Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-20
DiscouragedImproper Input Validation
Abstraction: Class · Status: Stable
The product receives input or data, but it does not validate or incorrectly validates that the input has the properties that are required to process the data safely and correctly.
18100 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2026-20717 (GCVE-0-2026-20717)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-12 16:34 – Updated: 2026-05-12 17:04
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
Improper input validation for some Intel(R) QAT software drivers for Windows before version 1.13 within Ring 3: User Applications may allow a denial of service. Unprivileged software adversary with an authenticated user combined with a low complexity attack may enable denial of service. This result may potentially occur via local access when attack requirements are not present without special internal knowledge and requires no user interaction. The potential vulnerability may impact the confidentiality (low), integrity (low) and availability (high) of the vulnerable system, resulting in subsequent system confidentiality (none), integrity (none) and availability (none) impacts.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-05-12 17:02 UTC
CWE
- Denial of Service
- CWE-20 - Improper Input Validation
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| n/a | Intel(R) QAT software drivers for Windows |
Affected:
before version 1.13
|
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CVE-2026-20715 (GCVE-0-2026-20715)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-11 16:25 – Updated: 2026-08-12 15:51
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
Improper input validation in some firmware for some Intel(R) Active Management Technology (Intel(R) AMT) and some Intel(R) Standard Manageability may allow a denial of service. Network adversary with an unauthenticated user combined with a low complexity attack may enable denial of service. This result may potentially occur via network access when attack requirements are present without special internal knowledge and requires no user interaction. The potential vulnerability may impact the confidentiality (none), integrity (none) and availability (high) of the vulnerable system, resulting in subsequent system confidentiality (none), integrity (none) and availability (none) impacts.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-12 15:50 UTC
CWE
- Denial of Service
- CWE-20 - Improper Input Validation
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
1 product
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CVE-2026-20318 (GCVE-0-2026-20318)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-19 16:19 – Updated: 2026-08-20 15:57
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
CVE Program bundle warning
The CVE Program recognizes that this CVE Record provides vulnerability information that a Supplier CNA believes is very important to consumers. The CVE Program has flagged this CVE Record as it assigns a single CVE ID to a collection of individual vulnerabilities which does not align with CVE's "one vulnerability, one ID" principle, and therefore provides incomplete information. For further clarification, please see the CVE Program's blog, "Preserving Vulnerability-Level Identification" linked below. Details within the CNA container below are viewable by clicking on the CNA name.
https://www.cve.org/Media/News/item/blog/2026/06/…Title
Cisco Secure Workload Software Security Hardening Release August 2026 - Improper Input Validation Vulnerabilities
Summary
As part of Cisco's ongoing commitment to proactive security and product quality, the Cisco Secure Workload engineering team has conducted a comprehensive internal security review. This review resulted in a software hardening release that addresses multiple internally discovered vulnerabilities.
The vulnerabilities tracked by CVE-2026-20318 are related to improper input validation issues that are grouped under the Common Weakness Enumeration (CWE) CWE-20.
Severity
9.6 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-20 15:40 UTC
CWE
- CWE-20 - Improper Input Validation
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cisco | Cisco Secure Workload |
Affected:
2.2.1.41
Affected: 3.2.1.18 Affected: 3.3.2.50 Affected: 3.4.1.28 Affected: 3.4.1.34 Affected: 2.3.1.45 Affected: 2.3.1.41 Affected: 3.3.2.28 Affected: 3.1.1.59 Affected: 2.0.2.20 Affected: 2.1.1.33 Affected: 2.1.1.29 Affected: 3.2.1.28 Affected: 3.4.1.35 Affected: 3.1.1.65 Affected: 3.1.1.67 Affected: 2.0.1.34 Affected: 2.3.1.49 Affected: 2.2.1.39 Affected: 3.4.1.19 Affected: 3.3.2.23 Affected: 3.1.1.61 Affected: 3.1.1.54 Affected: 3.5.1.17 Affected: 3.3.2.33 Affected: 3.5.1.1 Affected: 2.3.1.53 Affected: 3.5.1.20 Affected: 3.5.1.30 Affected: 3.3.2.16 Affected: 3.1.1.55 Affected: 3.4.1.6 Affected: 2.3.1.50 Affected: 2.3.1.52 Affected: 3.2.1.19 Affected: 2.2.1.35 Affected: 3.1.1.53 Affected: 3.1.1.70 Affected: 3.2.1.20 Affected: 3.5.1.2 Affected: 1.103.1.12 Affected: 2.3.1.51 Affected: 3.3.2.42 Affected: 3.4.1.1 Affected: 3.3.2.12 Affected: 2.1.1.31 Affected: 3.5.1.23 Affected: 3.3.2.53 Affected: 3.4.1.14 Affected: 3.3.2.2 Affected: 3.4.1.20 Affected: 3.3.2.35 Affected: 2.2.1.34 Affected: 1.102.21 Affected: 3.3.2.5 Affected: 3.5.1.31 Affected: 3.6.1.5 Affected: 3.2.1.31 Affected: 3.5.1.37 Affected: 3.4.1.40 Affected: 3.6.1.17 Affected: 3.6.1.21 Affected: 3.2.1.32 Affected: 3.2.1.33 Affected: 3.6.1.35 Affected: 3.6.1.36 Affected: 3.7.1.5 Affected: 3.6.1.47 Affected: 3.7.1.22 Affected: 3.6.1.52 Affected: 3.7.1.39 Affected: 3.8.1.1 Affected: 3.7.1.51 Affected: 3.8.1.19 Affected: 3.8.1.36 Affected: 3.7.1.59 Affected: 3.8.1.39 Affected: 3.9.1.1 Affected: 3.9.1.10 Affected: 3.9.1.24 Affected: 3.9.1.25 Affected: 3.9.1.28 Affected: 3.9.1.38 Affected: 3.8.1.53 Affected: 3.9.1.52 Affected: 3.10.1.1 Affected: 3.9.1.64 Affected: 3.10.2.11 Affected: 3.9.1.66 Affected: 3.10.3.19 Affected: 3.9.1.69 Affected: 3.10.4.8 Affected: 3.10.5.6 Affected: 4.0.1.1 Affected: 4.0.2.4 Affected: 4.0.2.5 Affected: 3.10.6.3 Affected: 3.10.7.4 Affected: 4.0.3.13 Affected: 4.0.3.17 Affected: 3.10.8.3 |
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CVE-2026-20303 (GCVE-0-2026-20303)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-05 16:29 – Updated: 2026-08-14 21:00
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
CVE Program bundle warning
The CVE Program recognizes that this CVE Record provides vulnerability information that a Supplier CNA believes is very important to consumers. The CVE Program has flagged this CVE Record as it assigns a single CVE ID to a collection of individual vulnerabilities which does not align with CVE's "one vulnerability, one ID" principle, and therefore provides incomplete information. For further clarification, please see the CVE Program's blog, "Preserving Vulnerability-Level Identification" linked below. Details within the CNA container below are viewable by clicking on the CNA name.
https://www.cve.org/Media/News/item/blog/2026/06/…Title
Cisco Catalyst SD-WAN Security Hardening Release - Input Validation Vulnerabilities
Summary
As part of Cisco's ongoing commitment to proactive security and product quality, the Cisco Catalyst SD-WAN engineering team has conducted a comprehensive internal security review. This review resulted in software hardening releases that address multiple internally discovered vulnerabilities.
The vulnerabilities tracked by CVE-2026-20303 are related to improper input validation issues that are grouped under the Common Weakness Enumeration (CWE) CWE-20.
Severity
9.9 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-05 00:00 UTC
CWE
- CWE-20 - Improper Input Validation
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cisco | Cisco Catalyst SD-WAN Controller |
Affected:
20.6.4
Affected: 20.9.2 Affected: 20.3.6 Affected: 20.7.2 Affected: 20.7.1 Affected: 20.5.1 Affected: 20.6.2 Affected: 19.3.0 Affected: 20.6.1 Affected: 17.2.4 Affected: 18.2.0 Affected: 18.4.6 Affected: 19.1.0 Affected: 19.2.4 Affected: 19.2.929 Affected: 18.3.8 Affected: 18.4.303 Affected: 18.3.7 Affected: 18.4.1 Affected: 19.2.097 Affected: 19.2.0 Affected: 19.2.099 Affected: 18.3.6 Affected: 20.4.2 Affected: 19.0.0 Affected: 20.9.1 Affected: 20.3.5 Affected: 20.3.1 Affected: 18.3.5 Affected: 20.6.3 Affected: 18.4.3 Affected: 18.4.4 Affected: 18.3.3 Affected: 17.2.8 Affected: 20.8.1 Affected: 19.2.32 Affected: 19.2.2 Affected: 17.2.5 Affected: 18.4.0 Affected: 20.4.1.1 Affected: 20.1.3 Affected: 20.1.2 Affected: 17.2.10 Affected: 19.2.098 Affected: 20.1.1 Affected: 17.2.6 Affected: 19.2.1 Affected: 18.3.4 Affected: 20.4.1 Affected: 17.2.9 Affected: 19.2.31 Affected: 19.0.1a Affected: 18.3.0 Affected: 17.2.7 Affected: 18.4.5 Affected: 20.3.4 Affected: 20.3.3 Affected: 20.4.1.2 Affected: 20.3.2 Affected: 18.3.1 Affected: 20.1.12 Affected: 19.2.3 Affected: 20.10.1 Affected: 20.6.5 Affected: 20.3.7 Affected: 20.9.3 Affected: 20.11.1 Affected: 20.6.3.2 Affected: 20.4.2.3 Affected: 20.3.5.1 Affected: 20.3.4.3 Affected: 20.9.3.1 Affected: 20.6.4.1 Affected: 20.3.3.2 Affected: 20.6.5.2 Affected: 20.3.7.1 Affected: 20.11.1.1 Affected: 20.10.1.1 Affected: 20.6.1.2 Affected: 20.1.3.1 Affected: 20.9.2.2 Affected: 20.6.5.3 Affected: 20.6.3.3 Affected: 20.3.7.2 Affected: 20.6.5.4 Affected: 20.9.2.3 Affected: 20.9.4 Affected: 20.12.1 Affected: 20.3.8 Affected: 20.6.6 Affected: 20.12.2 Affected: 20.13.1 Affected: 20.9.5 Affected: 20.12.3 Affected: 20.6.7 Affected: 20.9.5.1 Affected: 20.14.1 Affected: 20.12.3.1 Affected: 20.12.4 Affected: 20.15.1 Affected: 20.9.6 Affected: 20.6.8 Affected: 20.16.1 Affected: 20.9.5.3 Affected: 20.12.4.1 Affected: 20.15.2 Affected: 20.12.5 Affected: 20.9.7 Affected: 20.15.3 Affected: 20.12.5.1 Affected: 20.12.5.2 Affected: 20.15.4 Affected: 20.9.7.1 Affected: 20.18.1 Affected: 20.12.6 Affected: 20.9.8 Affected: 20.15.4.1 Affected: 20.18.2 Affected: 26.1.1 Affected: 20.15.4.2 Affected: 20.18.2.1 Affected: 20.12.5.3 Affected: 20.12.6.1 Affected: 20.9.8.2 Affected: 20.15.5 Affected: 20.18.3 Affected: 20.12.7 Affected: 20.9.9 Affected: 20.18.2.2 Affected: 20.12.5.4 Affected: 20.12.7.1 Affected: 20.15.5.1 Affected: 20.15.4.3 Affected: 20.12.6.2 Affected: 20.15.5.2 Affected: 20.15.4.4 Affected: 26.1.1.1 Affected: 20.9.9.1 Affected: 20.18.3.1 Affected: 26.1.1.2 Affected: 20.15.4.5 Affected: 20.15.5.3 Affected: 20.12.7.2 Affected: 20.9.9.2 Affected: 20.15.6 |
