Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-125

Allowed

Out-of-bounds Read

Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft

The product reads data past the end, or before the beginning, of the intended buffer.

11464 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-53CJ-VHVG-MMQF

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:37 – Updated: 2025-09-30 15:30
VLAI
Details

An issue was discovered in Treck IPv6 before 6.0.1.68. Improper input validation in the IPv6 component when handling a packet sent by an unauthenticated remote attacker could result in an out-of-bounds read of up to three bytes via network access.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2020-27336"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-125",
      "CWE-20"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2020-12-22T22:15:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "An issue was discovered in Treck IPv6 before 6.0.1.68. Improper input validation in the IPv6 component when handling a packet sent by an unauthenticated remote attacker could result in an out-of-bounds read of up to three bytes via network access.",
  "id": "GHSA-53cj-vhvg-mmqf",
  "modified": "2025-09-30T15:30:26Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T17:37:05Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-27336"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20210201-0003"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://treck.com/vulnerability-response-information"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-53FG-3J53-939Q

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:16 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:16
VLAI
Details

libcurl versions from 7.36.0 to before 7.64.0 is vulnerable to a heap buffer out-of-bounds read. The function handling incoming NTLM type-2 messages (lib/vauth/ntlm.c:ntlm_decode_type2_target) does not validate incoming data correctly and is subject to an integer overflow vulnerability. Using that overflow, a malicious or broken NTLM server could trick libcurl to accept a bad length + offset combination that would lead to a buffer read out-of-bounds.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2018-16890"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-125"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2019-02-06T20:29:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "libcurl versions from 7.36.0 to before 7.64.0 is vulnerable to a heap buffer out-of-bounds read. The function handling incoming NTLM type-2 messages (`lib/vauth/ntlm.c:ntlm_decode_type2_target`) does not validate incoming data correctly and is subject to an integer overflow vulnerability. Using that overflow, a malicious or broken NTLM server could trick libcurl to accept a bad length + offset combination that would lead to a buffer read out-of-bounds.",
  "id": "GHSA-53fg-3j53-939q",
  "modified": "2022-05-13T01:16:11Z",
  "published": "2022-05-13T01:16:11Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-16890"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2019:3701"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=CVE-2018-16890"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/pdf/ssa-436177.pdf"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://curl.haxx.se/docs/CVE-2018-16890.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/8338a0f605bdbb3a6098bb76f666a95fc2b2f53f37fa1ecc89f1146f@%3Cdevnull.infra.apache.org%3E"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20190315-0001"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://support.f5.com/csp/article/K03314397?utm_source=f5support\u0026amp;utm_medium=RSS"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://usn.ubuntu.com/3882-1"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.debian.org/security/2019/dsa-4386"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.oracle.com/technetwork/security-advisory/cpuapr2019-5072813.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.oracle.com/technetwork/security-advisory/cpujul2019-5072835.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/106947"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-53FQ-6GVW-6F7X

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 16:54 – Updated: 2022-05-24 16:54
VLAI
Details

Adobe Acrobat and Reader versions, 2019.012.20035 and earlier, 2019.012.20035 and earlier, 2017.011.30142 and earlier, 2017.011.30143 and earlier, 2017.011.30142 and earlier, 2015.006.30497 and earlier, and 2015.006.30498 and earlier have an out-of-bounds read vulnerability. Successful exploitation could lead to information disclosure.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2019-8104"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-125"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2019-08-20T21:15:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Adobe Acrobat and Reader versions, 2019.012.20035 and earlier, 2019.012.20035 and earlier, 2017.011.30142 and earlier, 2017.011.30143 and earlier, 2017.011.30142 and earlier, 2015.006.30497 and earlier, and 2015.006.30498 and earlier have an out-of-bounds read vulnerability. Successful exploitation could lead to information disclosure.",
  "id": "GHSA-53fq-6gvw-6f7x",
  "modified": "2022-05-24T16:54:18Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T16:54:18Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-8104"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://helpx.adobe.com/security/products/acrobat/apsb19-41.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-53G3-2VVV-QWW7

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:25 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:25
VLAI
Details

Netwide Assembler (NASM) 2.13.02rc2 has a buffer over-read in the parse_line function in asm/parser.c via uncontrolled access to nasm_reg_flags.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2018-8883"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-125"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2018-03-20T23:29:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Netwide Assembler (NASM) 2.13.02rc2 has a buffer over-read in the parse_line function in asm/parser.c via uncontrolled access to nasm_reg_flags.",
  "id": "GHSA-53g3-2vvv-qww7",
  "modified": "2022-05-13T01:25:21Z",
  "published": "2022-05-13T01:25:21Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-8883"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://bugzilla.nasm.us/show_bug.cgi?id=3392447"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2020-07/msg00015.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2020-07/msg00017.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-53G4-Q78R-C9WC

