CWE-787
Weakness Allowed-with-ReviewOut-of-bounds Write
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The product writes data past the end, or before the beginning, of the intended buffer.
Dimensions
- Behavior-Type: Write
- Resource-Type: Memory Buffer
- Resource-Property: Out-of-bounds
Mapping guidance
This CWE entry is at the Base level of abstraction, which is a preferred level of abstraction for mapping to the root causes of vulnerabilities. However, closer examination is required.
While this CWE is allowed for mapping, it has more specific children that might be a better fit. Carefully read both the name and description to ensure that this mapping is appropriate. Consider the root cause errors that have led to the out-of-bounds write by examining "CanFollow" relationships for this entry.
Relationships and members
Modes of introduction
Detection methods
Automated Static Analysis
This weakness can often be detected using automated static analysis tools. Many modern tools use data flow analysis or constraint-based techniques to minimize the number of false positives.
Automated static analysis generally does not account for environmental considerations when reporting out-of-bounds memory operations. This can make it difficult for users to determine which warnings should be investigated first. For example, an analysis tool might report buffer overflows that originate from command line arguments in a program that is not expected to run with setuid or other special privileges.
Effectiveness: High
Detection techniques for buffer-related errors are more mature than for most other weakness types.
Automated Dynamic Analysis
This weakness can be detected using dynamic tools and techniques that interact with the software using large test suites with many diverse inputs, such as fuzz testing (fuzzing), robustness testing, and fault injection. The software's operation may slow down, but it should not become unstable, crash, or generate incorrect results.
Automated Dynamic Analysis
Use tools that are integrated during compilation to insert runtime error-checking mechanisms related to memory safety errors, such as AddressSanitizer (ASan) for C/C++ [REF-1518].
Effectiveness: Moderate
Crafted inputs are necessary to reach the code containing the error, such as generated by fuzzers. Also, these tools may reduce performance, and they only report the error condition - not the original mistake that led to the error.
Content history
Suggested mappings to ISA/IEC 62443.
Provided diagram to improve CWE usability
updated Demonstrative_Examples
updated Relationships
updated Common_Consequences
updated Demonstrative_Examples
updated Relationships
updated Description
updated Applicable_Platforms, Demonstrative_Examples, Detection_Factors, Likelihood_of_Exploit, Observed_Examples, Potential_Mitigations, References, Relationships, Time_of_Introduction
updated Observed_Examples, Relationships
updated Observed_Examples
updated Alternate_Terms, Demonstrative_Examples, Observed_Examples, Relationships
updated Relationships
updated Demonstrative_Examples
updated Demonstrative_Examples, Potential_Mitigations, Relationships
updated Observed_Examples, Relationships
updated Applicable_Platforms
updated Alternate_Terms, Demonstrative_Examples, Description
updated Potential_Mitigations, References, Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings
updated Mapping_Notes, Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings
updated Demonstrative_Examples
updated Alternate_Terms, Common_Consequences, Description, Diagram, Weakness_Ordinalities
updated Observed_Examples, Relationships
updated Observed_Examples, Relationships
updated Affected_Resources, Functional_Areas, References
updated Applicable_Platforms, Detection_Factors, References, Relationships
updated Mapping_Notes
updated Dimensions, Observed_Examples, References, Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings
17052 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-V849-J992-9WCR
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:19 – Updated: 2023-01-09 18:30A memory corruption issue was addressed with improved state management. This issue is fixed in iOS 13.5 and iPadOS 13.5, macOS Catalina 10.15.5, tvOS 13.4.5, watchOS 6.2.5. A malicious application may be able to execute arbitrary code with kernel privileges.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-9821"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-119",
"CWE-787"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2020-06-09T17:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A memory corruption issue was addressed with improved state management. This issue is fixed in iOS 13.5 and iPadOS 13.5, macOS Catalina 10.15.5, tvOS 13.4.5, watchOS 6.2.5. A malicious application may be able to execute arbitrary code with kernel privileges.",
"id": "GHSA-v849-j992-9wcr",
"modified": "2023-01-09T18:30:23Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:19:43Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-9821"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/HT211168"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/HT211170"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/HT211171"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/HT211175"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-V84F-F8J3-97Q7
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-08-10 15:33 – Updated: 2026-08-14 00:31In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
drm/xe/guc: Fix buffer overflow in steered register list allocation
The size calculation for the steered register extarray uses only the geometry DSS mask (g_dss_mask) to determine the number of entries to allocate:
total = bitmap_weight(gt->fuse_topo.g_dss_mask, ...) * steer_reg_num;
However, the filling loop uses for_each_dss_steering(), which iterates over for_each_dss(), defined as the union of g_dss_mask and c_dss_mask (geometry + compute DSS). On platforms with compute-only DSS bits, the loop writes past the allocated buffer, corrupting adjacent slab objects.
