CWE-787
Weakness Allowed-with-ReviewOut-of-bounds Write
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The product writes data past the end, or before the beginning, of the intended buffer.
Dimensions
- Behavior-Type: Write
- Resource-Type: Memory Buffer
- Resource-Property: Out-of-bounds
Mapping guidance
This CWE entry is at the Base level of abstraction, which is a preferred level of abstraction for mapping to the root causes of vulnerabilities. However, closer examination is required.
While this CWE is allowed for mapping, it has more specific children that might be a better fit. Carefully read both the name and description to ensure that this mapping is appropriate. Consider the root cause errors that have led to the out-of-bounds write by examining "CanFollow" relationships for this entry.
Relationships and members
Modes of introduction
Detection methods
Automated Static Analysis
This weakness can often be detected using automated static analysis tools. Many modern tools use data flow analysis or constraint-based techniques to minimize the number of false positives.
Automated static analysis generally does not account for environmental considerations when reporting out-of-bounds memory operations. This can make it difficult for users to determine which warnings should be investigated first. For example, an analysis tool might report buffer overflows that originate from command line arguments in a program that is not expected to run with setuid or other special privileges.
Effectiveness: High
Detection techniques for buffer-related errors are more mature than for most other weakness types.
Automated Dynamic Analysis
This weakness can be detected using dynamic tools and techniques that interact with the software using large test suites with many diverse inputs, such as fuzz testing (fuzzing), robustness testing, and fault injection. The software's operation may slow down, but it should not become unstable, crash, or generate incorrect results.
Automated Dynamic Analysis
Use tools that are integrated during compilation to insert runtime error-checking mechanisms related to memory safety errors, such as AddressSanitizer (ASan) for C/C++ [REF-1518].
Effectiveness: Moderate
Crafted inputs are necessary to reach the code containing the error, such as generated by fuzzers. Also, these tools may reduce performance, and they only report the error condition - not the original mistake that led to the error.
Content history
Suggested mappings to ISA/IEC 62443.
Provided diagram to improve CWE usability
updated Demonstrative_Examples
updated Relationships
updated Common_Consequences
updated Demonstrative_Examples
updated Relationships
updated Description
updated Applicable_Platforms, Demonstrative_Examples, Detection_Factors, Likelihood_of_Exploit, Observed_Examples, Potential_Mitigations, References, Relationships, Time_of_Introduction
updated Observed_Examples, Relationships
updated Observed_Examples
updated Alternate_Terms, Demonstrative_Examples, Observed_Examples, Relationships
updated Relationships
updated Demonstrative_Examples
updated Demonstrative_Examples, Potential_Mitigations, Relationships
updated Observed_Examples, Relationships
updated Applicable_Platforms
updated Alternate_Terms, Demonstrative_Examples, Description
updated Potential_Mitigations, References, Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings
updated Mapping_Notes, Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings
updated Demonstrative_Examples
updated Alternate_Terms, Common_Consequences, Description, Diagram, Weakness_Ordinalities
updated Observed_Examples, Relationships
updated Observed_Examples, Relationships
updated Affected_Resources, Functional_Areas, References
updated Applicable_Platforms, Detection_Factors, References, Relationships
updated Mapping_Notes
updated Dimensions, Observed_Examples, References, Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings
16957 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-PQ24-7V4G-2468
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:47 – Updated: 2022-05-24 17:47An issue was discovered in libezxml.a in ezXML 0.8.6. The function ezxml_internal_dtd() performs incorrect memory handling while parsing crafted XML files, which leads to an out-of-bounds write of a one byte constant.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-31229"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-787"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-04-15T15:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "An issue was discovered in libezxml.a in ezXML 0.8.6. The function ezxml_internal_dtd() performs incorrect memory handling while parsing crafted XML files, which leads to an out-of-bounds write of a one byte constant.",
"id": "GHSA-pq24-7v4g-2468",
"modified": "2022-05-24T17:47:44Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:47:44Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-31229"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2021/07/msg00005.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://sourceforge.net/p/ezxml/bugs/26"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-PQ29-2M6M-938V
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-04-19 00:00 – Updated: 2022-04-27 00:00global heap buffer overflow in skip_range in GitHub repository vim/vim prior to 8.2.4763. This vulnerability is capable of crashing software, Bypass Protection Mechanism, Modify Memory, and possible remote execution
