{
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              "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH",
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              "scope": "UNCHANGED",
              "userInteraction": "NONE",
              "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
              "version": "3.1"
            }
          },
          {
            "other": {
              "content": {
                "id": "CVE-2025-21812",
                "options": [
                  {
                    "Exploitation": "none"
                  },
                  {
                    "Automatable": "no"
                  },
                  {
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            "net/ax25/ax25_ip.c",
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                  "vulnerable": true
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                {
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              "operator": "OR"
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      ],
      "descriptions": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nax25: rcu protect dev-\u003eax25_ptr\n\nsyzbot found a lockdep issue [1].\n\nWe should remove ax25 RTNL dependency in ax25_setsockopt()\n\nThis should also fix a variety of possible UAF in ax25.\n\n[1]\n\nWARNING: possible circular locking dependency detected\n6.13.0-rc3-syzkaller-00762-g9268abe611b0 #0 Not tainted\n------------------------------------------------------\nsyz.5.1818/12806 is trying to acquire lock:\n ffffffff8fcb3988 (rtnl_mutex){+.+.}-{4:4}, at: ax25_setsockopt+0xa55/0xe90 net/ax25/af_ax25.c:680\n\nbut task is already holding lock:\n ffff8880617ac258 (sk_lock-AF_AX25){+.+.}-{0:0}, at: lock_sock include/net/sock.h:1618 [inline]\n ffff8880617ac258 (sk_lock-AF_AX25){+.+.}-{0:0}, at: ax25_setsockopt+0x209/0xe90 net/ax25/af_ax25.c:574\n\nwhich lock already depends on the new lock.\n\nthe existing dependency chain (in reverse order) is:\n\n-\u003e #1 (sk_lock-AF_AX25){+.+.}-{0:0}:\n        lock_acquire+0x1ed/0x550 kernel/locking/lockdep.c:5849\n        lock_sock_nested+0x48/0x100 net/core/sock.c:3642\n        lock_sock include/net/sock.h:1618 [inline]\n        ax25_kill_by_device net/ax25/af_ax25.c:101 [inline]\n        ax25_device_event+0x24d/0x580 net/ax25/af_ax25.c:146\n        notifier_call_chain+0x1a5/0x3f0 kernel/notifier.c:85\n       __dev_notify_flags+0x207/0x400\n        dev_change_flags+0xf0/0x1a0 net/core/dev.c:9026\n        dev_ifsioc+0x7c8/0xe70 net/core/dev_ioctl.c:563\n        dev_ioctl+0x719/0x1340 net/core/dev_ioctl.c:820\n        sock_do_ioctl+0x240/0x460 net/socket.c:1234\n        sock_ioctl+0x626/0x8e0 net/socket.c:1339\n        vfs_ioctl fs/ioctl.c:51 [inline]\n        __do_sys_ioctl fs/ioctl.c:906 [inline]\n        __se_sys_ioctl+0xf5/0x170 fs/ioctl.c:892\n        do_syscall_x64 arch/x86/entry/common.c:52 [inline]\n        do_syscall_64+0xf3/0x230 arch/x86/entry/common.c:83\n       entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x77/0x7f\n\n-\u003e #0 (rtnl_mutex){+.+.}-{4:4}:\n        check_prev_add kernel/locking/lockdep.c:3161 [inline]\n        check_prevs_add kernel/locking/lockdep.c:3280 [inline]\n        validate_chain+0x18ef/0x5920 kernel/locking/lockdep.c:3904\n        __lock_acquire+0x1397/0x2100 kernel/locking/lockdep.c:5226\n        lock_acquire+0x1ed/0x550 kernel/locking/lockdep.c:5849\n        __mutex_lock_common kernel/locking/mutex.c:585 [inline]\n        __mutex_lock+0x1ac/0xee0 kernel/locking/mutex.c:735\n        ax25_setsockopt+0xa55/0xe90 net/ax25/af_ax25.c:680\n        do_sock_setsockopt+0x3af/0x720 net/socket.c:2324\n        __sys_setsockopt net/socket.c:2349 [inline]\n        __do_sys_setsockopt net/socket.c:2355 [inline]\n        __se_sys_setsockopt net/socket.c:2352 [inline]\n        __x64_sys_setsockopt+0x1ee/0x280 net/socket.c:2352\n        do_syscall_x64 arch/x86/entry/common.c:52 [inline]\n        do_syscall_64+0xf3/0x230 arch/x86/entry/common.c:83\n       entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x77/0x7f\n\nother info that might help us debug this:\n\n Possible unsafe locking scenario:\n\n       CPU0                    CPU1\n       ----                    ----\n  lock(sk_lock-AF_AX25);\n                               lock(rtnl_mutex);\n                               lock(sk_lock-AF_AX25);\n  lock(rtnl_mutex);\n\n *** DEADLOCK ***\n\n1 lock held by syz.5.1818/12806:\n  #0: ffff8880617ac258 (sk_lock-AF_AX25){+.