This manifests as list_del corruption and SLUB redzone overwrites during drm_managed_release on device unbind, since the overflow corrupts the drmres list_head of neighboring allocations.
Fix by computing the allocation size using the union of both DSS masks, matching the iteration pattern of for_each_dss_steering().
-- v2: - use bitmap_weighted_or() (Zhanjun)
(cherry picked from commit 0a78a44f4901aa6c9263e66be7fce02282f1109f)
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-68274"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-787"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-08-10T13:20:16Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\ndrm/xe/guc: Fix buffer overflow in steered register list allocation\n\nThe size calculation for the steered register extarray uses only the\ngeometry DSS mask (g_dss_mask) to determine the number of entries to\nallocate:\n\n total = bitmap_weight(gt-\u003efuse_topo.g_dss_mask, ...) * steer_reg_num;\n\nHowever, the filling loop uses for_each_dss_steering(), which iterates\nover for_each_dss(), defined as the union of g_dss_mask and c_dss_mask\n(geometry + compute DSS). On platforms with compute-only DSS bits, the\nloop writes past the allocated buffer, corrupting adjacent slab objects.\n\nThis manifests as list_del corruption and SLUB redzone overwrites during\ndrm_managed_release on device unbind, since the overflow corrupts the\ndrmres list_head of neighboring allocations.\n\nFix by computing the allocation size using the union of both DSS masks,\nmatching the iteration pattern of for_each_dss_steering().\n\n--\nv2:\n- use bitmap_weighted_or() (Zhanjun)\n\n(cherry picked from commit 0a78a44f4901aa6c9263e66be7fce02282f1109f)",
"id": "GHSA-v84f-f8j3-97q7",
"modified": "2026-08-14T00:31:54Z",
"published": "2026-08-10T15:33:44Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-68274"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/632ecc90e1ca5d3b6822bb4d08f84a175b6c42c0"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/a9a020f3c11eba6573b699f9cf9245a51b025ade"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/b485bfb45555163bfa5f565d6a3415fcb3035b02"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-V855-95X4-C338
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-11-23 03:31 – Updated: 2024-11-23 03:31IrfanView CIN File Parsing Out-Of-Bounds Write Remote Code Execution Vulnerability. This vulnerability allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code on affected installations of IrfanView. User interaction is required to exploit this vulnerability in that the target must visit a malicious page or open a malicious file.
The specific flaw exists within the parsing of CIN files. The issue results from the lack of proper validation of user-supplied data, which can result in a write past the end of an allocated buffer. An attacker can leverage this vulnerability to execute code in the context of the current process. Was ZDI-CAN-23261.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-6822"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-787"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-11-22T22:15:15Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "IrfanView CIN File Parsing Out-Of-Bounds Write Remote Code Execution Vulnerability. This vulnerability allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code on affected installations of IrfanView. User interaction is required to exploit this vulnerability in that the target must visit a malicious page or open a malicious file.\n\nThe specific flaw exists within the parsing of CIN files. The issue results from the lack of proper validation of user-supplied data, which can result in a write past the end of an allocated buffer. An attacker can leverage this vulnerability to execute code in the context of the current process. Was ZDI-CAN-23261.",
"id": "GHSA-v855-95x4-c338",
"modified": "2024-11-23T03:31:58Z",
"published": "2024-11-23T03:31:58Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-6822"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.zerodayinitiative.com/advisories/ZDI-24-974"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-V869-VF8M-2R78
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-08-30 18:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 07:18Tenda AC6 US_AC6V1.0BR_V15.03.05.16_multi_TD01.bin is vulnerable to Buffer Overflow via the function "sub_7D858."
