Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-125
AllowedOut-of-bounds Read
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The product reads data past the end, or before the beginning, of the intended buffer.
11369 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-GGW9-JVX5-HGGR
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 01:39 – Updated: 2022-05-14 01:39
VLAI
Details
An issue was discovered in NTPsec before 1.1.3. process_control() in ntp_control.c has a stack-based buffer over-read because attacker-controlled data is dereferenced by ntohl() in ntpd.
Severity
9.1 (Critical)
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2019-6444"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2019-01-16T05:29:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "An issue was discovered in NTPsec before 1.1.3. process_control() in ntp_control.c has a stack-based buffer over-read because attacker-controlled data is dereferenced by ntohl() in ntpd.",
"id": "GHSA-ggw9-jvx5-hggr",
"modified": "2022-05-14T01:39:41Z",
"published": "2022-05-14T01:39:41Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-6444"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://dumpco.re/blog/ntpsec-bugs"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://dumpco.re/bugs/ntpsec-oobread2"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/ntpsec/ntpsec/blob/NTPsec_1_1_3/NEWS"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/46176"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-GGWH-2PQ9-8M4P
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-12-04 03:30 – Updated: 2023-12-07 18:30
VLAI
Details
In TeleService, there is a possible out of bounds read due to a missing bounds check. This could lead to local denial of service with System execution privileges needed
Severity
4.4 (Medium)
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-42726"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-12-04T01:15:11Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "In TeleService, there is a possible out of bounds read due to a missing bounds check. This could lead to local denial of service with System execution privileges needed",
"id": "GHSA-ggwh-2pq9-8m4p",
"modified": "2023-12-07T18:30:27Z",
"published": "2023-12-04T03:30:27Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-42726"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.unisoc.com/en_us/secy/announcementDetail/https://www.unisoc.com/en_us/secy/announcementDetail/1731138365803266049"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-GGXJ-X4RP-877F
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:27 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:27
VLAI
Details
Google Chrome before 17.0.963.46 does not properly decode audio data, which allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (out-of-bounds read) via unspecified vectors.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2011-3960"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2012-02-09T04:10:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Google Chrome before 17.0.963.46 does not properly decode audio data, which allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (out-of-bounds read) via unspecified vectors.",
"id": "GHSA-ggxj-x4rp-877f",
"modified": "2022-05-13T01:27:13Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T01:27:13Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2011-3960"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://oval.cisecurity.org/repository/search/definition/oval%3Aorg.mitre.oval%3Adef%3A14921"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://code.google.com/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=108416"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://googlechromereleases.blogspot.com/2012/02/stable-channel-update.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-GH3G-7FXJ-MGH8
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-01-14 00:01 – Updated: 2022-01-15 00:02
VLAI
Details
This vulnerability allows remote attackers to disclose sensitive information on affected installations of Bentley View 10.15.0.75. User interaction is required to exploit this vulnerability in that the target must visit a malicious page or open a malicious file. The specific flaw exists within the parsing of DGN files. The issue results from the lack of proper validation of user-supplied data, which can result in a read past the end of an allocated buffer. An attacker can leverage this in conjunction with other vulnerabilities to execute arbitrary code in the context of the current process. Was ZDI-CAN-14883.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-34910"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-01-13T22:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "This vulnerability allows remote attackers to disclose sensitive information on affected installations of Bentley View 10.15.0.75. User interaction is required to exploit this vulnerability in that the target must visit a malicious page or open a malicious file. The specific flaw exists within the parsing of DGN files. The issue results from the lack of proper validation of user-supplied data, which can result in a read past the end of an allocated buffer. An attacker can leverage this in conjunction with other vulnerabilities to execute arbitrary code in the context of the current process. Was ZDI-CAN-14883.",
"id": "GHSA-gh3g-7fxj-mgh8",
"modified": "2022-01-15T00:02:21Z",
"published": "2022-01-14T00:01:24Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-34910"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.bentley.com/en/common-vulnerability-exposure/BE-2021-0009"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.zerodayinitiative.com/advisories/ZDI-21-1499"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-GH3V-MV9P-HFFW
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-02-14 00:30 – Updated: 2025-03-18 18:30
VLAI
Details
Mercedes-Benz head-unit NTG6 contains functions to import or export profile settings over USB. Inside profile folder there is a file, which is encoded with proprietary UD2 codec. Due to missed size checks in the enapsulate file, attacker can achieve Out-of-Bound Read in heap memory.