|
| Cisco | Cisco Catalyst SD-WAN Manager |
Affected:
20.1.12
Affected: 19.2.1 Affected: 18.4.4 Affected: 18.4.5 Affected: 20.1.1.1 Affected: 20.1.1 Affected: 19.3.0 Affected: 19.2.2 Affected: 19.2.099 Affected: 18.3.6 Affected: 18.3.7 Affected: 19.2.0 Affected: 18.3.8 Affected: 19.0.0 Affected: 19.1.0 Affected: 18.4.302 Affected: 18.4.303 Affected: 19.2.097 Affected: 19.2.098 Affected: 17.2.10 Affected: 18.3.6.1 Affected: 19.0.1a Affected: 18.2.0 Affected: 18.4.3 Affected: 18.4.1 Affected: 17.2.8 Affected: 18.3.3.1 Affected: 18.4.0 Affected: 18.3.1 Affected: 17.2.6 Affected: 17.2.9 Affected: 18.3.4 Affected: 17.2.5 Affected: 18.3.1.1 Affected: 18.3.5 Affected: 18.4.0.1 Affected: 18.3.3 Affected: 17.2.7 Affected: 17.2.4 Affected: 18.3.0 Affected: 19.2.3 Affected: 18.4.501_ES Affected: 20.3.1 Affected: 20.1.2 Affected: 19.2.929 Affected: 19.2.31 Affected: 20.3.2 Affected: 19.2.32 Affected: 20.3.2_925 Affected: 20.3.2.1 Affected: 20.3.2.1_927 Affected: 18.4.6 Affected: 20.1.2_937 Affected: 20.4.1 Affected: 20.3.2_928 Affected: 20.3.2_929 Affected: 20.4.1.0.1 Affected: 20.3.2.1_930 Affected: 19.2.4 Affected: 20.5.0.1.1 Affected: 20.4.1.1 Affected: 20.3.3 Affected: 19.2.4.0.1 Affected: 20.3.2_937 Affected: 20.3.3.1 Affected: 20.5.1 Affected: 20.1.3 Affected: 20.3.3.0.4 Affected: 20.3.3.1.2 Affected: 20.3.3.1.1 Affected: 20.4.1.2 Affected: 20.3.3.0.2 Affected: 20.4.1.1.5 Affected: 20.4.1.0.01 Affected: 20.4.1.0.02 Affected: 20.3.3.1.7 Affected: 20.3.3.1.5 Affected: 20.5.1.0.1 Affected: 20.3.3.1.10 Affected: 20.3.3.0.8 Affected: 20.4.2 Affected: 20.4.2.0.1 Affected: 20.3.4 Affected: 20.3.3.0.14 Affected: 19.2.4.0.8 Affected: 19.2.4.0.9 Affected: 20.3.4.0.1 Affected: 20.3.2.0.5 Affected: 20.6.1 Affected: 20.5.1.0.2 Affected: 20.3.3.0.17 Affected: 20.6.1.1 Affected: 20.6.0.18.3 Affected: 20.3.2.0.6 Affected: 20.6.0.18.4 Affected: 20.4.2.0.2 Affected: 20.3.3.0.16 Affected: 20.3.4.0.5 Affected: 20.6.1.0.1 Affected: 20.3.4.0.6 Affected: 20.6.2 Affected: 20.7.1EFT2 Affected: 20.3.4.0.9 Affected: 20.3.4.0.11 Affected: 20.4.2.0.4 Affected: 20.3.3.0.18 Affected: 20.7.1 Affected: 20.6.2.1 Affected: 20.3.4.1 Affected: 20.5.1.1 Affected: 20.4.2.1 Affected: 20.4.2.1.1 Affected: 20.3.4.1.1 Affected: 20.3.813 Affected: 20.3.4.0.19 Affected: 20.4.2.2.1 Affected: 20.5.1.2 Affected: 20.3.4.2 Affected: 20.3.814 Affected: 20.4.2.2 Affected: 20.6.2.2 Affected: 20.3.4.2.1 Affected: 20.7.1.1 Affected: 20.3.4.1.2 Affected: 20.6.2.2.2 Affected: 20.3.4.0.20 Affected: 20.6.2.2.3 Affected: 20.4.2.2.2 Affected: 20.3.5 Affected: 20.6.2.0.4 Affected: 20.4.2.2.3 Affected: 20.3.4.0.24 Affected: 20.6.2.2.7 Affected: 20.6.3 Affected: 20.3.4.2.2 Affected: 20.4.2.2.4 Affected: 20.7.1.0.2 Affected: 20.8.1 Affected: 20.3.5.0.8 Affected: 20.3.5.0.9 Affected: 20.4.2.2.8 Affected: 20.3.5.0.7 Affected: 20.6.3.0.7 Affected: 20.6.3.0.5 Affected: 20.6.3.0.10 Affected: 20.6.3.0.2 Affected: 20.7.2 Affected: 20.9.1EFT2 Affected: 20.6.3.0.11 Affected: 20.6.3.1 Affected: 20.6.3.0.14 Affected: 20.6.4 Affected: 20.9.1 Affected: 20.6.3.0.19 Affected: 20.6.3.0.18 Affected: 20.3.6 Affected: 20.9.1.1 Affected: 20.6.3.0.23 Affected: 20.6.4.0.4 Affected: 20.6.3.0.25 Affected: 20.6.5 Affected: 20.6.3.0.27 Affected: 20.9.2 Affected: 20.9.2.1 Affected: 20.6.3.0.29 Affected: 20.6.3.0.31 Affected: 20.6.3.0.32 Affected: 20.10.1 Affected: 20.6.3.0.33 Affected: 20.9.2.0.01 Affected: 20.9.1_LI_Images Affected: 20.10.1_LI_Images Affected: 20.9.2_LI_Images Affected: 20.3.7 Affected: 20.9.3 Affected: 20.6.5.1 Affected: 20.11.1 Affected: 20.11.1_LI_Images Affected: 20.9.3_LI_ Images Affected: 20.6.3.1.1 Affected: 20.9.3.0.2 Affected: 20.6.5.1.2 Affected: 20.9.3.0.3 Affected: 20.4.2.3 Affected: 20.6.3.2 Affected: 20.6.4.1 Affected: 20.6.3.0.38 Affected: 20.6.3.0.39 Affected: 20.3.5.1 Affected: 20.3.4.3 Affected: 20.9.3.1 Affected: 20.3.3.2 Affected: 20.6.5.2 Affected: 20.3.7.1 Affected: 20.10.1.1 Affected: 20.6.5.2.1 Affected: 20.3.4.0.25 Affected: 20.6.2.2.4 Affected: 20.6.1.2 Affected: 20.11.1.1 Affected: 20.9.3.0.5 Affected: 20.3.4.0.26 Affected: 20.6.5.1.3 Affected: 20.6.3.0.40 Affected: 20.1.3.1 Affected: 20.9.2.2 Affected: 20.6.5.2.3 Affected: 20.6.5.1.4 Affected: 20.6.5.3 Affected: 20.6.3.0.41 Affected: 20.9.3.0.7 Affected: 20.6.5.1.5 Affected: 20.9.3.0.4 Affected: 20.6.4.0.19 Affected: 20.6.5.1.6 Affected: 20.9.3.0.8 Affected: 20.6.3.3 Affected: 20.3.7.2 Affected: 20.6.5.4 Affected: 20.6.5.1.7 Affected: 20.9.3.0.12 Affected: 20.6.4.2 Affected: 20.6.5.5 Affected: 20.9.3.2 Affected: 20.11.1.2 Affected: 20.6.3.4 Affected: 20.10.1.2 Affected: 20.6.5.1.9 Affected: 20.9.3.0.16 Affected: 20.6.3.0.45 Affected: 20.6.5.1.10 Affected: 20.9.3.0.17 Affected: 20.6.5.2.4 Affected: 20.6.4.0.21 Affected: 20.9.3.0.18 Affected: 20.6.3.0.46 Affected: 20.6.3.0.47 Affected: 20.9.2.3 Affected: 20.9.3.2_LI_Images Affected: 20.9.3.0.21 Affected: 20.9.3.0.20 Affected: 20.9.4_LI_Images Affected: 20.9.4 Affected: 20.6.5.1.11 Affected: 20.12.1 Affected: 20.12.1_LI_Images Affected: 20.6.5.1.13 Affected: 20.9.3.0.23 Affected: 20.6.5.2.8 Affected: 20.9.4.1 Affected: 20.9.4.1_LI_Images Affected: 20.9.3.0.25 Affected: 20.9.3.0.24 Affected: 20.6.5.1.14 Affected: 20.3.8 Affected: 20.6.6 Affected: 20.9.3.0.26 Affected: 20.6.3.0.51 Affected: 20.9.3.0.29 Affected: 20.12.2 Affected: 20.12.2_LI_Images Affected: 20.6.6.0.1 Affected: 20.13.1_LI_Images Affected: 20.9.4.0.4 Affected: 20.13.1 Affected: 20.9.4.1.1 Affected: 20.9.5 Affected: 20.9.5_LI_Images Affected: 20.12.3_LI_Images Affected: 20.12.3 Affected: 20.9.4.1.3 Affected: 20.6.7 Affected: 20.9.5.1 Affected: 20.9.5.1_LI_Images Affected: 20.9.4.1.6 Affected: 20.14.1 Affected: 20.14.1_LI_Images Affected: 20.9.5.2 Affected: 20.9.5.2.1 Affected: 20.9.5.2_LI_Images Affected: 20.12.3.1 Affected: 20.12.4 Affected: 20.15.1_LI_Images Affected: 20.15.1 Affected: 20.9.5.1.4 Affected: 20.9.5.2.7 Affected: 20.9.5.2.13 Affected: 20.9.6 Affected: 20.9.6_LI_Images Affected: 20.9.5.2.14 Affected: 20.6.8 Affected: 20.12.4.0.03 Affected: 20.16.1 Affected: 20.16.1_LI_Images Affected: 20.12.4_LI_Images Affected: 20.9.5.2.16 Affected: 20.12.4.0.4 Affected: 20.12.401 Affected: 20.9.5.3 Affected: 20.9.5.3_LI_Images Affected: 20.12.4.1_LI_Images Affected: 20.12.4.1 Affected: 20.9.5.2.21 Affected: 20.9.6.0.3 Affected: 20.12.4.0.6 Affected: 20.15.2_LI_Images Affected: 20.15.2 Affected: 20.12.4_Monthly_ES5 Affected: 20.12.5 Affected: 20.12.5_LI_Images Affected: 20.9.7_LI _Images Affected: 20.9.7 Affected: 20.15.3 Affected: 20.15.3_ LI _Images Affected: 20.12.501 Affected: 20.12.5.1_LI_Images Affected: 20.12.5.1 Affected: 20.12.5.2_LI_Images Affected: 20.12.5.2 Affected: 20.15.3.1 Affected: 20.15.4_LI_Images Affected: 20.15.4 Affected: 20.9.7.1_LI _Images Affected: 20.9.7.1 Affected: 20.18.1 Affected: 20.18.1_LI_Images Affected: 20.12.6_LI_Images Affected: 20.12.6 Affected: 20.12.5.1.01 Affected: 26.0.1 Affected: 20.9.8 Affected: 20.9.8_LI_Images Affected: 20.18.2 Affected: 20.15.4.1_LI_Images Affected: 20.15.4.1 Affected: 20.18.2_LI_Images Affected: 26.1.1 Affected: 26.1.1_LI_Images Affected: 20.18.2.1_LI_Images Affected: 20.18.2.1 Affected: 20.15.4.2_LI_Images Affected: 20.15.4.2 Affected: 20.12.6.1 Affected: 20.12.6.1_LI_Images Affected: 20.12.5.3 Affected: 20.12.5.3_LI_Images Affected: 20.9.8.2_LI_Images Affected: 20.9.8.2 Affected: 20.18.3 Affected: 20.18.3_LI_Images Affected: 20.15.5 Affected: 20.15.5_LI_Images Affected: 20.12.7 Affected: 20.12.7_LI_Images Affected: 20.9.9 Affected: 20.9.9_LI_Images Affected: 20.18.2.2 Affected: 20.18.2.2_LI_Images Affected: 20.12.5.4 Affected: 20.12.5.4_LI_ Images Affected: 20.12.7.1_LI_Images Affected: 20.12.6.2_LI_Images Affected: 20.12.7.1 Affected: 20.15.5.1 Affected: 20.15.4.3 Affected: 20.15.4.3_LI_Images Affected: 20.15.5.1_LI_Images Affected: 20.12.6.2 Affected: 20.15.5.2 Affected: 20.15.5.2_LI_Images Affected: 26.1.1.1_LI_Images Affected: 20.15.4.4 Affected: 20.15.4.4_LI_Images Affected: 26.1.1.1 Affected: 20.9.9.1_LI_Images Affected: 20.9.9.1 Affected: 20.18.3.1_LI_Images Affected: 20.18.3.1 Affected: 26.1.1.2 Affected: 26.1.1.2_LI_Images Affected: 20.15.4.5 Affected: 20.15.4.5_LI_Images Affected: 20.15.5.3 Affected: 20.15.5.3_LI_Images Affected: 20.12.7.2_LI_Images Affected: 20.12.7.2 Affected: 20.9.9.2 Affected: 20.9.9.2_LI_Images Affected: 20.15.6 Affected: 20.15.6_LI_Images |
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],
"descriptions": [
{
"lang": "en",
"value": "As part of Cisco\u0027s ongoing commitment to proactive security and product quality, the Cisco Catalyst SD-WAN engineering team has conducted a comprehensive internal security review. This review resulted in software hardening releases that address multiple internally discovered vulnerabilities.\r\n\r\nThe vulnerabilities tracked by CVE-2026-20303 are related to improper input validation issues that are grouped under the Common Weakness Enumeration (CWE) CWE-20."