+.}-{0:0}, at: lock_sock include/net/sock.h:1618 [inline]\n  #0: ffff8880617ac258 (sk_lock-AF_AX25){+.+.}-{0:0}, at: ax25_setsockopt+0x209/0xe90 net/ax25/af_ax25.c:574\n\nstack backtrace:\nCPU: 1 UID: 0 PID: 12806 Comm: syz.5.1818 Not tainted 6.13.0-rc3-syzkaller-00762-g9268abe611b0 #0\nHardware name: Google Google Compute Engine/Google Compute Engine, BIOS Google 09/13/2024\nCall Trace:\n \u003cTASK\u003e\n  __dump_stack lib/dump_stack.c:94 [inline]\n  dump_stack_lvl+0x241/0x360 lib/dump_stack.c:120\n  print_circular_bug+0x13a/0x1b0 kernel/locking/lockdep.c:2074\n  check_noncircular+0x36a/0x4a0 kernel/locking/lockdep.c:2206\n  check_prev_add kernel/locking/lockdep.c:3161 [inline]\n  check_prevs_add kernel/lockin\n---truncated---"
        }
      ],
      "metrics": [
        {
          "cvssV3_1": {
            "baseScore": 7.8,
            "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
            "version": "3.1"
          },
          "scenarios": [
            {
              "lang": "en",
              "value": "AV:L - The controllable attack path is an AF_AX25 socket driven by local syscalls (setsockopt SO_BINDTODEVICE, connect/sendmsg autobind, close), which is what both frees the ax25_dev and re-dereferences the dangling dev-\u003eax25_ptr. Although received AX.25 frames also read dev-\u003eax25_ptr in ax25_rcv(), an adjacent radio/L2 peer cannot itself cause the free, so the attacker must be local.\nAC:L - No race needs to be won: SO_BINDTODEVICE stores ax25-\u003eax25_dev without a reference while ax25_release() drops one, so a single setsockopt+close deterministically drives the refcount to zero and kfree()s the object still published in dev-\u003eax25_ptr. The pure device-down race variant is also attacker-driven by spinning setsockopt/connect in a loop.\nPR:L - ax25_create() imposes no capability check for SOCK_DGRAM/SOCK_SEQPACKET, and the AF_AX25 module autoloads via the net-pf-3 alias, so any unprivileged local user in the init namespace can reach every vulnerable path. Root is only needed for the one-time deployment setup of the AX.25 port, not by the attacker.\nUI:N - The entire sequence is performed by the attacker\u0027s own process through socket(), setsockopt(), connect()/sendmsg() and close(); no victim action is involved.\nS:U - The freed ax25_dev and the corrupted kernel heap are entirely within the kernel\u0027s own security authority, with no crossing of a VM, IOMMU, or sandbox boundary.\nC:H - After the free, ax25_fillin_cb() copies bytes from the reclaimed slab object into the socket\u0027s t1/t2/t3/n2/paclen/window/backoff fields, which userspace reads back with getsockopt() \u2014 a direct kernel heap disclosure \u2014 and the general UAF read of ax25_dev-\u003edev/-\u003eforward enables broader information leakage.\nI:H - The dangling pointer yields repeated refcount_dec() and stores to ax25_dev-\u003eforward and -\u003edevice_up into memory that has been reallocated for other kernel objects, giving a controlled decrement/write primitive on a groomed heap that is exploitable for privilege escalation.\nA:H - Dereferencing and freeing the already-freed ax25_dev reliably produces a kernel oops/panic (and netdev refcount underflow), and the same commit fixes a genuine sk_lock-AF_AX25 versus rtnl_mutex ABBA deadlock that permanently wedges the rtnl mutex and with it the entire networking stack."