Severity
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-34401"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-02-13T23:15:08Z",
"severity": "LOW"
},
"details": "Mercedes-Benz head-unit NTG6 contains functions to import or export profile settings over USB. Inside profile folder there is a file, which is encoded with proprietary UD2 codec. Due to missed size checks in the enapsulate file, attacker can achieve Out-of-Bound Read in heap memory.",
"id": "GHSA-gh3v-mv9p-hffw",
"modified": "2025-03-18T18:30:48Z",
"published": "2025-02-14T00:30:44Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-34401"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://securelist.com/mercedes-benz-head-unit-security-research/115218"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-GH4F-5MQ5-PPHC
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:01 – Updated: 2024-04-04 02:39
VLAI
Details
Adobe Media Encoder versions 13.1 and earlier have an out-of-bounds read vulnerability. Successful exploitation could lead to information disclosure.
Severity
4.3 (Medium)
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2019-8241"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2019-11-14T16:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Adobe Media Encoder versions 13.1 and earlier have an out-of-bounds read vulnerability. Successful exploitation could lead to information disclosure.",
"id": "GHSA-gh4f-5mq5-pphc",
"modified": "2024-04-04T02:39:50Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:01:22Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-8241"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://helpx.adobe.com/security/products/media-encoder/apsb19-52.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.zerodayinitiative.com/advisories/ZDI-19-905"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-GH65-7QG5-GFMR
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:03 – Updated: 2025-04-20 03:50
VLAI
Details
In GIMP 2.8.22, there is a heap-based buffer over-read in read_creator_block in plug-ins/common/file-psp.c.
Severity
7.8 (High)
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2017-17787"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2017-12-20T09:29:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "In GIMP 2.8.22, there is a heap-based buffer over-read in read_creator_block in plug-ins/common/file-psp.c.",
"id": "GHSA-gh65-7qg5-gfmr",
"modified": "2025-04-20T03:50:10Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T01:03:53Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-17787"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.gnome.org/show_bug.cgi?id=790853"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2017/12/msg00023.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://usn.ubuntu.com/3539-1"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.debian.org/security/2017/dsa-4077"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2017/12/19/5"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-GH6X-4WHR-2QV4
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2021-08-25 14:44 – Updated: 2024-11-13 16:33
VLAI
Summary
Null pointer dereference and heap OOB read in operations restoring tensors
Details
Impact
When restoring tensors via raw APIs, if the tensor name is not provided, TensorFlow can be tricked into dereferencing a null pointer:
import tensorflow as tf
tf.raw_ops.Restore(
file_pattern=['/tmp'],
tensor_name=[],
default_value=21,
dt=tf.int,
preferred_shard=1)
The same undefined behavior can be triggered by tf.raw_ops.RestoreSlice:
import tensorflow as tf
tf.raw_ops.RestoreSlice(
file_pattern=['/tmp'],
tensor_name=[],
shape_and_slice='2',
dt=inp.array([tf.int]),
preferred_shard=1)
Alternatively, attackers can read memory outside the bounds of heap allocated data by providing some tensor names but not enough for a successful restoration:
import tensorflow as tf
tf.raw_ops.Restore(
file_pattern=['/tmp'],
tensor_name=['x'],
default_value=21,
dt=tf.int,
preferred_shard=42)
The implementation retrieves the tensor list corresponding to the tensor_name user controlled input and immediately retrieves the tensor at the restoration index (controlled via preferred_shard argument). This occurs without validating that the provided list has enough values.
If the list is empty this results in dereferencing a null pointer (undefined behavior). If, however, the list has some elements, if the restoration index is outside the bounds this results in heap OOB read.
Patches
We have patched the issue in GitHub commit 9e82dce6e6bd1f36a57e08fa85af213e2b2f2622.
The fix will be included in TensorFlow 2.6.0. We will also cherrypick this commit on TensorFlow 2.5.1, TensorFlow 2.4.3, and TensorFlow 2.3.4, as these are also affected and still in supported range.
For more information
Please consult our security guide for more information regarding the security model and how to contact us with issues and questions.
Attribution
This vulnerability has been reported by members of the Aivul Team from Qihoo 360.
