CWE-787
Weakness Allowed-with-ReviewOut-of-bounds Write
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The product writes data past the end, or before the beginning, of the intended buffer.
Dimensions
- Behavior-Type: Write
- Resource-Type: Memory Buffer
- Resource-Property: Out-of-bounds
Mapping guidance
This CWE entry is at the Base level of abstraction, which is a preferred level of abstraction for mapping to the root causes of vulnerabilities. However, closer examination is required.
While this CWE is allowed for mapping, it has more specific children that might be a better fit. Carefully read both the name and description to ensure that this mapping is appropriate. Consider the root cause errors that have led to the out-of-bounds write by examining "CanFollow" relationships for this entry.
Relationships and members
Modes of introduction
Detection methods
Automated Static Analysis
This weakness can often be detected using automated static analysis tools. Many modern tools use data flow analysis or constraint-based techniques to minimize the number of false positives.
Automated static analysis generally does not account for environmental considerations when reporting out-of-bounds memory operations. This can make it difficult for users to determine which warnings should be investigated first. For example, an analysis tool might report buffer overflows that originate from command line arguments in a program that is not expected to run with setuid or other special privileges.
Effectiveness: High
Detection techniques for buffer-related errors are more mature than for most other weakness types.
Automated Dynamic Analysis
This weakness can be detected using dynamic tools and techniques that interact with the software using large test suites with many diverse inputs, such as fuzz testing (fuzzing), robustness testing, and fault injection. The software's operation may slow down, but it should not become unstable, crash, or generate incorrect results.
Automated Dynamic Analysis
Use tools that are integrated during compilation to insert runtime error-checking mechanisms related to memory safety errors, such as AddressSanitizer (ASan) for C/C++ [REF-1518].
Effectiveness: Moderate
Crafted inputs are necessary to reach the code containing the error, such as generated by fuzzers. Also, these tools may reduce performance, and they only report the error condition - not the original mistake that led to the error.
Content history
Suggested mappings to ISA/IEC 62443.
Provided diagram to improve CWE usability
updated Demonstrative_Examples
updated Relationships
updated Common_Consequences
updated Demonstrative_Examples
updated Relationships
updated Description
updated Applicable_Platforms, Demonstrative_Examples, Detection_Factors, Likelihood_of_Exploit, Observed_Examples, Potential_Mitigations, References, Relationships, Time_of_Introduction
updated Observed_Examples, Relationships
updated Observed_Examples
updated Alternate_Terms, Demonstrative_Examples, Observed_Examples, Relationships
updated Relationships
updated Demonstrative_Examples
updated Demonstrative_Examples, Potential_Mitigations, Relationships
updated Observed_Examples, Relationships
updated Applicable_Platforms
updated Alternate_Terms, Demonstrative_Examples, Description
updated Potential_Mitigations, References, Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings
updated Mapping_Notes, Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings
updated Demonstrative_Examples
updated Alternate_Terms, Common_Consequences, Description, Diagram, Weakness_Ordinalities
updated Observed_Examples, Relationships
updated Observed_Examples, Relationships
updated Affected_Resources, Functional_Areas, References
updated Applicable_Platforms, Detection_Factors, References, Relationships
updated Mapping_Notes
updated Dimensions, Observed_Examples, References, Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings
17070 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-VVF2-RXRH-V6HX
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 16:43 – Updated: 2024-04-04 00:02In rw_t3t_act_handle_check_ndef_rsp of rw_t3t.cc, there is a possible out-of-bound write due to a missing bounds check. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation. Product: Android. Versions: Android-7.0 Android-7.1.1 Android-7.1.2 Android-8.0 Android-8.1 Android-9. Android ID: A-120502559.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2019-2031"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-787"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2019-04-19T20:29:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "In rw_t3t_act_handle_check_ndef_rsp of rw_t3t.cc, there is a possible out-of-bound write due to a missing bounds check. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation. Product: Android. Versions: Android-7.0 Android-7.1.1 Android-7.1.2 Android-8.0 Android-8.1 Android-9. Android ID: A-120502559.",
"id": "GHSA-vvf2-rxrh-v6hx",
"modified": "2024-04-04T00:02:04Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T16:43:59Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-2031"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://source.android.com/security/bulletin/2019-04-01"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-VVF5-MPJ5-Q4JF