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-40848"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-787"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-08-30T17:15:10Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "Tenda AC6 US_AC6V1.0BR_V15.03.05.16_multi_TD01.bin is vulnerable to Buffer Overflow via the function \"sub_7D858.\"",
"id": "GHSA-v869-vf8m-2r78",
"modified": "2024-04-04T07:18:08Z",
"published": "2023-08-30T18:30:23Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-40848"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/XYIYM/Digging/blob/main/Tenda/AC6/bof/11/11.md"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-V86P-P58R-P852
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-12-15 21:30 – Updated: 2025-04-21 15:31An out-of-bounds write issue was addressed with improved input validation. This issue is fixed in iOS 16.2 and iPadOS 16.2, macOS Ventura 13.1, tvOS 16.2, watchOS 9.2. An app may be able to execute arbitrary code with kernel privileges.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-46690"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-787"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-12-15T19:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "An out-of-bounds write issue was addressed with improved input validation. This issue is fixed in iOS 16.2 and iPadOS 16.2, macOS Ventura 13.1, tvOS 16.2, watchOS 9.2. An app may be able to execute arbitrary code with kernel privileges.",
"id": "GHSA-v86p-p58r-p852",
"modified": "2025-04-21T15:31:10Z",
"published": "2022-12-15T21:30:30Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-46690"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT213530"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT213532"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT213535"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT213536"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2022/Dec/20"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2022/Dec/23"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2022/Dec/26"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2022/Dec/27"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-V873-HW3X-47FH
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-02-14 12:30 – Updated: 2023-02-22 21:30A vulnerability has been identified in Tecnomatix Plant Simulation (All versions < V2201.0006). The affected application contains an out of bounds write past the end of an allocated buffer while parsing a specially crafted SPP file. This could allow an attacker to execute code in the context of the current process. (ZDI-CAN-19811)
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-24989"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-787"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-02-14T11:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A vulnerability has been identified in Tecnomatix Plant Simulation (All versions \u003c V2201.0006). The affected application contains an out of bounds write past the end of an allocated buffer while parsing a specially crafted SPP file. This could allow an attacker to execute code in the context of the current process. (ZDI-CAN-19811)",
"id": "GHSA-v873-hw3x-47fh",
"modified": "2023-02-22T21:30:38Z",
"published": "2023-02-14T12:30:25Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-24989"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/pdf/ssa-847261.pdf"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-V875-JF7G-HG8J
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:41 – Updated: 2022-05-24 17:41Heap buffer overflow in Blink in Google Chrome prior to 88.0.4324.96 allowed a remote attacker to potentially exploit heap corruption via a crafted HTML page.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-21128"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-787"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-02-09T14:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Heap buffer overflow in Blink in Google Chrome prior to 88.0.4324.96 allowed a remote attacker to potentially exploit heap corruption via a crafted HTML page.",
"id": "GHSA-v875-jf7g-hg8j",
"modified": "2022-05-24T17:41:34Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:41:34Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-21128"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://chromereleases.googleblog.com/2021/01/stable-channel-update-for-desktop_19.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://crbug.com/1138877"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/en-US/vulnerability/CVE-2021-21128"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-V87M-9FVR-2RRF
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 01:48 – Updated: 2022-05-14 01:48In BTA_HdRegisterApp of bta_hd_api.cc, there is a possible out-of-bound write due to a missing bounds check. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation. Product: Android. Versions: Android-9. Android ID: A-113111784
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2018-9545"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-787"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2018-11-14T18:29:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "In BTA_HdRegisterApp of bta_hd_api.cc, there is a possible out-of-bound write due to a missing bounds check. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation. Product: Android. Versions: Android-9. Android ID: A-113111784",
"id": "GHSA-v87m-9fvr-2rrf",
"modified": "2022-05-14T01:48:11Z",
"published": "2022-05-14T01:48:11Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-9545"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://source.android.com/security/bulletin/2018-11-01"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/105849"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-V88M-F9F2-37G5
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-05-03 03:30 – Updated: 2024-05-03 03:30Maxon Cinema 4D SKP File Parsing Stack-based Buffer Overflow Remote Code Execution Vulnerability. This vulnerability allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code on affected installations of Maxon Cinema 4D. User interaction is required to exploit this vulnerability in that the target must visit a malicious page or open a malicious file.