}
],
"exploits": [
{
"lang": "en",
"value": "The Cisco PSIRT is not aware of any public announcements or malicious use of the vulnerabilities that are described in this advisory."
}
],
"metrics": [
{
"cvssV3_1": {
"attackComplexity": "LOW",
"attackVector": "NETWORK",
"availabilityImpact": "HIGH",
"baseScore": 9.9,
"baseSeverity": "CRITICAL",
"confidentialityImpact": "HIGH",
"integrityImpact": "HIGH",
"privilegesRequired": "LOW",
"scope": "CHANGED",
"userInteraction": "NONE",
"vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"version": "3.1"
},
"format": "cvssV3_1"
}
],
"problemTypes": [
{
"descriptions": [
{
"cweId": "CWE-20",
"description": "Improper Input Validation",
"lang": "en",
"type": "cwe"
}
]
}
],
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2026-08-05T16:29:52.593Z",
"orgId": "d1c1063e-7a18-46af-9102-31f8928bc633",
"shortName": "cisco"
},
"references": [
{
"name": "cisco-sa-hardening-sdwan-faLcR3K",
"url": "https://sec.cloudapps.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-hardening-sdwan-faLcR3K"
}
],
"source": {
"advisory": "cisco-sa-hardening-sdwan-faLcR3K",
"defects": [
"CSCwu06016"
],
"discovery": "INTERNAL"
},
"title": "Cisco Catalyst SD-WAN Security Hardening Release - Input Validation Vulnerabilities"
}
},
"cveMetadata": {
"assignerOrgId": "d1c1063e-7a18-46af-9102-31f8928bc633",
"assignerShortName": "cisco",
"cveId": "CVE-2026-20303",
"datePublished": "2026-08-05T16:29:52.593Z",
"dateReserved": "2025-10-08T11:59:15.408Z",
"dateUpdated": "2026-08-14T21:00:51.494Z",
"state": "PUBLISHED"
},
"dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
"dataVersion": "5.2"
}
GCVE-1-2026-20294 (CVE-2026-103321)
Vulnerability from gna-1 – Published: 2026-09-30 12:18 – Updated: 2026-09-30 12:18
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
MISP Stored Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) via Unvalidated Event Graph Preview Image
Summary
MISP contains a stored cross-site script (XSS) vulnerability in the event graph preview feature.
The event graph preview image field was accepted and stored without server-side validation. On the client side, the stored value was rendered into an HTML img element's src attribute via string concatenation, allowing a crafted value to break out of the attribute context and inject arbitrary script.
Preconditions:
- An authenticated MISP user with the ability to create or modify an event graph entry.
- A second user (the victim) who views the event graph and triggers the preview popover.
Impact:
- Execution of arbitrary JavaScript in the victim's browser within the MISP application context.
- Potential theft of session tokens, cookies, or sensitive data accessible to the victim's browser.
- Potential for performing actions on behalf of the victim within the MISP application.
Affected: MISP versions prior to the fix (commit applied after v2.5.48).
Severity
CWE
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/MISP/MISP/commit/92c7ccc43 | patch |
Impacted products
GCVE extensions
AI-generated
Human-reviewed
Confidence: high
Model
qwen3.8:27b
advisory
bcp-05-x-01bcp-05-x-02
Draft vulnerability metadata was generated from a git-format patch using an Ollama-hosted language model. Human validation is required before publication.
ai-computer-assisted:llm-generatedai-computer-assisted:classification
| Model | Source | Identifier |
|---|---|---|
| qwen3.8:27b | ollama | qwen3.8:27b |
- Generator
-
patch2vuln.pyon 2026-09-30 11:21 - Model
qwen3.8:27b- Input
-
https://github.com/MISP/MISP/commit/92c7ccc43.patch
0ecb893de300… - Confidence
- high
| Commit | Subject | Patch SHA-256 |
|---|---|---|
92c7ccc4398a
|
fix: [security] Validate the event graph preview and stop | 0ecb893de300… |
Fix summary
The vulnerability is remediated by enforcing strict server-side validation of the preview image field, restricting it to a well-formed base64-encoded PNG data URL, and by replacing the client-side string-concatenation rendering with DOM-based attribute assignment that does not interpret the value as HTML.
Patch summary
In app/Model/EventGraph.php, a new validation rule is added for the preview_img field requiring it to match the regex /^data:image\/png;base64,[A-Za-z0-9+\/]*={0,2}$/ (allowing empty). In app/webroot/js/event-graph.js, two occurrences of string-concatenated img tag construction (return '<img ... src="' + value + '" />') are replaced with jQuery DOM construction using $('<img ...>').prop('src', value), which sets the attribute safely without HTML parsing.
CVSS rationale
AV:N: exploited over the network via the MISP web interface. AC:L: no race conditions or special conditions required; storing a crafted value and viewing the graph is straightforward. AT:N: no manipulation of the attack target needed. PR:L: attacker needs a low-privilege authenticated MISP account to create/modify an event graph. UI:P: the victim passively triggers the XSS by viewing the event graph preview (hovering a button), a normal workflow action. VC/VI/VA:N: the MISP server itself is not compromised; the impact is in the victim's browser. SC:H: the attacker can read cookies, tokens, and data in the victim's session. SI:H: the attacker can perform authenticated actions as the victim. SA:N: no availability impact on the victim's system.
Weakness rationale
- CWE-79 The stored preview_img value was rendered into an HTML attribute via string concatenation without sufficient neutralization, enabling script injection in the victim's browser. This is a textbook stored XSS.
- CWE-20 The server accepted and persisted the preview_img field without any format validation, allowing arbitrary content to be stored and later rendered. The fix adds a strict regex validation rule.
Attack pattern rationale
- CAPEC-1 The patch directly addresses a stored XSS where attacker-controlled data is rendered into a web page without proper encoding or validation. CAPEC-1 is the canonical attack pattern for XSS and is the closest match. No uncertainty in this mapping; the commit message explicitly identifies the issue as stored XSS.
Assumptions to verify
- The affected version range is inferred from the tag_version_boundary (v2.5.48 with 43 commits after the fix); the exact fixed release version is not stated in the patch metadata.
- PR:L assumes the attacker needs at least a basic authenticated MISP account to create or modify an event graph entry; the patch does not specify the exact permission level required.
- UI:P assumes the victim triggers the XSS by viewing the event graph preview as part of normal workflow (hovering the plot button), which is a passive interaction rather than an active click on a crafted link.
- The CAPEC-1 mapping is direct and unambiguous given the explicit stored XSS identification in the commit message.
- The Co-Authored-By line referencing Claude Opus 4.8 is treated as a tool credit per the commit metadata; it is not a human contributor.
Model comparison
Selected qwen3.8:27b
by deterministic-consensus-v1
The selected result is closest to model consensus; this heuristic does not establish factual correctness and human review remains required.
| Model | Score | Agreement | Confidence | Assumptions |
|---|---|---|---|---|
qwen3.8:27b |
6 | 9 | high | 5 |
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"url": "https://github.com/MISP/MISP/commit/92c7ccc43"
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}
],
"title": "MISP Stored Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) via Unvalidated Event Graph Preview Image",
"x_gcve": [
{
"extensions": {
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"UI:P assumes the victim triggers the XSS by viewing the event graph preview as part of normal workflow (hovering the plot button), which is a passive interaction rather than an active click on a crafted link.",
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"fixSummary": "The vulnerability is remediated by enforcing strict server-side validation of the preview image field, restricting it to a well-formed base64-encoded PNG data URL, and by replacing the client-side string-concatenation rendering with DOM-based attribute assignment that does not interpret the value as HTML.",
"generatedAt": "2026-09-30T11:21:27.655462Z",
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"patchTruncated": false,
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"source": "https://github.com/MISP/MISP/commit/92c7ccc43.patch",
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GCVE-1-2026-20287 (CVE-2026-112991)
Vulnerability from gna-1 – Published: 2026-10-19 22:19 – Updated: 2026-10-20 08:41
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
MISP html_to_markdown Module SSRF via Incomplete IP Range Blocking in is_safe_url()
Summary
The html_to_markdown expansion module in MISP Modules contains a server-side request forgery (SSRF) vulnerability in its is_safe_url() URL validation function. The BLOCKED_RANGES list used to reject unsafe destination addresses was incomplete, omitting several critical IP address ranges. Specifically, the following ranges were not blocked: 0.0.0.0/8 (unspecified, which routes to loopback on Linux), 100.64.0.0/10 (carrier-grade NAT per RFC 6598), ::/128 (IPv6 unspecified), fc00::/7 (IPv6 Unique Local Addresses), and fe80::/10 (IPv6 link-local). The existing list only covered IPv4 loopback (127.0.0.0/8), RFC 1918 private ranges, IPv4 link-local (169.254.0.0/16), and IPv6 loopback (::1/128).
An authenticated user with the ability to create or modify MISP attributes that trigger the html_to_markdown expansion module could supply URLs pointing to these unblocked internal address ranges. Because the module fetches the URL server-side to convert HTML content to Markdown, the request is made from the MISP server's network context. This allows an attacker to probe and read responses from internal services, carrier-grade NAT infrastructure, or link-local endpoints that would otherwise be unreachable from external networks. IPv4-mapped IPv6 forms (e.g., [::ffff:0.0.0.0]) also bypassed the existing checks.
The security impact is primarily confidentiality: an attacker can read data served by internal services reachable from the MISP server. The MISP instance itself is not compromised, but it is abused as a proxy to access otherwise restricted network resources.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
Supplier · CNA (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-19 22:15 UTC
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/misp/misp-modules/commit/98a1c… | patch |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| MISP | misp-modules |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 3.0.12
(semver)
cpe:2.3:a:misp:misp_modules_\(html_to_markdown_expansion_module\):*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
GCVE extensions
AI-generated
Partially reviewed
Confidence: medium
Model
qwen3.8:27b
1 event
advisory
bcp-05-x-01bcp-05-x-02bcp-05-x-03
Draft vulnerability metadata was generated from a git-format patch using an Ollama-hosted language model. Human validation is required before publication.
ai-computer-assisted:llm-generatedai-computer-assisted:classification
| Model | Source | Identifier |
|---|---|---|
| qwen3.8:27b | ollama | qwen3.8:27b |
- Generator
-
patch2vuln.pyon 2026-10-19 22:15 - Model
qwen3.8:27b- Input
-
https://github.com/misp/misp-modules/commit/98a1c2c2f297665dd8d4609e9cd644007a57516b.patch
a1b0755b91dd… - Confidence
- medium
| Commit | Subject | Patch SHA-256 |
|---|---|---|
98a1c2c2f297
|
fix: [html_to_markdown] block unspecified, shared, ULA and | a1b0755b91dd… |
Fix summary
The fix extends the BLOCKED_RANGES list in is_safe_url() to include the previously missing IP address ranges: 0.0.0.0/8, 100.64.0.0/10, ::/128, fc00::/7, and fe80::/10. The existing IPv4-mapped IPv6 normalisation logic ensures that mapped forms (e.g., ::ffff:0.0.0.0) are also blocked. Regression tests are added covering both literal IP addresses in URLs and hostnames that resolve to the newly blocked ranges.
Patch summary
In misp_modules/modules/expansion/html_to_markdown.py, five new ipaddress.ip_network() entries are added to the BLOCKED_RANGES list: 0.0.0.0/8, 100.64.0.0/10, ::/128, fc00::/7, and fe80::/10. In tests/test_html_to_markdown.py, two new test methods are added: test_blocks_unspecified_shared_ula_and_link_local_literals verifies that is_safe_url() returns False for literal URLs using each blocked range (including IPv4-mapped IPv6 forms), and test_blocks_hostnames_resolving_to_ula_addresses verifies that a hostname resolving to an fc00::/7 address is rejected.