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:25 – Updated: 2025-10-22 00:31A remote code execution vulnerability exists in the way that the scripting engine handles objects in memory in Internet Explorer, aka 'Scripting Engine Memory Corruption Vulnerability'. This CVE ID is unique from CVE-2020-1555, CVE-2020-1570.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-1380"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-119",
"CWE-787"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2020-08-17T19:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A remote code execution vulnerability exists in the way that the scripting engine handles objects in memory in Internet Explorer, aka \u0027Scripting Engine Memory Corruption Vulnerability\u0027. This CVE ID is unique from CVE-2020-1555, CVE-2020-1570.",
"id": "GHSA-vvf5-mpj5-q4jf",
"modified": "2025-10-22T00:31:57Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:25:45Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-1380"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://portal.msrc.microsoft.com/en-US/security-guidance/advisory/CVE-2020-1380"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.cisa.gov/known-exploited-vulnerabilities-catalog?field_cve=CVE-2020-1380"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://packetstormsecurity.com/files/163056/Internet-Explorer-jscript9.dll-Memory-Corruption.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-VVGC-FMWG-XQ97
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-12-04 06:30 – Updated: 2023-12-07 18:30In cmdq, there is a possible out of bounds write due to type confusion. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with System execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation. Patch ID: ALPS08161758; Issue ID: ALPS08161758.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-32849"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-787"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-12-04T04:15:07Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "In cmdq, there is a possible out of bounds write due to type confusion. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with System execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation. Patch ID: ALPS08161758; Issue ID: ALPS08161758.",
"id": "GHSA-vvgc-fmwg-xq97",
"modified": "2023-12-07T18:30:29Z",
"published": "2023-12-04T06:30:17Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-32849"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://corp.mediatek.com/product-security-bulletin/December-2023"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-VVGF-3F7Q-3CX6
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-04-30 00:30 – Updated: 2024-07-03 18:37Open Networking Foundation SD-RAN ONOS onos-kpimon 0.4.7 allows blocking of the errCh channel within the Start function of the monitoring package.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-52725"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-787"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-04-30T00:15:07Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Open Networking Foundation SD-RAN ONOS onos-kpimon 0.4.7 allows blocking of the errCh channel within the Start function of the monitoring package.",
"id": "GHSA-vvgf-3f7q-3cx6",
"modified": "2024-07-03T18:37:31Z",
"published": "2024-04-30T00:30:34Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-52725"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/onosproject/onos-kpimon/pull/120"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-VVGJ-R4CG-78RH
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-04-14 21:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 03:28An issue was discovered in Exynos Mobile Processor, Automotive Processor and Modem for Exynos Modem 5123, Exynos Modem 5300, Exynos 980, Exynos 1080, Exynos 9110, and Exynos Auto T5123. Memory corruption can occur due to insufficient parameter validation while decoding an SIP Session-Expires header.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-29088"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-787"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-04-14T21:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "An issue was discovered in Exynos Mobile Processor, Automotive Processor and Modem for Exynos Modem 5123, Exynos Modem 5300, Exynos 980, Exynos 1080, Exynos 9110, and Exynos Auto T5123. Memory corruption can occur due to insufficient parameter validation while decoding an SIP Session-Expires header.",
"id": "GHSA-vvgj-r4cg-78rh",
"modified": "2024-04-04T03:28:41Z",
"published": "2023-04-14T21:30:23Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-29088"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://semiconductor.samsung.com/support/quality-support/product-security-updates"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://packetstormsecurity.com/files/172289/Shannon-Baseband-SIP-Session-Expires-Header-Stack-Buffer-Overflow.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-VVHQ-5M68-7X6H