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 16:46 – Updated: 2024-04-04 00:47
VLAI
Details

While processing ssid IE length from remote AP, possible out-of-bounds access may occur due to crafted ssid IE length in Snapdragon Auto, Snapdragon Consumer Electronics Connectivity, Snapdragon Consumer IOT, Snapdragon Industrial IOT, Snapdragon IoT, Snapdragon Mobile, Snapdragon Voice & Music, Snapdragon Wearables in MDM9150, MDM9206, MDM9607, MDM9640, MDM9650, MSM8909W, MSM8996AU, QCA6174A, QCA6574AU, QCA9377, QCA9379, Qualcomm 215, SD 210/SD 212/SD 205, SD 425, SD 439 / SD 429, SD 450, SD 615/16/SD 415, SD 625, SD 632, SD 650/52, SD 820, SD 820A, SDM439, SDX20

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2018-11953"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-125"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2019-05-24T17:29:00Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "While processing ssid IE length from remote AP, possible out-of-bounds access may occur due to crafted ssid IE length in Snapdragon Auto, Snapdragon Consumer Electronics Connectivity, Snapdragon Consumer IOT, Snapdragon Industrial IOT, Snapdragon IoT, Snapdragon Mobile, Snapdragon Voice \u0026 Music, Snapdragon Wearables in MDM9150, MDM9206, MDM9607, MDM9640, MDM9650, MSM8909W, MSM8996AU, QCA6174A, QCA6574AU, QCA9377, QCA9379, Qualcomm 215, SD 210/SD 212/SD 205, SD 425, SD 439 / SD 429, SD 450, SD 615/16/SD 415, SD 625, SD 632, SD 650/52, SD 820, SD 820A, SDM439, SDX20",
  "id": "GHSA-53g4-q78r-c9wc",
  "modified": "2024-04-04T00:47:02Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T16:46:34Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-11953"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.codeaurora.org/security-bulletin/2019/04/01/april-2019-code-aurora-security-bulletin"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-53HW-7R73-89X3

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-12-19 09:30 – Updated: 2025-12-19 09:30
VLAI
Details

A memory corruption vulnerability exists in the 3D annotation handling of Foxit PDF Reader due to insufficient bounds checking when parsing PRC data. When opening a PDF file containing malformed or specially crafted PRC content, out-of-bounds memory access may occur, resulting in memory corruption.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-66497"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-125",
      "CWE-787"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-12-19T07:16:02Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "A memory corruption vulnerability exists in the 3D annotation handling of Foxit PDF Reader due to insufficient bounds checking when parsing PRC data. When opening a PDF file containing malformed or specially crafted PRC content, out-of-bounds memory access may occur, resulting in memory corruption.",
  "id": "GHSA-53hw-7r73-89x3",
  "modified": "2025-12-19T09:30:28Z",
  "published": "2025-12-19T09:30:28Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-66497"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.foxit.com/support/security-bulletins.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-53HW-G4W2-295X

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 03:43 – Updated: 2022-05-14 03:43
VLAI
Details

Huawei DP300, V500R002C00, RP200, V500R002C00, V600R006C00, RSE6500, V500R002C00, TE30, V100R001C02, V100R001C10, V500R002C00, V600R006C00, TE40, V500R002C00, V600R006C00, TE50, V500R002C00, V600R006C00, TE60, V100R001C01, V100R001C10, V500R002C00, V600R006C00, TX50, V500R002C00, V600R006C00, VP9660, V500R002C00, V500R002C10, ViewPoint 8660, V100R008C03, ViewPoint 9030, V100R011C02, V100R011C03, Viewpoint 8660, V100R008C03 have an out-of-bounds read vulnerability. An attacker has to control the peer device and send specially crafted messages to the affected products. Due to insufficient input validation, successful exploit may cause some service abnormal.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2017-15353"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-125"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2018-02-15T16:29:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Huawei DP300, V500R002C00, RP200, V500R002C00, V600R006C00, RSE6500, V500R002C00, TE30, V100R001C02, V100R001C10, V500R002C00, V600R006C00, TE40, V500R002C00, V600R006C00, TE50, V500R002C00, V600R006C00, TE60, V100R001C01, V100R001C10, V500R002C00, V600R006C00, TX50, V500R002C00, V600R006C00, VP9660, V500R002C00, V500R002C10, ViewPoint 8660, V100R008C03, ViewPoint 9030, V100R011C02, V100R011C03, Viewpoint 8660, V100R008C03 have an out-of-bounds read vulnerability. An attacker has to control the peer device and send specially crafted messages to the affected products. Due to insufficient input validation, successful exploit may cause some service abnormal.",
  "id": "GHSA-53hw-g4w2-295x",
  "modified": "2022-05-14T03:43:39Z",
  "published": "2022-05-14T03:43:39Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-15353"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.huawei.com/en/psirt/security-advisories/huawei-sa-20171115-01-h323-en"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-53MG-6XCJ-RXJQ

