replay it indefinitely, completely bypassing the second-factor authentication. No known patches are available.
Severity
8.2 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-03-09 19:46 UTC
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/OneUptime/oneuptime/security/a… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
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CVE-2026-28564 (GCVE-0-2026-28564)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-10 07:08 – Updated: 2026-07-10 15:02
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Apache IoTDB: REST Basic Authentication Accepts Stale Cached Credentials
Summary
Insufficient Session Expiration, Authentication Bypass by Capture-replay vulnerability in Apache IoTDB.
REST Basic Authentication Accepts Stale Cached Credentials
This issue affects Apache IoTDB: from 1.0.0 before 2.0.10.
Users are recommended to upgrade to version 2.0.10, which fixes the issue.
Severity
9.8 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-10 15:02 UTC
Assigner
References
2 references
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Apache Software Foundation | Apache IoTDB |
Affected:
1.0.0 , < 2.0.10
(semver)
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CVE-2026-28449 (GCVE-0-2026-28449)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-03-19 01:00 – Updated: 2026-06-23 16:14
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
OpenClaw < 2026.2.25 - Webhook Replay Attack via Missing Durable Replay Suppression
Summary
OpenClaw versions prior to 2026.2.25 lack durable replay state for Nextcloud Talk webhook events, allowing valid signed webhook requests to be replayed without suppression. Attackers can capture and replay previously valid signed webhook requests to trigger duplicate inbound message processing and cause integrity or availability issues.
Severity
6.5 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-04-29 14:35 UTC
CWE
- CWE-294 - Authentication Bypass by Capture-replay
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/adv… | vendor-advisory |
| https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/commit/d5121… | patch |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/openclaw-web… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
Date Public
2026-02-26 00:00
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Mitigation
Architecture and Design
Utilize some sequence or time stamping functionality along with a checksum which takes this into account in order to ensure that messages can be parsed only once.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
Since any attacker who can listen to traffic can see sequence numbers, it is necessary to sign messages with some kind of cryptography to ensure that sequence numbers are not simply doctored along with content.
CAPEC-102: Session Sidejacking
Session sidejacking takes advantage of an unencrypted communication channel between a victim and target system. The attacker sniffs traffic on a network looking for session tokens in unencrypted traffic. Once a session token is captured, the attacker performs malicious actions by using the stolen token with the targeted application to impersonate the victim. This attack is a specific method of session hijacking, which is exploiting a valid session token to gain unauthorized access to a target system or information. Other methods to perform a session hijacking are session fixation, cross-site scripting, or compromising a user or server machine and stealing the session token.
CAPEC-509: Kerberoasting
Through the exploitation of how service accounts leverage Kerberos authentication with Service Principal Names (SPNs), the adversary obtains and subsequently cracks the hashed credentials of a service account target to exploit its privileges. The Kerberos authentication protocol centers around a ticketing system which is used to request/grant access to services and to then access the requested services. As an authenticated user, the adversary may request Active Directory and obtain a service ticket with portions encrypted via RC4 with the private key of the authenticated account. By extracting the local ticket and saving it disk, the adversary can brute force the hashed value to reveal the target account credentials.
CAPEC-555: Remote Services with Stolen Credentials
This pattern of attack involves an adversary that uses stolen credentials to leverage remote services such as RDP, telnet, SSH, and VNC to log into a system. Once access is gained, any number of malicious activities could be performed.
CAPEC-561: Windows Admin Shares with Stolen Credentials
An adversary guesses or obtains (i.e. steals or purchases) legitimate Windows administrator credentials (e.g. userID/password) to access Windows Admin Shares on a local machine or within a Windows domain.
CAPEC-60: Reusing Session IDs (aka Session Replay)
This attack targets the reuse of valid session ID to spoof the target system in order to gain privileges. The attacker tries to reuse a stolen session ID used previously during a transaction to perform spoofing and session hijacking. Another name for this type of attack is Session Replay.
CAPEC-644: Use of Captured Hashes (Pass The Hash)
An adversary obtains (i.e. steals or purchases) legitimate Windows domain credential hash values to access systems within the domain that leverage the Lan Man (LM) and/or NT Lan Man (NTLM) authentication protocols.
CAPEC-645: Use of Captured Tickets (Pass The Ticket)
An adversary uses stolen Kerberos tickets to access systems/resources that leverage the Kerberos authentication protocol. The Kerberos authentication protocol centers around a ticketing system which is used to request/grant access to services and to then access the requested services. An adversary can obtain any one of these tickets (e.g. Service Ticket, Ticket Granting Ticket, Silver Ticket, or Golden Ticket) to authenticate to a system/resource without needing the account's credentials. Depending on the ticket obtained, the adversary may be able to access a particular resource or generate TGTs for any account within an Active Directory Domain.
CAPEC-652: Use of Known Kerberos Credentials
An adversary obtains (i.e. steals or purchases) legitimate Kerberos credentials (e.g. Kerberos service account userID/password or Kerberos Tickets) with the goal of achieving authenticated access to additional systems, applications, or services within the domain.
CAPEC-701: Browser in the Middle (BiTM)
An adversary exploits the inherent functionalities of a web browser, in order to establish an unnoticed remote desktop connection in the victim's browser to the adversary's system. The adversary must deploy a web client with a remote desktop session that the victim can access.
CAPEC-94: Adversary in the Middle (AiTM)
An adversary targets the communication between two components (typically client and server), in order to alter or obtain data from transactions. A general approach entails the adversary placing themself within the communication channel between the two components.