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "providerMetadata": {
        "dateUpdated": "2026-08-05T11:54:40.014Z",
        "orgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
        "shortName": "Linux"
      },
      "references": [
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/2802ed4ced27ebd474828fc67ffd7d66f11e3605"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/7705d8a7f2c26c80973c81093db07c6022b2b30e"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/8937f5e38a218531dce2a89fae60e3adcc2311e1"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/c2531db6de3c95551be58878f859c6a053b7eb2e"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/95fc45d1dea8e1253f8ec58abc5befb71553d666"
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      ],
      "title": "ax25: rcu protect dev-\u003eax25_ptr",
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  },
  "cveMetadata": {
    "assignerOrgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
    "assignerShortName": "Linux",
    "cveId": "CVE-2025-21812",
    "datePublished": "2025-02-27T20:01:02.837Z",
    "dateReserved": "2024-12-29T08:45:45.774Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-08-05T11:54:40.014Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
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}

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          "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nKVM: x86: Load DR6 with guest value only before entering .vcpu_run() loop\n\nMove the conditional loading of hardware DR6 with the guest\u0027s DR6 value\nout of the core .vcpu_run() loop to fix a bug where KVM can load hardware\nwith a stale vcpu-\u003earch.dr6.\n\nWhen the guest accesses a DR and host userspace isn\u0027t debugging the guest,\nKVM disables DR interception and loads the guest\u0027s values into hardware on\nVM-Enter and saves them on VM-Exit.  This allows the guest to access DRs\nat will, e.g. so that a sequence of DR accesses to configure a breakpoint\nonly generates one VM-Exit.\n\nFor DR0-DR3, the logic/behavior is identical between VMX and SVM, and also\nidentical between KVM_DEBUGREG_BP_ENABLED (userspace debugging the guest)\nand KVM_DEBUGREG_WONT_EXIT (guest using DRs), and so KVM handles loading\nDR0-DR3 in common code, _outside_ of the core kvm_x86_ops.vcpu_run() loop.\n\nBut for DR6, the guest\u0027s value doesn\u0027t need to be loaded into hardware for\nKVM_DEBUGREG_BP_ENABLED, and SVM provides a dedicated VMCB field whereas\nVMX requires software to manually load the guest value, and so loading the\nguest\u0027s value into DR6 is handled by {svm,vmx}_vcpu_run(), i.e. is done\n_inside_ the core run loop.\n\nUnfortunately, saving the guest values on VM-Exit is initiated by common\nx86, again outside of the core run loop.  If the guest modifies DR6 (in\nhardware, when DR interception is disabled), and then the next VM-Exit is\na fastpath VM-Exit, KVM will reload hardware DR6 with vcpu-\u003earch.dr6 and\nclobber the guest\u0027s actual value.\n\nThe bug shows up primarily with nested VMX because KVM handles the VMX\npreemption timer in the fastpath, and the window between hardware DR6\nbeing modified (in guest context) and DR6 being read by guest software is\norders of magnitude larger in a nested setup.  E.g. in non-nested, the\nVMX preemption timer would need to fire precisely between #DB injection\nand the #DB handler\u0027s read of DR6, whereas with a KVM-on-KVM setup, the\nwindow where hardware DR6 is \"dirty\" extends all the way from L1 writing\nDR6 to VMRESUME (in L1).