CVSS rationale
AV:N: The vulnerable URL is supplied via a MISP attribute over the network. AC:L: Crafting a URL with a blocked-range IP is straightforward; no race or special timing is needed. AT:N: No manipulation of the target service is required. PR:L: Creating or modifying a MISP attribute that triggers the expansion module requires authenticated access (assumed; MISP typically requires authentication for attribute operations). UI:N: No victim interaction beyond the initial attribute creation is needed. VC:N, VI:N, VA:N: The MISP server itself is not compromised; it is used as a proxy. SC:H: The SSRF allows reading responses from internal services (e.g., cloud metadata endpoints, internal admin panels), representing a high confidentiality impact on the target system. SI:N, SA:N: The module performs a GET-style fetch for HTML-to-Markdown conversion; no evidence of write or security-impact on the target.
Weakness rationale
- CWE-918 The html_to_markdown module fetches a user-supplied URL server-side. The incomplete IP range allow/block list permitted requests to internal, link-local, and otherwise restricted network destinations, constituting a classic SSRF.
- CWE-20 The is_safe_url() function's BLOCKED_RANGES list was incomplete, failing to validate against all non-routable and internally significant IP address ranges. This is the root-cause input validation deficiency enabling the SSRF.
Attack pattern rationale
- CAPEC-12 The patch directly addresses an SSRF condition: the application fetches a URL on behalf of the user, and the validation logic failed to block requests to internal and restricted IP ranges. An attacker crafts a URL with a blocked-range IP (e.g., http://0.0.0.0/admin or http://[fe80::1]/) to cause the MISP server to issue a request to an internal service. This is the canonical CAPEC-12 pattern. No uncertainty in this mapping.
Assumptions to verify
- PR:L assumes that creating or modifying a MISP attribute to trigger the html_to_markdown expansion module requires authenticated access. MISP typically enforces authentication for attribute operations, but the patch does not explicitly state the authentication model.
- SC:H assumes the MISP server can reach internal services (e.g., cloud metadata at 169.254.169.254, internal admin panels, or CGNAT infrastructure) and that the responses are returned to the attacker via the Markdown conversion output. The actual impact depends on the server's network topology.
- The exact affected version range is not specified in the patch. The nearest tag is v3.0.13 with 139 commits after the fix, but the precise release containing the fix is not identified.
- CAPEC-12 is selected as the closest match; no alternative CAPEC more precisely describes an SSRF via incomplete IP-range validation in a URL-fetching module.
- The patch does not indicate whether the module follows redirects to additional unblocked ranges; MAX_REDIRECTS is set to 10, and the redirect target validation is not shown in this patch. If redirect targets are not re-validated, the SSRF surface may be broader than what this patch addresses.
Model comparison
Selected qwen3.8:27b
by deterministic-consensus-v1
The selected result is closest to model consensus; this heuristic does not establish factual correctness and human review remains required.
| Model | Score | Agreement | Confidence | Assumptions |
|---|---|---|---|---|
qwen3.8:27b |
7 | 11 | medium | 5 |
- 2026-09-25 22:15 UTC Fix developed Corrective change authored (98a1c2c2f297665dd8d4609e9cd644007a57516b): fix: [html_to_markdown] block unspecified, shared, ULA and https://github.com/misp/misp-modules/commit/98a1c2c2f297665dd8d4609e9cd644007a57516b.patch
{
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"value": "\u003cp\u003eThe html_to_markdown expansion module in MISP Modules contains a server-side request forgery (SSRF) vulnerability in its is_safe_url() URL validation function. The BLOCKED_RANGES list used to reject unsafe destination addresses was incomplete, omitting several critical IP address ranges. Specifically, the following ranges were not blocked: 0.0.0.0/8 (unspecified, which routes to loopback on Linux), 100.64.0.0/10 (carrier-grade NAT per RFC 6598), ::/128 (IPv6 unspecified), fc00::/7 (IPv6 Unique Local Addresses), and fe80::/10 (IPv6 link-local). The existing list only covered IPv4 loopback (127.0.0.0/8), RFC 1918 private ranges, IPv4 link-local (169.254.0.0/16), and IPv6 loopback (::1/128).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAn authenticated user with the ability to create or modify MISP attributes that trigger the html_to_markdown expansion module could supply URLs pointing to these unblocked internal address ranges. Because the module fetches the URL server-side to convert HTML content to Markdown, the request is made from the MISP server\u0027s network context. This allows an attacker to probe and read responses from internal services, carrier-grade NAT infrastructure, or link-local endpoints that would otherwise be unreachable from external networks. IPv4-mapped IPv6 forms (e.g., [::ffff:0.0.0.0]) also bypassed the existing checks.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe security impact is primarily confidentiality: an attacker can read data served by internal services reachable from the MISP server. The MISP instance itself is not compromised, but it is abused as a proxy to access otherwise restricted network resources.\u003c/p\u003e"
}
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GCVE-1-2026-20280 (CVE-2026-103237)
Vulnerability from gna-1 – Published: 2026-09-30 09:56 – Updated: 2026-09-30 09:56
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
MISP: Nested Model Alias Key Bypasses Sanitization to Modify Cross-Tenant Rows
Summary
MISP contains an improper input validation vulnerability in its ORM save path. When a user submits data through various endpoints (attribute add/edit, event edit, free-text import, sighting capture, shadow attribute proposal, event report creation, object reference add, user admin edit), the application sanitizes the flat record by stripping the primary key and pinning the event_id or object_id to the caller's context. However, the underlying ORM's set() method gives priority to a nested key whose name matches the model alias and discards the outer scalar fields.
An authenticated user with basic write permissions can exploit this by embedding a nested block under the model alias key inside their request. The sanitization logic (id removal, event_id pinning) is applied to the outer record, but the ORM binds to the inner record instead, which carries an attacker-chosen id and event_id. This allows the attacker to overwrite, re-parent, or soft-delete rows belonging to other organizations or events they have no read access to.
Impact:
- Cross-tenant data integrity compromise (attribute values rewritten, objects re-parented to attacker events, rows soft-deleted)
- Affects multiple entity types: Attribute, Object, EventReport, Sighting, AttributeTag, ShadowAttribute
- Requires only a low-privilege authenticated account with perm_add
Affected versions: <2.5.48
Severity
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/MISP/MISP/commit/9485ae40d | patch |
Impacted products
GCVE extensions
AI-generated
Human-reviewed
Confidence: high
Model
qwen3.8:27b
advisory
bcp-05-x-01bcp-05-x-02
Draft vulnerability metadata was generated from a git-format patch using an Ollama-hosted language model. Human validation is required before publication.
ai-computer-assisted:llm-generatedai-computer-assisted:classification
| Model | Source | Identifier |
|---|---|---|
| qwen3.8:27b | ollama | qwen3.8:27b |
- Generator
-
patch2vuln.pyon 2026-09-30 09:24 - Model
qwen3.8:27b- Input
-
https://github.com/MISP/MISP/commit/9485ae40d.patch
03af388a5ac0… - Confidence
- high
| Commit | Subject | Patch SHA-256 |
|---|---|---|
9485ae40d334
|
fix: [security] A nested model alias key no longer selects | 03af388a5ac0… |
Fix summary
The fix introduces a defensive save() override in the base model class that refuses to persist any record where the data array simultaneously contains a nested key matching the model alias and other top-level scalar fields, logging a warning and returning false. Additionally, all code paths that sanitize and save records (free-text import, module result processing, object delta merge, attribute bulk edit, sighting capture, shadow attribute proposal, event report creation) now explicitly unset the nested alias key from the data array before calling save(), ensuring the ORM cannot be redirected to an attacker-chosen row. Controller-level request reshaping was also corrected to avoid creating self-referencing data structures.
Patch summary
Added a save() override in AppModel.php that detects and rejects ambiguous payloads containing both a nested model-alias key and outer scalars. Added unset($data[$this->alias]) calls in Event.php (free-text, module results, object attribute save), MispAttribute.php (saveAttributes, captureAttribute, editAttributeBulk), MispObject.php (deltaMerge, editObject), ShadowAttribute.php (__preCaptureMassage), and Sighting.php (captureSightings) to strip the nested alias key before save. Changed six controller files to use $this->request->data = array('Model' => $this->request->data) instead of $this->request->data['Model'] = $this->request->data, preventing self-referencing structures. Added a new regression test suite (tests/testregressions.py) with cross-tenant attack scenarios and wired it into the CI workflow.
CVSS rationale
AV:N - MISP is a network-accessible web application. AC:L - The attack requires only crafting a request with a nested alias key; no race condition or complex state is needed. AT:N - No in-transit tampering required. PR:L - An authenticated user with basic write permission (perm_add) suffices; no admin or sync role needed. UI:N - No victim interaction required. VC:N - The attacker does not gain new read access; the impact is on data they can already partially see or infer. VI:H - The attacker can overwrite, re-parent, or soft-delete rows in the same instance, causing high integrity loss to the vulnerable component's data. VA:N - Soft-delete is a state change (integrity) rather than a service disruption. SC:N - No impact on separate components' confidentiality. SI:H - The cross-tenant nature means integrity of other organizations' data (a separate security scope) is compromised. SA:N - No security mechanism is weakened.
Weakness rationale
- CWE-639 The attacker controls the row identifier (id) inside the nested alias block, which the ORM uses to select the target row. The application's authorization and sanitization (id stripping, event_id pinning) is applied to the outer record and is bypassed because the ORM binds to the inner record. This is a direct case of a user-controlled key selecting an unauthorized resource.
- CWE-20 The application fails to validate or strip the nested model-alias key from user-supplied data before passing it to the ORM. The ORM's set() method interprets this key as the record to save, contradicting the application's intent. The absence of validation on this structural aspect of the input is the root cause.
Attack pattern rationale
- CAPEC-24 The attacker tampers with the structure of request parameters by injecting a nested key matching the model alias, causing the ORM to target a different row than the application intended. The outer parameters (sanitized id, pinned event_id) are effectively ignored in favor of the attacker-controlled inner parameters. This is a structural parameter tampering attack exploiting the ORM's data-binding semantics. The mapping is the closest available CAPEC; no more specific pattern for ORM-level key injection exists in the CAPEC catalog.
Assumptions to verify
- The affected version boundary is inferred from the tag_version_boundary metadata (v2.5.48); the exact last affected release and first fixed release are not explicitly stated in the patch.
- PR:L assumes the attacker needs only a basic authenticated account with perm_add; the regression tests confirm a non-admin, non-sync role suffices, but the minimum permission set is not exhaustively enumerated in the patch.
- VA:N assumes soft-delete is treated as an integrity impact (data state change) rather than an availability impact; if the organization considers soft-deleted records as unavailable, VA could be raised to L.
- CAPEC-24 (Parameter Tampering) is the closest available pattern; the specific ORM-level key-binding manipulation does not have a dedicated CAPEC entry, so the mapping is approximate.
- The Co-Authored-By line references an AI tool (Claude Opus 5); it is listed as a tool credit, not a human remediation developer, per CVE credit role semantics.
- The commit date is 2026-09-25; the vulnerability may have existed for an unknown duration prior to reporting.
Model comparison
Selected qwen3.8:27b
by deterministic-consensus-v1
The selected result is closest to model consensus; this heuristic does not establish factual correctness and human review remains required.
| Model | Score | Agreement | Confidence | Assumptions |
|---|---|---|---|---|
qwen3.8:27b |
5 | 9 | high | 6 |
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"title": "MISP: Nested Model Alias Key Bypasses Sanitization to Modify Cross-Tenant Rows",
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GCVE-1-2026-20276 (CVE-2026-100187)
Vulnerability from gna-1 – Published: 2026-09-25 13:40 – Updated: 2026-09-25 13:53
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
AIL Framework Onion Module: Non-Onion URL Accepted as Crawler Task Due to Bypassed Domain Validation
Summary
The Onion module in AIL Framework contained a performance shortcut in its URL extraction logic that accepted URLs as valid .onion targets based solely on a length check (exactly 69 characters) and a suffix check (ending in ".onion"), without performing proper hostname parsing or onion-domain validation. An unauthenticated attacker who could publish or control web content crawled by the framework could embed a crafted URL containing an IP address or non-onion hostname with a path ending in ".onion" that satisfied the length and suffix conditions. Such a URL would be extracted, its domain naively sliced from the string, and queued as a legitimate onion crawler task. This allowed unauthenticated content publishers to inject arbitrary non-onion targets into the crawler's task queue, influencing crawler behavior and potentially directing it toward unintended network resources. The vulnerability required no authentication, no user interaction, and only the ability to place crafted content in a location the framework would crawl. The security impact is a loss of integrity in the crawler's target selection: the framework processes and acts upon URLs that do not correspond to legitimate .onion services.