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:20 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:20A boundary error within the "quicktake_100_load_raw()" function (internal/dcraw_common.cpp) in LibRaw versions prior to 0.18.8 can be exploited to cause a stack-based buffer overflow and subsequently cause a crash.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2018-5805"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-787"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2018-12-07T22:29:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A boundary error within the \"quicktake_100_load_raw()\" function (internal/dcraw_common.cpp) in LibRaw versions prior to 0.18.8 can be exploited to cause a stack-based buffer overflow and subsequently cause a crash.",
"id": "GHSA-vvhq-5m68-7x6h",
"modified": "2022-05-13T01:20:21Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T01:20:21Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-5805"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/LibRaw/LibRaw/commit/9f26ce37f5be86ea11bfc6831366558650b1f6ff"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2018:3065"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/LibRaw/LibRaw/blob/master/Changelog.txt"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://secuniaresearch.flexerasoftware.com/advisories/81000"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://secuniaresearch.flexerasoftware.com/secunia_research/2018-3"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-VVHW-W8WG-X5WC
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-07-09 18:30 – Updated: 2024-07-09 18:30Windows Graphics Component Remote Code Execution Vulnerability
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-38051"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-122",
"CWE-787"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-07-09T17:15:34Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Windows Graphics Component Remote Code Execution Vulnerability",
"id": "GHSA-vvhw-w8wg-x5wc",
"modified": "2024-07-09T18:30:51Z",
"published": "2024-07-09T18:30:51Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-38051"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2024-38051"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-VVJ8-J245-7346
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:03 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:03LibVNC before 0.9.12 contains multiple heap out-of-bounds write vulnerabilities in libvncclient/rfbproto.c. The fix for CVE-2018-20019 was incomplete.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2018-20748"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-787"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2019-01-30T18:29:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "LibVNC before 0.9.12 contains multiple heap out-of-bounds write vulnerabilities in libvncclient/rfbproto.c. The fix for CVE-2018-20019 was incomplete.",
"id": "GHSA-vvj8-j245-7346",
"modified": "2022-05-13T01:03:09Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T01:03:09Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-20748"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/LibVNC/libvncserver/issues/273"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/LibVNC/libvncserver/commit/a64c3b37af9a6c8f8009d7516874b8d266b42bae"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/LibVNC/libvncserver/commit/c2c4b81e6cb3b485fb1ec7ba9e7defeb889f6ba7"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/LibVNC/libvncserver/commit/c5ba3fee85a7ecbbca1df5ffd46d32b92757bc2a"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/LibVNC/libvncserver/commit/e34bcbb759ca5bef85809967a268fdf214c1ad2c"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/pdf/ssa-390195.pdf"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2019/01/msg00029.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2019/10/msg00042.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://usn.ubuntu.com/3877-1"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://usn.ubuntu.com/4547-1"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://usn.ubuntu.com/4587-1"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2018/12/10/8"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-VVJV-89CJ-78FR
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-07-15 21:31 – Updated: 2025-07-15 21:31VMware ESXi, Workstation, and Fusion contain an integer-overflow vulnerability in the VMXNET3 virtual network adapter. A malicious actor with local administrative privileges on a virtual machine with VMXNET3 virtual network adapter may exploit this issue to execute code on the host. Non VMXNET3 virtual adapters are not affected by this issue.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-41236"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-787"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-07-15T19:15:21Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "VMware ESXi, Workstation, and Fusion contain an integer-overflow vulnerability in the VMXNET3 virtual network adapter.\u00a0A malicious actor with local administrative privileges on a virtual machine with VMXNET3 virtual network adapter may exploit this issue to execute code on the host. Non VMXNET3 virtual adapters are not affected by this issue.",
"id": "GHSA-vvjv-89cj-78fr",
"modified": "2025-07-15T21:31:39Z",
"published": "2025-07-15T21:31:39Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-41236"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.broadcom.com/web/ecx/support-content-notification/-/external/content/SecurityAdvisories/0/35877"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-VVM3-R83F-JHGF