\n\n    L1\u0027s view:\n    ==========\n    \u003cL1 disables DR interception\u003e\n           CPU 0/KVM-7289    [023] d....  2925.640961: kvm_entry: vcpu 0\n A:  L1 Writes DR6\n           CPU 0/KVM-7289    [023] d....  2925.640963: \u003chack\u003e: Set DRs, DR6 = 0xffff0ff1\n\n B:        CPU 0/KVM-7289    [023] d....  2925.640967: kvm_exit: vcpu 0 reason EXTERNAL_INTERRUPT intr_info 0x800000ec\n\n D: L1 reads DR6, arch.dr6 = 0\n           CPU 0/KVM-7289    [023] d....  2925.640969: \u003chack\u003e: Sync DRs, DR6 = 0xffff0ff0\n\n           CPU 0/KVM-7289    [023] d....  2925.640976: kvm_entry: vcpu 0\n    L2 reads DR6, L1 disables DR interception\n           CPU 0/KVM-7289    [023] d....  2925.640980: kvm_exit: vcpu 0 reason DR_ACCESS info1 0x0000000000000216\n           CPU 0/KVM-7289    [023] d....  2925.640983: kvm_entry: vcpu 0\n\n           CPU 0/KVM-7289    [023] d....  2925.640983: \u003chack\u003e: Set DRs, DR6 = 0xffff0ff0\n\n    L2 detects failure\n           CPU 0/KVM-7289    [023] d....  2925.640987: kvm_exit: vcpu 0 reason HLT\n    L1 reads DR6 (confirms failure)\n           CPU 0/KVM-7289    [023] d....  2925.640990: \u003chack\u003e: Sync DRs, DR6 = 0xffff0ff0\n\n    L0\u0027s view:\n    ==========\n    L2 reads DR6, arch.dr6 = 0\n          CPU 23/KVM-5046    [001] d....  3410.005610: kvm_exit: vcpu 23 reason DR_ACCESS info1 0x0000000000000216\n          CPU 23/KVM-5046    [001] .....  3410.005610: kvm_nested_vmexit: vcpu 23 reason DR_ACCESS info1 0x0000000000000216\n\n    L2 =\u003e L1 nested VM-Exit\n          CPU 23/KVM-5046    [001] .....  3410.005610: kvm_nested_vmexit_inject: reason: DR_ACCESS ext_inf1: 0x0000000000000216\n\n          CPU 23/KVM-5046    [001] d....  3410.005610: kvm_entry: vcpu 23\n          CPU 23/KVM-5046    [001] d....  3410.005611: kvm_exit: vcpu 23 reason VMREAD\n          CPU 23/KVM-5046    [001] d....  3410.005611: kvm_entry: vcpu 23\n          CPU 23/KVM-5046    [001] d....  3410.\n---truncated---"
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              "value": "AV:L - Reaching the flaw requires executing code inside a KVM guest (or local access to /dev/kvm to start one); the DR access, the DR6 write, and the fastpath-inducing WRMSR/HLT are all local CPU instructions with no network component.\nAC:L - A guest at CPL0 controls both halves deterministically \u2014 it writes DR6, then forces a fastpath exit via WRMSR TSC_DEADLINE, an x2APIC self-IPI, or HLT, guaranteeing the stale reload on re-entry; under nested virt the dirty-DR6 window is enormous, and the bug also fires spontaneously under ordinary timer/idle activity.\nPR:L - Only an unprivileged local account is needed \u2014 on the host, /dev/kvm access lets a normal user run arbitrary ring-0 guest code; inside a guest, unprivileged userspace reaches the same state via ptrace POKEUSER on u_debugreg or perf_event_open hardware breakpoints, which make the guest kernel touch DRs and set KVM_DEBUGREG_WONT_EXIT.\nUI:N - The DR access, DR6 write, and fastpath exit are all attacker-initiated; no victim action is required, and the condition additionally arises during normal guest timer and idle operation.\nS:C - The defect is in the host hypervisor (arch/x86/kvm), but the corrupted resource is guest architectural register state, so the impact lands in the guest OS \u2014 a security authority distinct from the host KVM component that contains the bug.\nC:N - The clobbering value is the guest\u0027s own previously saved vcpu-\u003earch.dr6, and vmx_sync_dirty_debug_regs() resets hardware DR6 to DR6_RESERVED before host code runs, so no host or cross-VM data is disclosed.\nI:L - The host silently overwrites a guest architectural register with a stale value, letting an in-guest attacker clear DR_TRAPn bits to hide hardware-breakpoint hits from guest-side debuggers and integrity monitors, or inject spurious trap bits; the modification is confined to DR6 and is not an arbitrary write.\nA:H - Losing a DR_TRAPn bit means the guest\u0027s hw_breakpoint_handler() never sets X86_EFLAGS_RF for an execute breakpoint, so the faulting instruction re-triggers #DB forever and the vCPU hangs; a stale DR_STEP bit trips WARN_ON_ONCE in the guest\u0027s exc_debug_kernel(), panicking the guest under panic_on_warn, and nested hypervisors malfunction outright."