Severity
CWE
- CWE-20 - Improper Input Validation
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/ail-project/ail-framework/comm… | patch |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| ail project | ail framework |
Affected:
unspecified , < 7.1
(semver)
|
GCVE extensions
AI-generated
Human-reviewed
Confidence: medium
Model
qwen3.8:27b
advisory
bcp-05-x-01bcp-05-x-02
Draft vulnerability metadata was generated from a git-format patch using an Ollama-hosted language model. Human validation is required before publication.
ai-computer-assisted:llm-generatedai-computer-assisted:classification
| Model | Source | Identifier |
|---|---|---|
| qwen3.8:27b | ollama | qwen3.8:27b |
- Generator
-
patch2vuln.pyon 2026-09-25 13:37 - Model
qwen3.8:27b- Input
-
https://github.com/ail-project/ail-framework/commit/5c8a68b3d8c7d7b03e5febe4ac5b5aca91826adb.patch
9fbf19112822… - Confidence
- medium
| Commit | Subject | Patch SHA-256 |
|---|---|---|
5c8a68b3d8c7
|
chg: [security] Onion module, prevent non-onion crawler task | 9fbf19112822… |
Fix summary
The length-based shortcut that bypassed onion-domain validation is removed. Every extracted URL is now parsed using the standard URL domain extraction function, and the resulting hostname is validated against the existing onion-domain validation routine before the URL is added to the crawler task set. This ensures that only URLs whose hostname is a genuine .onion domain can be queued as crawler tasks.
Patch summary
In bin/modules/Onion.py, the conditional block that checked len(url) == 69 and url.endswith('.onion') to shortcut domain extraction (url[7:]) without calling crawlers.is_valid_onion_domain() is removed. The code is replaced with an unconditional call to crawlers.get_url_domain(url) followed by a check that the returned domain is truthy and passes crawlers.is_valid_onion_domain(domain) before adding the domain and URL to the respective sets. Net change: 2 insertions, 9 deletions in a single file.
CVSS rationale
Attack Vector is Network because the attacker publishes crafted content on the web that the framework crawls. Attack Complexity is Low because the attacker only needs to construct a URL of exactly 69 characters ending in .onion with a non-onion hostname. No special Adversary Techniques are required. Privileges Required is None because the attacker is an unauthenticated content publisher. User Interaction is None because the crawler processes the content automatically. The primary impact is Low Integrity on the vulnerable component: the crawler task queue is polluted with non-onion URLs, violating the integrity of the framework's target selection. No confidentiality or availability impact is evident from the patch. No subsequent component impact is identified in the evidence.
Weakness rationale
- CWE-20 The URL input was validated using an insufficient heuristic (string length and suffix) that could be satisfied by non-onion URLs. The proper hostname parsing and onion-domain validation step was bypassed by the shortcut, allowing attacker-controlled URLs to be accepted as valid onion targets.
Attack pattern rationale
- CAPEC-126 The attacker tampers with URL parameters embedded in untrusted crawled content to bypass the application's validation logic and inject non-onion targets into the crawler task queue. CAPEC-126 is the closest available pattern describing manipulation of input parameters to achieve unintended application behavior. The mapping is approximate because the attack vector is content-based injection rather than direct request parameter manipulation, but the core mechanism (crafting input to bypass validation) aligns with this pattern.
Assumptions to verify
- The affected version range is inferred from the tag_version_boundary metadata indicating the fix commit is 24 commits before the v7.1 tag; the exact version number of the vulnerable release is not specified in the patch.
- The CVSS assumes the attacker can place crafted content in a location the AIL Framework crawler will process; the specific crawling scope and configuration are not detailed in the patch.
- CAPEC-126 (Parameter Tampering) is the closest available attack pattern; the actual attack is content-based URL injection rather than classic request parameter tampering, so the mapping is approximate.
- The impact is assessed as Low Integrity based on the evidence that non-onion URLs are queued as crawler tasks; broader downstream consequences (e.g., SSRF-like effects) are not evidenced in the patch and are not assumed.
- The commit date (24 Sep 2026) is taken as-is from the patch metadata; no independent verification of the timeline is performed.
Model comparison
Selected qwen3.8:27b
by deterministic-consensus-v1
The selected result is closest to model consensus; this heuristic does not establish factual correctness and human review remains required.
| Model | Score | Agreement | Confidence | Assumptions |
|---|---|---|---|---|
qwen3.8:27b |
5 | 9 | medium | 5 |
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"vectorString": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
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GCVE-1-2026-20275 (CVE-2026-106512)
Vulnerability from gna-1 – Published: 2026-10-06 18:47 – Updated: 2026-10-06 18:48
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
MISP sachertortephp - CakeResponse::download() HTTP Response Splitting via Unsanitized Filename Enables Stored XSS
Summary
The CakeResponse::download() method in lib/Cake/Network/CakeResponse.php constructs a Content-Disposition header by directly interpolating a caller-supplied filename into a quoted-string value without sanitization. Two distinct injection vectors exist in the unpatched code. First, if the filename contains C0 control characters (CR or LF), PHP refuses to emit the entire Content-Disposition header, silently dropping the attachment disposition. The response body is then served with its own Content-Type (for example text/html for an .html attachment) and renders inline in the browser on the application origin, creating a stored cross-site scripting condition. The commit message notes this is reachable even when the download_attachments_on_load setting is enabled, meaning a victim merely needs to view a page that triggers the download. Second, a double-quote character in the filename terminates the quoted-string value early, permitting injection of additional Content-Disposition parameters. The affected code path covers all callers of CakeResponse::download(), including attribute downloads, proposal downloads, and restSearch exports. An authenticated user who can create or upload an attachment with a crafted filename (for example through MISP attribute naming or proposal attachment naming) can store the malicious filename. When any other authenticated user views the affected page, the unsanitized filename is reflected into the HTTP response header, resulting in header manipulation and potential execution of arbitrary HTML or JavaScript in the context of the application origin. The security impact is equivalent to a stored cross-site scripting vulnerability, allowing session hijacking, data exfiltration, and unauthorized actions on behalf of the victim.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
Supplier · CNA (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-06 18:44 UTC
CWE
References
2 references
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| MISP | sachertortephp |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 1c2da20cbe3f1e2a91458fe9a017823b7273fdac
(semver)
cpe:2.3:a:misp:sachertortephp_\(cakephp-based_misp_application\):*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
GCVE extensions
AI-generated
Partially reviewed
Confidence: medium
Model
qwen3.8:27b
2 events
advisory
bcp-05-x-01bcp-05-x-02bcp-05-x-03
Draft vulnerability metadata was generated from a git-format patch using an Ollama-hosted language model. Human validation is required before publication.
ai-computer-assisted:llm-generatedai-computer-assisted:classification
| Model | Source | Identifier |
|---|---|---|
| qwen3.8:27b | ollama | qwen3.8:27b |
- Generator
-
patch2vuln.pyon 2026-10-06 18:44 - Model
qwen3.8:27b- Input
-
patch set (2 sources)
ce7901c623bb… - Confidence
- medium
| Commit | Subject | Patch SHA-256 |
|---|---|---|
afbc551aa6b8
|
fix: [security] Strip control characters from download | 9430abddfb8d… |
e2c800217296
|
fix: [security] Escape the download filename quoted-string | 41c2630e0a4b… |
Fix summary
The vulnerability is remediated by sanitizing the filename before it is interpolated into the Content-Disposition header. C0 control characters (0x00-0x1F) and DEL (0x7F) are stripped to prevent HTTP response splitting and header suppression. Subsequently, double-quote and backslash characters are escaped using addcslashes per RFC 6266 quoted-string rules to prevent early termination of the quoted value and injection of additional header parameters. Together these two steps ensure the filename remains contained within the intended quoted-string token regardless of its content.
Patch summary
Two commits modify CakeResponse::download() in lib/Cake/Network/CakeResponse.php. The first commit (afbc551) adds a preg_replace call that strips all C0 control characters and DEL from the filename string before the header is composed. The second commit (e2c8002) adds an addcslashes call that escapes double-quote and backslash characters in the filename after the control-character strip, ensuring the quoted-string value in the Content-Disposition header cannot be broken out of. Both changes are inserted immediately before the existing $this->header('Content-Disposition', ...) call.
CVSS rationale
AV:N: The vulnerability is exploitable over the network via HTTP. AC:L: No race conditions or special timing are required; a crafted filename is sufficient. AT:N: The malicious filename is stored in the application; no manipulation of the attack target is needed at exploit time. PR:L: An authenticated MISP user with the ability to create or upload an attachment is required to store the crafted filename. UI:N: The victim only needs to view a page that triggers the download; no specific interaction beyond normal browsing is required. VC/VI/VA:N: The vulnerable component (the MISP server) itself is not directly compromised in terms of its own confidentiality, integrity, or availability. SC:H: The rendered HTML/JavaScript executes in the victim's browser on the application origin, granting full access to the victim's session, cookies, and data. SI:L: The attacker can modify what the victim sees and potentially submit forms on the victim's behalf. SA:N: No availability impact on the victim's system.
Weakness rationale
- CWE-113 CRLF characters in the unsanitized filename cause PHP to suppress the entire Content-Disposition header, effectively splitting or altering the HTTP response structure. This is the primary mechanism by which the attachment disposition is dropped and the body renders inline.
- CWE-79 The consequence of the header suppression is that an HTML attachment renders inline on the application origin, constituting a stored XSS condition. The quote-injection variant (CWE-74) also contributes to the header manipulation but the security impact is best characterized as XSS.
- CWE-20 The root cause is the absence of input validation and output encoding on the filename parameter before it is placed into an HTTP header value. Both the control-character and quote-injection variants stem from this missing validation.
Attack pattern rationale
- CAPEC-66 The attacker injects CRLF sequences into the filename field, which is reflected into the Content-Disposition HTTP response header. This causes the header to be suppressed or its structure altered, matching the HTTP response splitting attack pattern. The quote-injection variant is a secondary header parameter injection that also falls under this pattern.
- CAPEC-2 The attack relies on supplying special characters (CRLF, double-quote) in a user-controlled input field (the attachment filename) that the application fails to neutralize before using it in a structured output context (HTTP header). This is the closest general-purpose CAPEC for injection via special characters when a more specific pattern is not available.
Assumptions to verify
- The affected product is identified as MISP sachertortephp based on the GitHub repository URL in the patch metadata; no specific version range is provided in the patch or metadata.
- PR:L assumes that creating or uploading an attachment with a crafted filename requires authenticated access to the MISP instance; the patch does not explicitly state the authentication model.
- UI:N assumes the victim triggers the download by normal page navigation; the commit message states the issue is reachable with download_attachments_on_load enabled, implying no special user action beyond viewing the page.
- SC:H assumes the rendered HTML/JavaScript on the application origin grants full access to the victim's session and data, consistent with standard stored XSS impact.
- The CAPEC-66 mapping is the closest available pattern for HTTP response header manipulation via CRLF injection; CAPEC-2 is included as a supplementary general-purpose pattern. Neither CAPEC perfectly captures the combined CRLF-suppression and quote-injection mechanism.
- The Co-Authored-By line referencing Claude Opus 4.8 is treated as a tool credit per the metadata remediation_developers field; it is not a human contributor.
- The patch does not specify whether the filename is attacker-controlled at creation time or only at serve time; the commit message states it 'neutralises already-stored filenames on serve,' implying the filename may have been stored before the fix.