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:09 – Updated: 2025-04-12 13:03
VLAI
Details

idn in libidn before 1.33 might allow remote attackers to obtain sensitive memory information by reading a zero byte as input, which triggers an out-of-bounds read, a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-8948.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2016-6262"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-125"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2016-09-07T20:59:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "idn in libidn before 1.33 might allow remote attackers to obtain sensitive memory information by reading a zero byte as input, which triggers an out-of-bounds read, a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-8948.",
  "id": "GHSA-53mg-6xcj-rxjq",
  "modified": "2025-04-12T13:03:54Z",
  "published": "2022-05-13T01:09:04Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2016-6262"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/r58af02e294bd07f487e2c64ffc0a29b837db5600e33b6e698b9d696b%40%3Cissues.bookkeeper.apache.org%3E"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/r58af02e294bd07f487e2c64ffc0a29b837db5600e33b6e698b9d696b@%3Cissues.bookkeeper.apache.org%3E"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/rf4c02775860db415b4955778a131c2795223f61cb8c6a450893651e4%40%3Cissues.bookkeeper.apache.org%3E"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/rf4c02775860db415b4955778a131c2795223f61cb8c6a450893651e4@%3Cissues.bookkeeper.apache.org%3E"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/help-libidn/2016-07/msg00009.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/libidn.git/commit/?id=5e3cb9c7b5bf0ce665b9d68f5ddf095af5c9ba60"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-updates/2016-08/msg00005.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-updates/2016-08/msg00098.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2016/07/20/6"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2016/07/21/4"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/92070"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.ubuntu.com/usn/USN-3068-1"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-53P4-QM3J-Q67H

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 01:58 – Updated: 2022-05-17 01:58
VLAI
Details

The row_is_empty function in base/4bitmap.c:274 in minidjvu 0.8 can cause a denial of service (invalid memory read and application crash) via a crafted djvu file.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2017-12441"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-125"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2017-08-17T16:29:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "The row_is_empty function in base/4bitmap.c:274 in minidjvu 0.8 can cause a denial of service (invalid memory read and application crash) via a crafted djvu file.",
  "id": "GHSA-53p4-qm3j-q67h",
  "modified": "2022-05-17T01:58:39Z",
  "published": "2022-05-17T01:58:39Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-12441"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2017/Aug/15"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/100419"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-53PC-8XR3-68WX

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-11-03 09:32 – Updated: 2024-08-21 18:31
VLAI
Details

An out-of-bounds (OOB) memory read flaw was found in parse_lease_state in the KSMBD implementation of the in-kernel samba server and CIFS in the Linux kernel. When an attacker sends the CREATE command with a malformed payload to KSMBD, due to a missing check of NameOffset in the parse_lease_state() function, the create_context object can access invalid memory.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-1194"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-125",
      "CWE-416"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-11-03T08:15:07Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "An out-of-bounds (OOB) memory read flaw was found in parse_lease_state in the KSMBD implementation of the in-kernel samba server and CIFS in the Linux kernel. When an attacker sends the CREATE command with a malformed payload to KSMBD, due to a missing check of `NameOffset` in the `parse_lease_state()` function, the `create_context` object can access invalid memory.",
  "id": "GHSA-53pc-8xr3-68wx",
  "modified": "2024-08-21T18:31:25Z",
  "published": "2023-11-03T09:32:49Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-1194"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2023-1194"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2154176"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20231221-0006"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.spinics.net/lists/stable-commits/msg303065.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

Mitigation MIT-5
Implementation

Strategy: Input Validation

  • Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
  • When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
  • Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
  • To reduce the likelihood of introducing an out-of-bounds read, ensure that you validate and ensure correct calculations for any length argument, buffer size calculation, or offset. Be especially careful of relying on a sentinel (i.e. special character such as NUL) in untrusted inputs.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Language Selection

Use a language that provides appropriate memory abstractions.

CAPEC-540: Overread Buffers

An adversary attacks a target by providing input that causes an application to read beyond the boundary of a defined buffer. This typically occurs when a value influencing where to start or stop reading is set to reflect positions outside of the valid memory location of the buffer. This type of attack may result in exposure of sensitive information, a system crash, or arbitrary code execution.