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-01 07:39 – Updated: 2022-05-01 07:39Heap-based buffer overflow in Golden FTP Server (goldenftpd) 1.92 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (application crash) and possibly execute arbitrary code via a long PASS command. NOTE: it was later reported that 4.70 is also affected. NOTE: the USER vector is already covered by CVE-2005-0634.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2006-6576"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-787"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2006-12-15T19:28:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Heap-based buffer overflow in Golden FTP Server (goldenftpd) 1.92 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (application crash) and possibly execute arbitrary code via a long PASS command. NOTE: it was later reported that 4.70 is also affected. NOTE: the USER vector is already covered by CVE-2005-0634.",
"id": "GHSA-vvm3-r83f-jhgf",
"modified": "2022-05-01T07:39:21Z",
"published": "2022-05-01T07:39:21Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2006-6576"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://packetstormsecurity.com/files/161711/Golden-FTP-Server-4.70-Buffer-Overflow.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://retrogod.altervista.org/golden_heap.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/23323"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/16036"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/45924"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/45957"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.vupen.com/english/advisories/2006/4936"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
Mitigation MIT-3
Strategy: Language Selection
- Use a language that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
- For example, many languages that perform their own memory management, such as Java and Perl, are not subject to buffer overflows. Other languages, such as Ada and C#, typically provide overflow protection, but the protection can be disabled by the programmer.
- Be wary that a language's interface to native code may still be subject to overflows, even if the language itself is theoretically safe.
Mitigation MIT-4.1
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
- Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
- Examples include the Safe C String Library (SafeStr) by Messier and Viega [REF-57], and the Strsafe.h library from Microsoft [REF-56]. These libraries provide safer versions of overflow-prone string-handling functions.
Mitigation MIT-10
Strategy: Environment Hardening
- Use automatic buffer overflow detection mechanisms that are offered by certain compilers or compiler extensions. Examples include: the Microsoft Visual Studio /GS flag, Fedora/Red Hat FORTIFY_SOURCE GCC flag, StackGuard, and ProPolice, which provide various mechanisms including canary-based detection and range/index checking.
- D3-SFCV (Stack Frame Canary Validation) from D3FEND [REF-1334] discusses canary-based detection in detail.
Mitigation MIT-9
- Consider adhering to the following rules when allocating and managing an application's memory:
- Double check that the buffer is as large as specified.
- When using functions that accept a number of bytes to copy, such as strncpy(), be aware that if the destination buffer size is equal to the source buffer size, it may not NULL-terminate the string.
- Check buffer boundaries if accessing the buffer in a loop and make sure there is no danger of writing past the allocated space.
- If necessary, truncate all input strings to a reasonable length before passing them to the copy and concatenation functions.
Mitigation MIT-11
Strategy: Environment Hardening
- Run or compile the software using features or extensions that randomly arrange the positions of a program's executable and libraries in memory. Because this makes the addresses unpredictable, it can prevent an attacker from reliably jumping to exploitable code.
- Examples include Address Space Layout Randomization (ASLR) [REF-58] [REF-60] and Position-Independent Executables (PIE) [REF-64]. Imported modules may be similarly realigned if their default memory addresses conflict with other modules, in a process known as "rebasing" (for Windows) and "prelinking" (for Linux) [REF-1332] using randomly generated addresses. ASLR for libraries cannot be used in conjunction with prelink since it would require relocating the libraries at run-time, defeating the whole purpose of prelinking.
- For more information on these techniques see D3-SAOR (Segment Address Offset Randomization) from D3FEND [REF-1335].
Mitigation MIT-12
Strategy: Environment Hardening
- Use a CPU and operating system that offers Data Execution Protection (using hardware NX or XD bits) or the equivalent techniques that simulate this feature in software, such as PaX [REF-60] [REF-61]. These techniques ensure that any instruction executed is exclusively at a memory address that is part of the code segment.
- For more information on these techniques see D3-PSEP (Process Segment Execution Prevention) from D3FEND [REF-1336].
Mitigation MIT-13
Replace unbounded copy functions with analogous functions that support length arguments, such as strcpy with strncpy. Create these if they are not available.
No CAPEC attack patterns related to this CWE.