Model comparison
Selected qwen3.8:27b
by deterministic-consensus-v1
The selected result is closest to model consensus; this heuristic does not establish factual correctness and human review remains required.
| Model | Score | Agreement | Confidence | Assumptions |
|---|---|---|---|---|
qwen3.8:27b |
5 | 11 | medium | 7 |
- 2026-10-06 17:27 UTC Fix developed Corrective change authored (afbc551aa6b8aedb87dfa1223a388e9a3178abfd): fix: [security] Strip control characters from download https://github.com/MISP/sachertortephp/commit/afbc551aa6b8aedb87dfa1223a388e9a3178abfd.patch
- 2026-10-06 18:20 UTC Fix developed Corrective change authored (e2c80021729611922817a57d2317b2ffa7ed1439): fix: [security] Escape the download filename quoted-string https://github.com/MISP/sachertortephp/commit/e2c80021729611922817a57d2317b2ffa7ed1439.patch
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CVE-2026-20273 (GCVE-0-2026-20273)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-05 16:19 – Updated: 2026-10-02 23:23
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
CVE Program bundle warning
The CVE Program recognizes that this CVE Record provides vulnerability information that a Supplier CNA believes is very important to consumers. The CVE Program has flagged this CVE Record as it assigns a single CVE ID to a collection of individual vulnerabilities which does not align with CVE's "one vulnerability, one ID" principle, and therefore provides incomplete information. For further clarification, please see the CVE Program's blog, "Preserving Vulnerability-Level Identification" linked below. Details within the CNA container below are viewable by clicking on the CNA name.
https://www.cve.org/Media/News/item/blog/2026/06/…Title
Cisco IOS XE Software Security Hardening Release
Summary
As part of Cisco's ongoing commitment to proactive security and product quality, the Cisco IOS XE Software engineering team has conducted a comprehensive internal security review. This review resulted in a software hardening release that addresses multiple internally discovered vulnerabilities.
The vulnerabilities tracked by CVE-2026-20273 are related to improper input validation issues that are grouped under the Common Weakness Enumeration (CWE) Pillar CWE-20.
Severity
8.6 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-05 17:34 UTC
CWE
- CWE-20 - Improper Input Validation
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cisco | Cisco IOS XE Software |
Affected:
17.2.1a
Affected: 16.12.1y Affected: 16.12.3s Affected: 16.7.1b Affected: 16.6.2 Affected: 16.6.5 Affected: 16.12.1w Affected: 16.9.1d Affected: 17.3.1 Affected: 16.9.4c Affected: 16.7.1 Affected: 17.2.1 Affected: 16.6.8 Affected: 16.9.1b Affected: 16.9.2s Affected: 16.12.4 Affected: 16.12.3a Affected: 17.1.1s Affected: 16.11.1a Affected: 16.7.2 Affected: 16.11.1b Affected: 16.9.1s Affected: 16.9.3h Affected: 16.9.1c Affected: 16.6.5a Affected: 16.6.3 Affected: 16.10.1f Affected: 17.2.1v Affected: 16.8.1e Affected: 16.9.3a Affected: 16.12.1a Affected: 16.12.1x Affected: 16.6.4s Affected: 16.10.1c Affected: 16.12.3 Affected: 16.11.2 Affected: 16.6.5b Affected: 16.12.2s Affected: 16.10.1b Affected: 16.7.3 Affected: 16.6.7 Affected: 16.9.6 Affected: 16.9.2 Affected: 16.10.1 Affected: 16.12.1t Affected: 16.9.1 Affected: 16.8.1a Affected: 16.9.3s Affected: 16.6.7a Affected: 16.12.2 Affected: 16.11.1 Affected: 16.9.3 Affected: 16.11.1s Affected: 16.12.1 Affected: 17.1.1 Affected: 17.1.2 Affected: 16.10.1d Affected: 17.1.1t Affected: 16.9.4 Affected: 16.8.3 Affected: 16.12.2t Affected: 16.9.5 Affected: 16.8.1s Affected: 16.10.1e Affected: 16.8.2 Affected: 16.6.4 Affected: 16.8.1b Affected: 16.10.1a Affected: 16.12.1z Affected: 16.8.1c Affected: 16.9.1a Affected: 16.6.4a Affected: 16.10.1g Affected: 16.8.1 Affected: 16.6.6 Affected: 16.9.2a Affected: 16.8.1d Affected: 16.10.3 Affected: 16.7.1a Affected: 16.11.1c Affected: 16.10.1s Affected: 17.2.1r Affected: 17.1.1a Affected: 16.10.2 Affected: 16.12.2a Affected: 16.12.1c Affected: 16.12.1s Affected: 16.7.4 Affected: 17.2.2 Affected: 16.9.8 Affected: 16.9.7 Affected: 17.1.3 Affected: 17.3.1a Affected: 17.3.2a Affected: 16.12.5 Affected: 17.3.1w Affected: 17.3.2 Affected: 17.4.1 Affected: 16.12.4a Affected: 17.4.1a Affected: 17.3.1x Affected: 17.3.3 Affected: 16.6.9 Affected: 17.2.3 Affected: 17.5.1 Affected: 16.12.1z1 Affected: 16.12.5a Affected: 17.4.1b Affected: 17.3.1z Affected: 16.12.5b Affected: 17.4.2 Affected: 17.3.3a Affected: 17.3.5 Affected: 17.3.4 Affected: 17.5.1a Affected: 16.12.6 Affected: 17.6.1 Affected: 16.12.1z2 Affected: 16.6.10 Affected: 17.3.4a Affected: 17.6.1a Affected: 17.7.1 Affected: 17.6.1x Affected: 17.6.2 Affected: 16.12.6a Affected: 17.3.4c Affected: 17.4.2a Affected: 17.3.4b Affected: 17.7.1a Affected: 16.12.7 Affected: 17.8.1a Affected: 17.6.3a Affected: 17.6.3 Affected: 17.7.2 Affected: 17.7.1b Affected: 17.9.1w Affected: 17.3.5a Affected: 17.6.1z Affected: 16.12.8 Affected: 17.8.1 Affected: 17.9.1 Affected: 17.6.4 Affected: 17.3.5b Affected: 17.9.1a Affected: 17.3.6 Affected: 17.10.1 Affected: 16.9.8a Affected: 17.6.1z1 Affected: 17.10.1a Affected: 17.9.2 Affected: 17.6.5 Affected: 17.9.1x Affected: 17.9.1y Affected: 16.9.8b Affected: 17.3.7 Affected: 17.9.2a Affected: 17.9.3 Affected: 16.12.9 Affected: 17.11.1 Affected: 17.10.1b Affected: 17.6.6 Affected: 17.9.1x1 Affected: 17.11.1a Affected: 17.9.3a Affected: 17.12.1 Affected: 17.3.8 Affected: 17.9.4 Affected: 16.12.10 Affected: 17.12.1w Affected: 17.9.1y1 Affected: 17.12.1a Affected: 17.9.5 Affected: 17.13.1 Affected: 17.12.1x Affected: 17.12.2 Affected: 17.14.1 Affected: 17.9.4a Affected: 17.3.8a Affected: 17.6.6a Affected: 17.6.5a Affected: 17.6.7 Affected: 16.12.10a Affected: 17.15.1 Affected: 17.13.1a Affected: 17.12.2a Affected: 16.12.11 Affected: 17.12.3 Affected: 17.12.1y Affected: 17.12.1z Affected: 17.9.5a Affected: 17.14.1a Affected: 17.9.5b Affected: 17.6.8 Affected: 16.12.12 Affected: 17.12.4 Affected: 17.9.6 Affected: 17.17.1 Affected: 17.16.1 Affected: 17.15.1w Affected: 17.12.3a Affected: 17.9.5c Affected: 17.15.1a Affected: 17.12.1z1 Affected: 17.15.2 Affected: 17.15.1b Affected: 17.9.5d Affected: 17.15.1x Affected: 17.9.6a Affected: 17.12.1z2 Affected: 17.6.8a Affected: 17.16.1a Affected: 16.12.13 Affected: 17.15.3 Affected: 17.9.7 Affected: 17.12.5 Affected: 17.15.1y Affected: 17.9.5e Affected: 17.12.4a Affected: 17.15.2a Affected: 17.15.2c Affected: 17.15.2b Affected: 17.12.1z3 Affected: 17.9.5f Affected: 17.12.4b Affected: 17.12.5a Affected: 17.18.1 Affected: 17.12.6 Affected: 17.12.1z4 Affected: 17.9.8 Affected: 17.9.7a Affected: 17.15.3a Affected: 17.15.4 Affected: 17.12.5b Affected: 17.15.3b Affected: 16.12.14 Affected: 17.18.1z Affected: 17.9.7b Affected: 17.12.5c Affected: 26.1.1 Affected: 17.18.1a Affected: 17.15.4a Affected: 17.18.2 Affected: 17.18.1w Affected: 17.15.4b Affected: 17.12.6a Affected: 17.12.7 Affected: 17.15.4c Affected: 17.9.9 Affected: 17.12.5d Affected: 16.12.15 Affected: 17.15.4s1 Affected: 17.15.5 Affected: 17.12.1z5 Affected: 17.18.1x Affected: 17.12.1z6 Affected: 17.15.4d Affected: 17.12.6b Affected: 17.4.1c Affected: 17.15.5a Affected: 17.18.1y Affected: 17.12.7a Affected: 17.18.3 Affected: 17.12.7b Affected: 17.18.3a Affected: 26.1.1a Affected: 17.15.7 Affected: 16.12.16 Affected: 17.18.5x Affected: 26.1.3 Affected: 17.12.9 Affected: 17.18.5 |
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{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.3.8"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.9.4"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "16.12.10"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.12.1w"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.9.1y1"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.12.1a"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.9.5"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.13.1"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.12.1x"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.12.2"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.14.1"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.9.4a"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.3.8a"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.6.6a"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.6.5a"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.6.7"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "16.12.10a"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.15.1"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.13.1a"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.12.2a"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "16.12.11"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.12.3"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.12.1y"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.12.1z"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.9.5a"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.14.1a"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.9.5b"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.6.8"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "16.12.12"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.12.4"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.9.6"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.17.1"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.16.1"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.15.1w"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.12.3a"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.9.5c"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.15.1a"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.12.1z1"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.15.2"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.15.1b"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.9.5d"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.15.1x"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.9.6a"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.12.1z2"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.6.8a"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.16.1a"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "16.12.13"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.15.3"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.9.7"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.12.5"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.15.1y"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.9.5e"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.12.4a"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.15.2a"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.15.2c"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.15.2b"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.12.1z3"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.9.5f"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.12.4b"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.12.5a"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.18.1"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.12.6"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.12.1z4"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.9.8"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.9.7a"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.15.3a"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.15.4"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.12.5b"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.15.3b"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "16.12.14"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.18.1z"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.9.7b"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.12.5c"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "26.1.1"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.18.1a"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.15.4a"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.18.2"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.18.1w"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.15.4b"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.12.6a"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.12.7"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.15.4c"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.9.9"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.12.5d"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "16.12.15"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.15.4s1"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.15.5"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.12.1z5"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.18.1x"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.12.1z6"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.15.4d"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.12.6b"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.4.1c"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.15.5a"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.18.1y"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.12.7a"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.18.3"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.12.7b"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.18.3a"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "26.1.1a"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.15.7"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "16.12.16"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.18.5x"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "26.1.3"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.12.9"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.18.5"
}
]
}
],
"descriptions": [
{
"lang": "en",
"value": "As part of Cisco\u0027s ongoing commitment to proactive security and product quality, the Cisco IOS XE Software engineering team has conducted a comprehensive internal security review. This review resulted in a software hardening release that addresses multiple internally discovered vulnerabilities.\r\n\r\nThe vulnerabilities tracked by CVE-2026-20273 are related to improper input validation issues that are grouped under the Common Weakness Enumeration (CWE) Pillar CWE-20."
}
],
"exploits": [
{
"lang": "en",
"value": "The Cisco PSIRT is not aware of any public announcements or malicious use of the vulnerabilities that are described in this advisory."