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              "value": "AV:N - The vulnerable code is the TX path of the `lec%d` netdevice, and an unauthenticated remote host reaches it with no local access \u2014 a packet sent to the LANE-attached host elicits a reply transmitted through `lec_start_xmit()` \u2192 `lec_send()`, and in the proxy/bridge mode LANE explicitly supports, a frame received on an Ethernet segment is forwarded straight out the ELAN into the same path. No adjacency is required since a LANE client is an ordinary routed IP host.\nAC:L - The read-after-free is unconditional on every successful send, with no race and no memory-layout precondition: `adummy_send()` and `atmtcp_v_send()` free the skb synchronously and return 0, after which `lec_send()` always dereferences `skb-\u003elen`. Even against hardware ATM drivers that free asynchronously via `vcc-\u003epop()`, the attacker simply drives traffic to hit it repeatedly.\nPR:N - Triggering requires no credentials on the target \u2014 a remote peer merely causes a frame to be transmitted on the emulated LAN. The `capable(CAP_NET_ADMIN)` checks on `ATMLEC_CTRL`/`ATMLEC_DATA` gate only the administrative LANE setup, not the vulnerable transmit path, which is also open to any unprivileged local process via a plain `sendto()`.\nUI:N - No victim action is needed; the freed-object read happens automatically in the netdevice transmit path and in the `lec_arp_check_expire()` workqueue drain.\nS:U - The stale read and the corrupted statistics counter are entirely within the kernel\u0027s own security authority, with no crossing into a hypervisor, IOMMU, or sandbox boundary.\nC:L - The stale `skb-\u003elen` from the freed skbuff is accumulated into `dev-\u003estats.tx_bytes`, which any user can read via `/sys/class/net/lec0/statistics/tx_bytes` or `/proc/net/dev`, yielding a repeatable kernel-heap disclosure \u2014 but it is strictly bounded to 4 bytes from one fixed offset of a `SLAB_NO_MERGE` cache, so it is a limited leak rather than an arbitrary read.\nI:L - Nothing is written into the freed object, so there is no memory corruption or write primitive; the only integrity effect is that attacker-influenced garbage is folded into the interface\u0027s `tx_bytes` counter, falsifying kernel-reported accounting data.\nA:H - This is a genuine use-after-free, and on KASAN- or KFENCE-instrumented kernels the access raises a slab-use-after-free report that panics the machine outright under `panic_on_warn`, which is common in production and CI fleets."