Severity
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "tensorflow"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.3.4"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "tensorflow"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "2.4.0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.4.3"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "tensorflow"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "2.5.0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.5.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
],
"versions": [
"2.5.0"
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "tensorflow-cpu"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.3.4"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "tensorflow-cpu"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "2.4.0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.4.3"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "tensorflow-cpu"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "2.5.0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.5.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
],
"versions": [
"2.5.0"
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "tensorflow-gpu"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.3.4"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "tensorflow-gpu"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "2.4.0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.4.3"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "tensorflow-gpu"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "2.5.0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.5.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
],
"versions": [
"2.5.0"
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-37639"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125",
"CWE-476"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2021-08-23T18:18:09Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2021-08-12T19:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "### Impact\nWhen restoring tensors via raw APIs, if the tensor name is not provided, TensorFlow can be tricked into dereferencing a null pointer:\n\n```python\nimport tensorflow as tf\n\ntf.raw_ops.Restore(\n file_pattern=[\u0027/tmp\u0027],\n tensor_name=[], \n default_value=21,\n dt=tf.int,\n preferred_shard=1)\n```\n \nThe same undefined behavior can be triggered by `tf.raw_ops.RestoreSlice`:\n \n```python\nimport tensorflow as tf\n\ntf.raw_ops.RestoreSlice(\n file_pattern=[\u0027/tmp\u0027],\n tensor_name=[], \n shape_and_slice=\u00272\u0027,\n dt=inp.array([tf.int]),\n preferred_shard=1)\n```\n\nAlternatively, attackers can read memory outside the bounds of heap allocated data by providing some tensor names but not enough for a successful restoration:\n\n```python\nimport tensorflow as tf\n\ntf.raw_ops.Restore(\n file_pattern=[\u0027/tmp\u0027],\n tensor_name=[\u0027x\u0027], \n default_value=21,\n dt=tf.int,\n preferred_shard=42)\n```\n \nThe [implementation](https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/blob/47a06f40411a69c99f381495f490536972152ac0/tensorflow/core/kernels/save_restore_tensor.cc#L158-L159) retrieves the tensor list corresponding to the `tensor_name` user controlled input and immediately retrieves the tensor at the restoration index (controlled via `preferred_shard` argument). This occurs without validating that the provided list has enough values.\n\nIf the list is empty this results in dereferencing a null pointer (undefined behavior). If, however, the list has some elements, if the restoration index is outside the bounds this results in heap OOB read.\n\n### Patches \nWe have patched the issue in GitHub commit [9e82dce6e6bd1f36a57e08fa85af213e2b2f2622](https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/commit/9e82dce6e6bd1f36a57e08fa85af213e2b2f2622).\n\nThe fix will be included in TensorFlow 2.6.0. We will also cherrypick this commit on TensorFlow 2.5.1, TensorFlow 2.4.3, and TensorFlow 2.3.4, as these are also affected and still in supported range.\n\n### For more information \nPlease consult [our security guide](https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/blob/master/SECURITY.md) for more information regarding the security model and how to contact us with issues and questions.\n\n### Attribution\nThis vulnerability has been reported by members of the Aivul Team from Qihoo 360.",
"id": "GHSA-gh6x-4whr-2qv4",
"modified": "2024-11-13T16:33:01Z",
"published": "2021-08-25T14:44:05Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/security/advisories/GHSA-gh6x-4whr-2qv4"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-37639"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/commit/9e82dce6e6bd1f36a57e08fa85af213e2b2f2622"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/pypa/advisory-database/tree/main/vulns/tensorflow-cpu/PYSEC-2021-552.yaml"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/pypa/advisory-database/tree/main/vulns/tensorflow-gpu/PYSEC-2021-750.yaml"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/pypa/advisory-database/tree/main/vulns/tensorflow/PYSEC-2021-261.yaml"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "Null pointer dereference and heap OOB read in operations restoring tensors"
}
GHSA-GH7G-5PPC-R4W8
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-03-06 06:30 – Updated: 2025-03-06 06:30
VLAI
Details
Out-of-bounds read in applying binary of text data in Samsung Notes prior to version 4.4.26.71 allows local attackers to potentially read memory.
Severity
5.5 (Medium)
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-20925"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-03-06T05:15:20Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Out-of-bounds read in applying binary of text data in Samsung Notes prior to version 4.4.26.71 allows local attackers to potentially read memory.",
"id": "GHSA-gh7g-5ppc-r4w8",
"modified": "2025-03-06T06:30:52Z",
"published": "2025-03-06T06:30:52Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-20925"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.samsungmobile.com/serviceWeb.smsb?year=2025\u0026month=03"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-GH7M-VW43-Q768
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:08 – Updated: 2022-05-24 19:08
VLAI
Details
An issue has been found in function ObjectStream::getObject in PDF2JSON 0.70 that allows attackers to cause a Denial of Service due to an invalid read of size 4 .
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-19465"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-07-21T18:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "An issue has been found in function ObjectStream::getObject in PDF2JSON 0.70 that allows attackers to cause a Denial of Service due to an invalid read of size 4 .",
"id": "GHSA-gh7m-vw43-q768",
"modified": "2022-05-24T19:08:33Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T19:08:33Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-19465"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/flexpaper/pdf2json/issues/26"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
Mitigation MIT-5
Implementation
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- To reduce the likelihood of introducing an out-of-bounds read, ensure that you validate and ensure correct calculations for any length argument, buffer size calculation, or offset. Be especially careful of relying on a sentinel (i.e. special character such as NUL) in untrusted inputs.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
Strategy: Language Selection
Use a language that provides appropriate memory abstractions.
CAPEC-540: Overread Buffers
An adversary attacks a target by providing input that causes an application to read beyond the boundary of a defined buffer. This typically occurs when a value influencing where to start or stop reading is set to reflect positions outside of the valid memory location of the buffer. This type of attack may result in exposure of sensitive information, a system crash, or arbitrary code execution.