}
],
"metrics": [
{
"cvssV3_1": {
"attackComplexity": "LOW",
"attackVector": "NETWORK",
"availabilityImpact": "HIGH",
"baseScore": 8.6,
"baseSeverity": "HIGH",
"confidentialityImpact": "NONE",
"integrityImpact": "NONE",
"privilegesRequired": "NONE",
"scope": "CHANGED",
"userInteraction": "NONE",
"vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"version": "3.1"
},
"format": "cvssV3_1"
}
],
"problemTypes": [
{
"descriptions": [
{
"cweId": "CWE-20",
"description": "Improper Input Validation",
"lang": "en",
"type": "cwe"
}
]
}
],
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2026-10-02T23:23:27.912Z",
"orgId": "d1c1063e-7a18-46af-9102-31f8928bc633",
"shortName": "cisco"
},
"references": [
{
"name": "cisco-sa-hardening-iosxe-V8NMuMZJ",
"url": "https://sec.cloudapps.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-hardening-iosxe-V8NMuMZJ"
}
],
"source": {
"advisory": "cisco-sa-hardening-iosxe-V8NMuMZJ",
"defects": [
"CSCwu18860"
],
"discovery": "INTERNAL"
},
"title": "Cisco IOS XE Software Security Hardening Release"
}
},
"cveMetadata": {
"assignerOrgId": "d1c1063e-7a18-46af-9102-31f8928bc633",
"assignerShortName": "cisco",
"cveId": "CVE-2026-20273",
"datePublished": "2026-08-05T16:19:38.482Z",
"dateReserved": "2025-10-08T11:59:15.403Z",
"dateUpdated": "2026-10-02T23:23:27.912Z",
"state": "PUBLISHED"
},
"dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
"dataVersion": "5.2"
}
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction
Consider using language-theoretic security (LangSec) techniques that characterize inputs using a formal language and build "recognizers" for that language. This effectively requires parsing to be a distinct layer that effectively enforces a boundary between raw input and internal data representations, instead of allowing parser code to be scattered throughout the program, where it could be subject to errors or inconsistencies that create weaknesses. [REF-1109] [REF-1110] [REF-1111]
Mitigation MIT-7
Architecture and Design
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
Use an input validation framework such as Struts or the OWASP ESAPI Validation API. Note that using a framework does not automatically address all input validation problems; be mindful of weaknesses that could arise from misusing the framework itself (CWE-1173).
Mitigation MIT-6
Architecture and Design
Implementation
Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction
Understand all the potential areas where untrusted inputs can enter the product, including but not limited to: parameters or arguments, cookies, anything read from the network, environment variables, reverse DNS lookups, query results, request headers, URL components, e-mail, files, filenames, databases, and any external systems that provide data to the application. Remember that such inputs may be obtained indirectly through API calls.
Mitigation MIT-5
Implementation
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
- For any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.
- Even though client-side checks provide minimal benefits with respect to server-side security, they are still useful. First, they can support intrusion detection. If the server receives input that should have been rejected by the client, then it may be an indication of an attack. Second, client-side error-checking can provide helpful feedback to the user about the expectations for valid input. Third, there may be a reduction in server-side processing time for accidental input errors, although this is typically a small savings.
Mitigation
Implementation
When your application combines data from multiple sources, perform the validation after the sources have been combined. The individual data elements may pass the validation step but violate the intended restrictions after they have been combined.
Mitigation MIT-35
Implementation
Be especially careful to validate all input when invoking code that crosses language boundaries, such as from an interpreted language to native code. This could create an unexpected interaction between the language boundaries. Ensure that you are not violating any of the expectations of the language with which you are interfacing. For example, even though Java may not be susceptible to buffer overflows, providing a large argument in a call to native code might trigger an overflow.
Mitigation
Implementation
Directly convert your input type into the expected data type, such as using a conversion function that translates a string into a number. After converting to the expected data type, ensure that the input's values fall within the expected range of allowable values and that multi-field consistencies are maintained.
Mitigation
Implementation
- Inputs should be decoded and canonicalized to the application's current internal representation before being validated (CWE-180, CWE-181). Make sure that your application does not inadvertently decode the same input twice (CWE-174). Such errors could be used to bypass allowlist schemes by introducing dangerous inputs after they have been checked. Use libraries such as the OWASP ESAPI Canonicalization control.
- Consider performing repeated canonicalization until your input does not change any more. This will avoid double-decoding and similar scenarios, but it might inadvertently modify inputs that are allowed to contain properly-encoded dangerous content.
Mitigation
Implementation
When exchanging data between components, ensure that both components are using the same character encoding. Ensure that the proper encoding is applied at each interface. Explicitly set the encoding you are using whenever the protocol allows you to do so.
CAPEC-10: Buffer Overflow via Environment Variables
This attack pattern involves causing a buffer overflow through manipulation of environment variables. Once the adversary finds that they can modify an environment variable, they may try to overflow associated buffers. This attack leverages implicit trust often placed in environment variables.
CAPEC-101: Server Side Include (SSI) Injection
An attacker can use Server Side Include (SSI) Injection to send code to a web application that then gets executed by the web server. Doing so enables the attacker to achieve similar results to Cross Site Scripting, viz., arbitrary code execution and information disclosure, albeit on a more limited scale, since the SSI directives are nowhere near as powerful as a full-fledged scripting language. Nonetheless, the attacker can conveniently gain access to sensitive files, such as password files, and execute shell commands.
CAPEC-104: Cross Zone Scripting
An attacker is able to cause a victim to load content into their web-browser that bypasses security zone controls and gain access to increased privileges to execute scripting code or other web objects such as unsigned ActiveX controls or applets. This is a privilege elevation attack targeted at zone-based web-browser security.
CAPEC-108: Command Line Execution through SQL Injection
An attacker uses standard SQL injection methods to inject data into the command line for execution. This could be done directly through misuse of directives such as MSSQL_xp_cmdshell or indirectly through injection of data into the database that would be interpreted as shell commands. Sometime later, an unscrupulous backend application (or could be part of the functionality of the same application) fetches the injected data stored in the database and uses this data as command line arguments without performing proper validation. The malicious data escapes that data plane by spawning new commands to be executed on the host.
CAPEC-109: Object Relational Mapping Injection
An attacker leverages a weakness present in the database access layer code generated with an Object Relational Mapping (ORM) tool or a weakness in the way that a developer used a persistence framework to inject their own SQL commands to be executed against the underlying database. The attack here is similar to plain SQL injection, except that the application does not use JDBC to directly talk to the database, but instead it uses a data access layer generated by an ORM tool or framework (e.g. Hibernate). While most of the time code generated by an ORM tool contains safe access methods that are immune to SQL injection, sometimes either due to some weakness in the generated code or due to the fact that the developer failed to use the generated access methods properly, SQL injection is still possible.
CAPEC-110: SQL Injection through SOAP Parameter Tampering
An attacker modifies the parameters of the SOAP message that is sent from the service consumer to the service provider to initiate a SQL injection attack. On the service provider side, the SOAP message is parsed and parameters are not properly validated before being used to access a database in a way that does not use parameter binding, thus enabling the attacker to control the structure of the executed SQL query. This pattern describes a SQL injection attack with the delivery mechanism being a SOAP message.
CAPEC-120: Double Encoding
The adversary utilizes a repeating of the encoding process for a set of characters (that is, character encoding a character encoding of a character) to obfuscate the payload of a particular request. This may allow the adversary to bypass filters that attempt to detect illegal characters or strings, such as those that might be used in traversal or injection attacks. Filters may be able to catch illegal encoded strings, but may not catch doubly encoded strings. For example, a dot (.), often used in path traversal attacks and therefore often blocked by filters, could be URL encoded as %2E. However, many filters recognize this encoding and would still block the request. In a double encoding, the % in the above URL encoding would be encoded again as %25, resulting in %252E which some filters might not catch, but which could still be interpreted as a dot (.) by interpreters on the target.
CAPEC-13: Subverting Environment Variable Values
The adversary directly or indirectly modifies environment variables used by or controlling the target software. The adversary's goal is to cause the target software to deviate from its expected operation in a manner that benefits the adversary.
CAPEC-135: Format String Injection
An adversary includes formatting characters in a string input field on the target application. Most applications assume that users will provide static text and may respond unpredictably to the presence of formatting character. For example, in certain functions of the C programming languages such as printf, the formatting character %s will print the contents of a memory location expecting this location to identify a string and the formatting character %n prints the number of DWORD written in the memory. An adversary can use this to read or write to memory locations or files, or simply to manipulate the value of the resulting text in unexpected ways. Reading or writing memory may result in program crashes and writing memory could result in the execution of arbitrary code if the adversary can write to the program stack.
CAPEC-136: LDAP Injection
An attacker manipulates or crafts an LDAP query for the purpose of undermining the security of the target. Some applications use user input to create LDAP queries that are processed by an LDAP server. For example, a user might provide their username during authentication and the username might be inserted in an LDAP query during the authentication process. An attacker could use this input to inject additional commands into an LDAP query that could disclose sensitive information. For example, entering a * in the aforementioned query might return information about all users on the system. This attack is very similar to an SQL injection attack in that it manipulates a query to gather additional information or coerce a particular return value.
CAPEC-14: Client-side Injection-induced Buffer Overflow
This type of attack exploits a buffer overflow vulnerability in targeted client software through injection of malicious content from a custom-built hostile service. This hostile service is created to deliver the correct content to the client software. For example, if the client-side application is a browser, the service will host a webpage that the browser loads.
CAPEC-153: Input Data Manipulation
An attacker exploits a weakness in input validation by controlling the format, structure, and composition of data to an input-processing interface. By supplying input of a non-standard or unexpected form an attacker can adversely impact the security of the target.
CAPEC-182: Flash Injection
An attacker tricks a victim to execute malicious flash content that executes commands or makes flash calls specified by the attacker. One example of this attack is cross-site flashing, an attacker controlled parameter to a reference call loads from content specified by the attacker.
CAPEC-209: XSS Using MIME Type Mismatch
An adversary creates a file with scripting content but where the specified MIME type of the file is such that scripting is not expected. The adversary tricks the victim into accessing a URL that responds with the script file. Some browsers will detect that the specified MIME type of the file does not match the actual type of its content and will automatically switch to using an interpreter for the real content type. If the browser does not invoke script filters before doing this, the adversary's script may run on the target unsanitized, possibly revealing the victim's cookies or executing arbitrary script in their browser.
CAPEC-22: Exploiting Trust in Client
An attack of this type exploits vulnerabilities in client/server communication channel authentication and data integrity. It leverages the implicit trust a server places in the client, or more importantly, that which the server believes is the client. An attacker executes this type of attack by communicating directly with the server where the server believes it is communicating only with a valid client. There are numerous variations of this type of attack.
CAPEC-23: File Content Injection
An adversary poisons files with a malicious payload (targeting the file systems accessible by the target software), which may be passed through by standard channels such as via email, and standard web content like PDF and multimedia files. The adversary exploits known vulnerabilities or handling routines in the target processes, in order to exploit the host's trust in executing remote content, including binary files.
CAPEC-230: Serialized Data with Nested Payloads
Applications often need to transform data in and out of a data format (e.g., XML and YAML) by using a parser. It may be possible for an adversary to inject data that may have an adverse effect on the parser when it is being processed. Many data format languages allow the definition of macro-like structures that can be used to simplify the creation of complex structures. By nesting these structures, causing the data to be repeatedly substituted, an adversary can cause the parser to consume more resources while processing, causing excessive memory consumption and CPU utilization.
CAPEC-231: Oversized Serialized Data Payloads
An adversary injects oversized serialized data payloads into a parser during data processing to produce adverse effects upon the parser such as exhausting system resources and arbitrary code execution.
CAPEC-24: Filter Failure through Buffer Overflow
In this attack, the idea is to cause an active filter to fail by causing an oversized transaction. An attacker may try to feed overly long input strings to the program in an attempt to overwhelm the filter (by causing a buffer overflow) and hoping that the filter does not fail securely (i.e. the user input is let into the system unfiltered).
CAPEC-250: XML Injection
An attacker utilizes crafted XML user-controllable input to probe, attack, and inject data into the XML database, using techniques similar to SQL injection. The user-controllable input can allow for unauthorized viewing of data, bypassing authentication or the front-end application for direct XML database access, and possibly altering database information.
CAPEC-261: Fuzzing for garnering other adjacent user/sensitive data
An adversary who is authorized to send queries to a target sends variants of expected queries in the hope that these modified queries might return information (directly or indirectly through error logs) beyond what the expected set of queries should provide.
CAPEC-267: Leverage Alternate Encoding
An adversary leverages the possibility to encode potentially harmful input or content used by applications such that the applications are ineffective at validating this encoding standard.
CAPEC-28: Fuzzing
In this attack pattern, the adversary leverages fuzzing to try to identify weaknesses in the system. Fuzzing is a software security and functionality testing method that feeds randomly constructed input to the system and looks for an indication that a failure in response to that input has occurred. Fuzzing treats the system as a black box and is totally free from any preconceptions or assumptions about the system. Fuzzing can help an attacker discover certain assumptions made about user input in the system. Fuzzing gives an attacker a quick way of potentially uncovering some of these assumptions despite not necessarily knowing anything about the internals of the system. These assumptions can then be turned against the system by specially crafting user input that may allow an attacker to achieve their goals.