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      "title": "net: atm: fix use after free in lec_send()",
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    "datePublished": "2025-04-03T07:19:06.022Z",
    "dateReserved": "2024-12-29T08:45:45.802Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-08-05T11:55:57.189Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
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{
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          {
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              "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
              "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH",
              "integrityImpact": "HIGH",
              "privilegesRequired": "LOW",
              "scope": "UNCHANGED",
              "userInteraction": "NONE",
              "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
              "version": "3.1"
            }
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          {
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                "id": "CVE-2025-22020",
                "options": [
                  {
                    "Exploitation": "none"
                  },
                  {
                    "Automatable": "no"
                  },
                  {
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                "role": "CISA Coordinator",
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                "description": "CWE-416 Use After Free",
                "lang": "en",
                "type": "CWE"
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          "shortName": "CISA-ADP"
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        "title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment"
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        ],
        "title": "CVE Program Container"
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    ],
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      "descriptions": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nmemstick: rtsx_usb_ms: Fix slab-use-after-free in rtsx_usb_ms_drv_remove\n\nThis fixes the following crash:\n\n==================================================================\nBUG: KASAN: slab-use-after-free in rtsx_usb_ms_poll_card+0x159/0x200 [rtsx_usb_ms]\nRead of size 8 at addr ffff888136335380 by task kworker/6:0/140241\n\nCPU: 6 UID: 0 PID: 140241 Comm: kworker/6:0 Kdump: loaded Tainted: G            E      6.14.0-rc6+ #1\nTainted: [E]=UNSIGNED_MODULE\nHardware name: LENOVO 30FNA1V7CW/1057, BIOS S0EKT54A 07/01/2024\nWorkqueue: events rtsx_usb_ms_poll_card [rtsx_usb_ms]\nCall Trace:\n \u003cTASK\u003e\n dump_stack_lvl+0x51/0x70\n print_address_description.constprop.0+0x27/0x320\n ? rtsx_usb_ms_poll_card+0x159/0x200 [rtsx_usb_ms]\n print_report+0x3e/0x70\n kasan_report+0xab/0xe0\n ? rtsx_usb_ms_poll_card+0x159/0x200 [rtsx_usb_ms]\n rtsx_usb_ms_poll_card+0x159/0x200 [rtsx_usb_ms]\n ? __pfx_rtsx_usb_ms_poll_card+0x10/0x10 [rtsx_usb_ms]\n ? __pfx___schedule+0x10/0x10\n ? kick_pool+0x3b/0x270\n process_one_work+0x357/0x660\n worker_thread+0x390/0x4c0\n ? __pfx_worker_thread+0x10/0x10\n kthread+0x190/0x1d0\n ? __pfx_kthread+0x10/0x10\n ret_from_fork+0x2d/0x50\n ? __pfx_kthread+0x10/0x10\n ret_from_fork_asm+0x1a/0x30\n \u003c/TASK\u003e\n\nAllocated by task 161446:\n kasan_save_stack+0x20/0x40\n kasan_save_track+0x10/0x30\n __kasan_kmalloc+0x7b/0x90\n __kmalloc_noprof+0x1a7/0x470\n memstick_alloc_host+0x1f/0xe0 [memstick]\n rtsx_usb_ms_drv_probe+0x47/0x320 [rtsx_usb_ms]\n platform_probe+0x60/0xe0\n call_driver_probe+0x35/0x120\n really_probe+0x123/0x410\n __driver_probe_device+0xc7/0x1e0\n driver_probe_device+0x49/0xf0\n __device_attach_driver+0xc6/0x160\n bus_for_each_drv+0xe4/0x160\n __device_attach+0x13a/0x2b0\n bus_probe_device+0xbd/0xd0\n device_add+0x4a5/0x760\n platform_device_add+0x189/0x370\n mfd_add_device+0x587/0x5e0\n mfd_add_devices+0xb1/0x130\n rtsx_usb_probe+0x28e/0x2e0 [rtsx_usb]\n usb_probe_interface+0x15c/0x460\n call_driver_probe+0x35/0x120\n really_probe+0x123/0x410\n __driver_probe_device+0xc7/0x1e0\n driver_probe_device+0x49/0xf0\n __device_attach_driver+0xc6/0x160\n bus_for_each_drv+0xe4/0x160\n __device_attach+0x13a/0x2b0\n rebind_marked_interfaces.isra.0+0xcc/0x110\n usb_reset_device+0x352/0x410\n usbdev_do_ioctl+0xe5c/0x1860\n usbdev_ioctl+0xa/0x20\n __x64_sys_ioctl+0xc5/0xf0\n do_syscall_64+0x59/0x170\n entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x76/0x7e\n\nFreed by task 161506:\n kasan_save_stack+0x20/0x40\n kasan_save_track+0x10/0x30\n kasan_save_free_info+0x36/0x60\n __kasan_slab_free+0x34/0x50\n kfree+0x1fd/0x3b0\n device_release+0x56/0xf0\n kobject_cleanup+0x73/0x1c0\n rtsx_usb_ms_drv_remove+0x13d/0x220 [rtsx_usb_ms]\n platform_remove+0x2f/0x50\n device_release_driver_internal+0x24b/0x2e0\n bus_remove_device+0x124/0x1d0\n device_del+0x239/0x530\n platform_device_del.part.0+0x19/0xe0\n platform_device_unregister+0x1c/0x40\n mfd_remove_devices_fn+0x167/0x170\n device_for_each_child_reverse+0xc9/0x130\n mfd_remove_devices+0x6e/0xa0\n rtsx_usb_disconnect+0x2e/0xd0 [rtsx_usb]\n usb_unbind_interface+0xf3/0x3f0\n device_release_driver_internal+0x24b/0x2e0\n proc_disconnect_claim+0x13d/0x220\n usbdev_do_ioctl+0xb5e/0x1860\n usbdev_ioctl+0xa/0x20\n __x64_sys_ioctl+0xc5/0xf0\n do_syscall_64+0x59/0x170\n entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x76/0x7e\n\nLast potentially related work creation:\n kasan_save_stack+0x20/0x40\n kasan_record_aux_stack+0x85/0x90\n insert_work+0x29/0x100\n __queue_work+0x34a/0x540\n call_timer_fn+0x2a/0x160\n expire_timers+0x5f/0x1f0\n __run_timer_base.part.0+0x1b6/0x1e0\n run_timer_softirq+0x8b/0xe0\n handle_softirqs+0xf9/0x360\n __irq_exit_rcu+0x114/0x130\n sysvec_apic_timer_interrupt+0x72/0x90\n asm_sysvec_apic_timer_interrupt+0x16/0x20\n\nSecond to last potentially related work creation:\n kasan_save_stack+0x20/0x40\n kasan_record_aux_stack+0x85/0x90\n insert_work+0x29/0x100\n __queue_work+0x34a/0x540\n call_timer_fn+0x2a/0x160\n expire_timers+0x5f/0x1f0\n __run_timer_base.part.0+0x1b6/0x1e0\n run_timer_softirq+0x8b/0xe0\n handle_softirqs+0xf9/0x\n---truncated---"
        }
      ],
      "metrics": [
        {
          "cvssV3_1": {
            "baseScore": 7.8,
            "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
            "version": "3.1"
          },
          "scenarios": [
            {
              "lang": "en",
              "value": "AV:L - The reporter\u0027s own KASAN trace shows the free being driven entirely from userspace via usbfs ioctls (`USBDEVFS_DISCONNECT_CLAIM` and `USBDEVFS_RESET` through `usbdev_do_ioctl`), requiring no physical manipulation of the reader, only local access to `/dev/bus/usb/...`.\nAC:L - The attacker controls both sides: the poll_card delayed work is perpetually re-armed every 100 jiffies while a MemStick card is powered, so an unbind issued at any moment reliably lands with a pending timer into the freed object, and the disconnect ioctl can be repeated in a loop until the heap is groomed as desired.\nPR:L - Only an ordinary local account with usbfs access (granted to the active seat user by uaccess/plugdev udev rules on common desktop distributions) is needed; the disconnect-claim and device-reset ioctl paths perform no capability check.\nUI:N - The attacker performs the unbind/reset ioctls itself and no action by another user is required; presence of the Realtek USB card reader is a property of the affected configuration, not victim interaction.\nS:U - The use-after-free is confined to kernel slab memory within the same security authority, with no crossing of a VM, IOMMU, or sandbox boundary.\nC:H - The freed 2048-byte object is re-read by the poll worker and, after slab reclaim, the dangling `ucr`/`pdev`/`msh` pointers loaded from it can be steered to dereference attacker-chosen kernel addresses, yielding an arbitrary-read primitive well beyond the initial 8-byte KASAN-reported leak.\nI:H - The `timer_list` and `work_struct` embedded in the freed region give a direct function-pointer hijack via `call_timer_fn()`, and `mutex_lock(\u0026ucr-\u003edev_mutex)` on a sprayed pointer provides a write primitive, so the UAF is exploitable for control-flow hijack and privilege escalation.\nA:H - The unfixed path reliably produces a slab-use-after-free that KASAN reports and that causes kernel oops/panic in ordinary (non-KASAN) kernels, and the trigger can be repeated at will by an unprivileged local user."