The specific flaw exists within the parsing of SKP files. The issue results from the lack of proper validation of the length of user-supplied data prior to copying it to a fixed-length stack-based buffer. An attacker can leverage this vulnerability to execute code in the context of the current process. Was ZDI-CAN-21434.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-40486"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-121",
"CWE-787"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-05-03T03:15:22Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Maxon Cinema 4D SKP File Parsing Stack-based Buffer Overflow Remote Code Execution Vulnerability. This vulnerability allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code on affected installations of Maxon Cinema 4D. User interaction is required to exploit this vulnerability in that the target must visit a malicious page or open a malicious file.\n\nThe specific flaw exists within the parsing of SKP files. The issue results from the lack of proper validation of the length of user-supplied data prior to copying it to a fixed-length stack-based buffer. An attacker can leverage this vulnerability to execute code in the context of the current process. Was ZDI-CAN-21434.",
"id": "GHSA-v88m-f9f2-37g5",
"modified": "2024-05-03T03:30:58Z",
"published": "2024-05-03T03:30:58Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-40486"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.zerodayinitiative.com/advisories/ZDI-23-1186"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-V895-Q24X-X3XG
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:40 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:40A denial of service vulnerability in the Android media framework. Product: Android. Versions: 5.0.2, 5.1.1, 6.0, 6.0.1, 7.0, 7.1.1, 7.1.2. Android ID: A-37094889.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2017-0695"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-787"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2017-07-06T20:29:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A denial of service vulnerability in the Android media framework. Product: Android. Versions: 5.0.2, 5.1.1, 6.0, 6.0.1, 7.0, 7.1.1, 7.1.2. Android ID: A-37094889.",
"id": "GHSA-v895-q24x-x3xg",
"modified": "2022-05-13T01:40:29Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T01:40:29Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-0695"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://source.android.com/security/bulletin/2017-07-01"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/99478"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation MIT-3
Strategy: Language Selection
- Use a language that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
- For example, many languages that perform their own memory management, such as Java and Perl, are not subject to buffer overflows. Other languages, such as Ada and C#, typically provide overflow protection, but the protection can be disabled by the programmer.
- Be wary that a language's interface to native code may still be subject to overflows, even if the language itself is theoretically safe.
Mitigation MIT-4.1
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
- Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
- Examples include the Safe C String Library (SafeStr) by Messier and Viega [REF-57], and the Strsafe.h library from Microsoft [REF-56]. These libraries provide safer versions of overflow-prone string-handling functions.
Mitigation MIT-10
Strategy: Environment Hardening
- Use automatic buffer overflow detection mechanisms that are offered by certain compilers or compiler extensions. Examples include: the Microsoft Visual Studio /GS flag, Fedora/Red Hat FORTIFY_SOURCE GCC flag, StackGuard, and ProPolice, which provide various mechanisms including canary-based detection and range/index checking.
- D3-SFCV (Stack Frame Canary Validation) from D3FEND [REF-1334] discusses canary-based detection in detail.
Mitigation MIT-9
- Consider adhering to the following rules when allocating and managing an application's memory:
- Double check that the buffer is as large as specified.
- When using functions that accept a number of bytes to copy, such as strncpy(), be aware that if the destination buffer size is equal to the source buffer size, it may not NULL-terminate the string.
- Check buffer boundaries if accessing the buffer in a loop and make sure there is no danger of writing past the allocated space.
- If necessary, truncate all input strings to a reasonable length before passing them to the copy and concatenation functions.
Mitigation MIT-11
Strategy: Environment Hardening
- Run or compile the software using features or extensions that randomly arrange the positions of a program's executable and libraries in memory. Because this makes the addresses unpredictable, it can prevent an attacker from reliably jumping to exploitable code.
- Examples include Address Space Layout Randomization (ASLR) [REF-58] [REF-60] and Position-Independent Executables (PIE) [REF-64]. Imported modules may be similarly realigned if their default memory addresses conflict with other modules, in a process known as "rebasing" (for Windows) and "prelinking" (for Linux) [REF-1332] using randomly generated addresses. ASLR for libraries cannot be used in conjunction with prelink since it would require relocating the libraries at run-time, defeating the whole purpose of prelinking.
- For more information on these techniques see D3-SAOR (Segment Address Offset Randomization) from D3FEND [REF-1335].
Mitigation MIT-12
Strategy: Environment Hardening
- Use a CPU and operating system that offers Data Execution Protection (using hardware NX or XD bits) or the equivalent techniques that simulate this feature in software, such as PaX [REF-60] [REF-61]. These techniques ensure that any instruction executed is exclusively at a memory address that is part of the code segment.
- For more information on these techniques see D3-PSEP (Process Segment Execution Prevention) from D3FEND [REF-1336].
Mitigation MIT-13
Replace unbounded copy functions with analogous functions that support length arguments, such as strcpy with strncpy. Create these if they are not available.
No CAPEC attack patterns related to this CWE.