CAPEC-3: Using Leading 'Ghost' Character Sequences to Bypass Input Filters
Some APIs will strip certain leading characters from a string of parameters. An adversary can intentionally introduce leading "ghost" characters (extra characters that don't affect the validity of the request at the API layer) that enable the input to pass the filters and therefore process the adversary's input. This occurs when the targeted API will accept input data in several syntactic forms and interpret it in the equivalent semantic way, while the filter does not take into account the full spectrum of the syntactic forms acceptable to the targeted API.
CAPEC-31: Accessing/Intercepting/Modifying HTTP Cookies
This attack relies on the use of HTTP Cookies to store credentials, state information and other critical data on client systems. There are several different forms of this attack. The first form of this attack involves accessing HTTP Cookies to mine for potentially sensitive data contained therein. The second form involves intercepting this data as it is transmitted from client to server. This intercepted information is then used by the adversary to impersonate the remote user/session. The third form is when the cookie's content is modified by the adversary before it is sent back to the server. Here the adversary seeks to convince the target server to operate on this falsified information.
CAPEC-42: MIME Conversion
An attacker exploits a weakness in the MIME conversion routine to cause a buffer overflow and gain control over the mail server machine. The MIME system is designed to allow various different information formats to be interpreted and sent via e-mail. Attack points exist when data are converted to MIME compatible format and back.
CAPEC-43: Exploiting Multiple Input Interpretation Layers
An attacker supplies the target software with input data that contains sequences of special characters designed to bypass input validation logic. This exploit relies on the target making multiples passes over the input data and processing a "layer" of special characters with each pass. In this manner, the attacker can disguise input that would otherwise be rejected as invalid by concealing it with layers of special/escape characters that are stripped off by subsequent processing steps. The goal is to first discover cases where the input validation layer executes before one or more parsing layers. That is, user input may go through the following logic in an application: <parser1> --> <input validator> --> <parser2>. In such cases, the attacker will need to provide input that will pass through the input validator, but after passing through parser2, will be converted into something that the input validator was supposed to stop.
CAPEC-45: Buffer Overflow via Symbolic Links
This type of attack leverages the use of symbolic links to cause buffer overflows. An adversary can try to create or manipulate a symbolic link file such that its contents result in out of bounds data. When the target software processes the symbolic link file, it could potentially overflow internal buffers with insufficient bounds checking.
CAPEC-46: Overflow Variables and Tags
This type of attack leverages the use of tags or variables from a formatted configuration data to cause buffer overflow. The adversary crafts a malicious HTML page or configuration file that includes oversized strings, thus causing an overflow.
CAPEC-47: Buffer Overflow via Parameter Expansion
In this attack, the target software is given input that the adversary knows will be modified and expanded in size during processing. This attack relies on the target software failing to anticipate that the expanded data may exceed some internal limit, thereby creating a buffer overflow.
CAPEC-473: Signature Spoof
An attacker generates a message or datablock that causes the recipient to believe that the message or datablock was generated and cryptographically signed by an authoritative or reputable source, misleading a victim or victim operating system into performing malicious actions.
CAPEC-52: Embedding NULL Bytes
An adversary embeds one or more null bytes in input to the target software. This attack relies on the usage of a null-valued byte as a string terminator in many environments. The goal is for certain components of the target software to stop processing the input when it encounters the null byte(s).
CAPEC-53: Postfix, Null Terminate, and Backslash
If a string is passed through a filter of some kind, then a terminal NULL may not be valid. Using alternate representation of NULL allows an adversary to embed the NULL mid-string while postfixing the proper data so that the filter is avoided. One example is a filter that looks for a trailing slash character. If a string insertion is possible, but the slash must exist, an alternate encoding of NULL in mid-string may be used.
CAPEC-588: DOM-Based XSS
This type of attack is a form of Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) where a malicious script is inserted into the client-side HTML being parsed by a web browser. Content served by a vulnerable web application includes script code used to manipulate the Document Object Model (DOM). This script code either does not properly validate input, or does not perform proper output encoding, thus creating an opportunity for an adversary to inject a malicious script launch a XSS attack. A key distinction between other XSS attacks and DOM-based attacks is that in other XSS attacks, the malicious script runs when the vulnerable web page is initially loaded, while a DOM-based attack executes sometime after the page loads. Another distinction of DOM-based attacks is that in some cases, the malicious script is never sent to the vulnerable web server at all. An attack like this is guaranteed to bypass any server-side filtering attempts to protect users.
CAPEC-63: Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
An adversary embeds malicious scripts in content that will be served to web browsers. The goal of the attack is for the target software, the client-side browser, to execute the script with the users' privilege level. An attack of this type exploits a programs' vulnerabilities that are brought on by allowing remote hosts to execute code and scripts. Web browsers, for example, have some simple security controls in place, but if a remote attacker is allowed to execute scripts (through injecting them in to user-generated content like bulletin boards) then these controls may be bypassed. Further, these attacks are very difficult for an end user to detect.
CAPEC-64: Using Slashes and URL Encoding Combined to Bypass Validation Logic
This attack targets the encoding of the URL combined with the encoding of the slash characters. An attacker can take advantage of the multiple ways of encoding a URL and abuse the interpretation of the URL. A URL may contain special character that need special syntax handling in order to be interpreted. Special characters are represented using a percentage character followed by two digits representing the octet code of the original character (%HEX-CODE). For instance US-ASCII space character would be represented with %20. This is often referred as escaped ending or percent-encoding. Since the server decodes the URL from the requests, it may restrict the access to some URL paths by validating and filtering out the URL requests it received. An attacker will try to craft an URL with a sequence of special characters which once interpreted by the server will be equivalent to a forbidden URL. It can be difficult to protect against this attack since the URL can contain other format of encoding such as UTF-8 encoding, Unicode-encoding, etc.
CAPEC-664: Server Side Request Forgery
An adversary exploits improper input validation by submitting maliciously crafted input to a target application running on a server, with the goal of forcing the server to make a request either to itself, to web services running in the server’s internal network, or to external third parties. If successful, the adversary’s request will be made with the server’s privilege level, bypassing its authentication controls. This ultimately allows the adversary to access sensitive data, execute commands on the server’s network, and make external requests with the stolen identity of the server. Server Side Request Forgery attacks differ from Cross Site Request Forgery attacks in that they target the server itself, whereas CSRF attacks exploit an insecure user authentication mechanism to perform unauthorized actions on the user's behalf.
CAPEC-67: String Format Overflow in syslog()
This attack targets applications and software that uses the syslog() function insecurely. If an application does not explicitely use a format string parameter in a call to syslog(), user input can be placed in the format string parameter leading to a format string injection attack. Adversaries can then inject malicious format string commands into the function call leading to a buffer overflow. There are many reported software vulnerabilities with the root cause being a misuse of the syslog() function.
CAPEC-7: Blind SQL Injection
Blind SQL Injection results from an insufficient mitigation for SQL Injection. Although suppressing database error messages are considered best practice, the suppression alone is not sufficient to prevent SQL Injection. Blind SQL Injection is a form of SQL Injection that overcomes the lack of error messages. Without the error messages that facilitate SQL Injection, the adversary constructs input strings that probe the target through simple Boolean SQL expressions. The adversary can determine if the syntax and structure of the injection was successful based on whether the query was executed or not. Applied iteratively, the adversary determines how and where the target is vulnerable to SQL Injection.
CAPEC-71: Using Unicode Encoding to Bypass Validation Logic
An attacker may provide a Unicode string to a system component that is not Unicode aware and use that to circumvent the filter or cause the classifying mechanism to fail to properly understanding the request. That may allow the attacker to slip malicious data past the content filter and/or possibly cause the application to route the request incorrectly.
CAPEC-72: URL Encoding
This attack targets the encoding of the URL. An adversary can take advantage of the multiple way of encoding an URL and abuse the interpretation of the URL.
CAPEC-73: User-Controlled Filename
An attack of this type involves an adversary inserting malicious characters (such as a XSS redirection) into a filename, directly or indirectly that is then used by the target software to generate HTML text or other potentially executable content. Many websites rely on user-generated content and dynamically build resources like files, filenames, and URL links directly from user supplied data. In this attack pattern, the attacker uploads code that can execute in the client browser and/or redirect the client browser to a site that the attacker owns. All XSS attack payload variants can be used to pass and exploit these vulnerabilities.
CAPEC-78: Using Escaped Slashes in Alternate Encoding
This attack targets the use of the backslash in alternate encoding. An adversary can provide a backslash as a leading character and causes a parser to believe that the next character is special. This is called an escape. By using that trick, the adversary tries to exploit alternate ways to encode the same character which leads to filter problems and opens avenues to attack.
CAPEC-79: Using Slashes in Alternate Encoding
This attack targets the encoding of the Slash characters. An adversary would try to exploit common filtering problems related to the use of the slashes characters to gain access to resources on the target host. Directory-driven systems, such as file systems and databases, typically use the slash character to indicate traversal between directories or other container components. For murky historical reasons, PCs (and, as a result, Microsoft OSs) choose to use a backslash, whereas the UNIX world typically makes use of the forward slash. The schizophrenic result is that many MS-based systems are required to understand both forms of the slash. This gives the adversary many opportunities to discover and abuse a number of common filtering problems. The goal of this pattern is to discover server software that only applies filters to one version, but not the other.
CAPEC-8: Buffer Overflow in an API Call
This attack targets libraries or shared code modules which are vulnerable to buffer overflow attacks. An adversary who has knowledge of known vulnerable libraries or shared code can easily target software that makes use of these libraries. All clients that make use of the code library thus become vulnerable by association. This has a very broad effect on security across a system, usually affecting more than one software process.
CAPEC-80: Using UTF-8 Encoding to Bypass Validation Logic
This attack is a specific variation on leveraging alternate encodings to bypass validation logic. This attack leverages the possibility to encode potentially harmful input in UTF-8 and submit it to applications not expecting or effective at validating this encoding standard making input filtering difficult. UTF-8 (8-bit UCS/Unicode Transformation Format) is a variable-length character encoding for Unicode. Legal UTF-8 characters are one to four bytes long. However, early version of the UTF-8 specification got some entries wrong (in some cases it permitted overlong characters). UTF-8 encoders are supposed to use the "shortest possible" encoding, but naive decoders may accept encodings that are longer than necessary. According to the RFC 3629, a particularly subtle form of this attack can be carried out against a parser which performs security-critical validity checks against the UTF-8 encoded form of its input, but interprets certain illegal octet sequences as characters.
CAPEC-81: Web Server Logs Tampering
Web Logs Tampering attacks involve an attacker injecting, deleting or otherwise tampering with the contents of web logs typically for the purposes of masking other malicious behavior. Additionally, writing malicious data to log files may target jobs, filters, reports, and other agents that process the logs in an asynchronous attack pattern. This pattern of attack is similar to "Log Injection-Tampering-Forging" except that in this case, the attack is targeting the logs of the web server and not the application.
CAPEC-83: XPath Injection
An attacker can craft special user-controllable input consisting of XPath expressions to inject the XML database and bypass authentication or glean information that they normally would not be able to. XPath Injection enables an attacker to talk directly to the XML database, thus bypassing the application completely. XPath Injection results from the failure of an application to properly sanitize input used as part of dynamic XPath expressions used to query an XML database.
CAPEC-85: AJAX Footprinting
This attack utilizes the frequent client-server roundtrips in Ajax conversation to scan a system. While Ajax does not open up new vulnerabilities per se, it does optimize them from an attacker point of view. A common first step for an attacker is to footprint the target environment to understand what attacks will work. Since footprinting relies on enumeration, the conversational pattern of rapid, multiple requests and responses that are typical in Ajax applications enable an attacker to look for many vulnerabilities, well-known ports, network locations and so on. The knowledge gained through Ajax fingerprinting can be used to support other attacks, such as XSS.
CAPEC-88: OS Command Injection
In this type of an attack, an adversary injects operating system commands into existing application functions. An application that uses untrusted input to build command strings is vulnerable. An adversary can leverage OS command injection in an application to elevate privileges, execute arbitrary commands and compromise the underlying operating system.
CAPEC-9: Buffer Overflow in Local Command-Line Utilities
This attack targets command-line utilities available in a number of shells. An adversary can leverage a vulnerability found in a command-line utility to escalate privilege to root.