            }
          ]
        }
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      "providerMetadata": {
        "dateUpdated": "2026-08-05T11:56:02.551Z",
        "orgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
        "shortName": "Linux"
      },
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          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/914c5e5bfceb9878f3056eaf4d1c88f2cbe0a185"
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          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/9dfaf4d723c62bda8d9d1340e2e78acf0c190439"
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        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/52d942a5302eefb3b7a3bfee310a5a33feeedc21"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/6186fb2cd36317277a8423687982140a7f3f7841"
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        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/0067cb7d7e7c277e91a0887a3c24e71462379469"
        },
        {
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        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/4676741a3464b300b486e70585c3c9b692be1632"
        }
      ],
      "title": "memstick: rtsx_usb_ms: Fix slab-use-after-free in rtsx_usb_ms_drv_remove",
      "x_generator": {
        "engine": "bippy-1.2.0"
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    "assignerShortName": "Linux",
    "cveId": "CVE-2025-22020",
    "datePublished": "2025-04-16T10:20:37.045Z",
    "dateReserved": "2024-12-29T08:45:45.807Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-08-05T11:56:02.551Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
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              "value": "AV:L - JFS is a block-device filesystem (FS_REQUIRES_DEV); the malicious `size` field must arrive via a locally attached/mounted volume, and the trigger is a local syscall (listxattr/getxattr/setxattr) or an ACL lookup on a file in that volume. There is no network-facing path to `ea_get()`.\nAC:L - The attacker fully and deterministically controls the on-disk `jfs_ea_list.size` field; setting it above INT_MAX guarantees the negative clamp on every access, with no race to win and no dependence on memory layout the attacker cannot influence.\nPR:L - `ea_get()` runs before any permission or name check in `__jfs_getxattr`/`jfs_listxattr`, and is reached from `jfs_get_acl()` during ordinary permission checks, so an unprivileged user with read/search access to the mounted crafted volume triggers it; in the auto-mount/kiosk scenario the equivalent unprivileged-attacker framing PR:N/UI:R yields the same score.\nUI:N - Once the crafted volume is mounted (attacker-inserted removable media auto-mounted by udisks2, or an admin-mounted untrusted image), no victim action is required \u2014 the attacker\u0027s own `listxattr()`/`getxattr()` call, or even a path-traversal ACL lookup, reaches the bug directly.\nS:U - The out-of-bounds reads and the resulting oops are confined to the kernel\u0027s own security authority; no VM, IOMMU, or sandbox boundary is crossed.\nC:H - The corrupted length drives an effectively unbounded walk past (and before) the ea buffer, hex-dumping 16 bytes of adjacent kernel heap memory per iteration \u2014 together with kernel addresses \u2014 into the kernel log; this is a large-scale kernel memory disclosure, not a small bounded read.\nI:N - The defect is read-only: `hex_dump_to_buffer()` clamps its per-line length to rowsize and bounds-checks `linebuf` at every byte, so no out-of-bounds write or memory corruption occurs and no control-flow primitive is produced.\nA:H - The loop performs billions of `printk` iterations (console livelock, soft lockup, RCU stalls, log flooding) and inevitably dereferences an unmapped kernel address, producing a KASAN report or page-fault oops/panic."
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  "cveMetadata": {
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    "assignerShortName": "Linux",
    "cveId": "CVE-2025-39735",
    "datePublished": "2025-04-18T07:01:36.453Z",
    "dateReserved": "2025-04-16T07:20:57.119Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-08-05T12:04:55.584Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.2"
}