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-1381"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-122",
"CWE-787"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-04-18T01:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "global heap buffer overflow in skip_range in GitHub repository vim/vim prior to 8.2.4763. This vulnerability is capable of crashing software, Bypass Protection Mechanism, Modify Memory, and possible remote execution",
"id": "GHSA-pq29-2m6m-938v",
"modified": "2022-04-27T00:00:28Z",
"published": "2022-04-19T00:00:57Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-1381"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/vim/vim/commit/f50808ed135ab973296bca515ae4029b321afe47"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://huntr.dev/bounties/55f9c0e8-c221-48b6-a00e-bdcaebaba4a4"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/KVPZVE2CIE2NGCHZDMEHPBWN3LK2UQAA"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/X6E457NYOIRWBJHKB7ON44UY5AVTG4HU"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.gentoo.org/glsa/202208-32"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.gentoo.org/glsa/202305-16"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/kb/HT213488"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2022/Oct/28"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2022/Oct/41"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-PQ3R-X8GQ-G8XM
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-05-03 03:30 – Updated: 2024-05-03 03:30NETGEAR RAX30 Telnet CLI passwd Stack-based Buffer Overflow Remote Code Execution Vulnerability. This vulnerability allows network-adjacent attackers to execute arbitrary code on affected installations of NETGEAR RAX30 routers. Although authentication is required to exploit this vulnerability, the existing authentication mechanism can be bypassed.
The specific flaw exists within the telnet CLI service, which listens on TCP port 23. The issue results from the lack of proper validation of the length of user-supplied data prior to copying it to a fixed-length stack-based buffer. An attacker can leverage this vulnerability to execute code in the context of root. Was ZDI-CAN-20009.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-40478"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-121",
"CWE-787"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-05-03T03:15:20Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "NETGEAR RAX30 Telnet CLI passwd Stack-based Buffer Overflow Remote Code Execution Vulnerability. This vulnerability allows network-adjacent attackers to execute arbitrary code on affected installations of NETGEAR RAX30 routers. Although authentication is required to exploit this vulnerability, the existing authentication mechanism can be bypassed.\n\nThe specific flaw exists within the telnet CLI service, which listens on TCP port 23. The issue results from the lack of proper validation of the length of user-supplied data prior to copying it to a fixed-length stack-based buffer. An attacker can leverage this vulnerability to execute code in the context of root. Was ZDI-CAN-20009.",
"id": "GHSA-pq3r-x8gq-g8xm",
"modified": "2024-05-03T03:30:58Z",
"published": "2024-05-03T03:30:58Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-40478"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://kb.netgear.com/000065649/Security-Advisory-for-Post-authentication-Buffer-Overflow-on-the-RAX30-PSV-2023-0002"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.zerodayinitiative.com/advisories/ZDI-23-1163"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:A/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-PQ52-FRH2-Q4H5
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-05-09 03:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 03:53In ext4fsfilter driver, there is a possible out of bounds read due to a missing bounds check. This could local denial of service with System execution privileges needed.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-47470"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-787"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-05-09T02:15:09Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "In ext4fsfilter driver, there is a possible out of bounds read due to a missing bounds check. This could local denial of service with System execution privileges needed.",
"id": "GHSA-pq52-frh2-q4h5",
"modified": "2024-04-04T03:53:23Z",
"published": "2023-05-09T03:30:39Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-47470"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.unisoc.com/en_us/secy/announcementDetail/1654776866982133761"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-PQ5R-X8H8-C67R
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:43 – Updated: 2022-05-24 17:43Mozilla developers reported memory safety bugs present in Firefox 84. Some of these bugs showed evidence of memory corruption and we presume that with enough effort some of these could have been exploited to run arbitrary code. This vulnerability affects Firefox < 85.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-23965"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-119",
"CWE-787"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-02-26T16:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Mozilla developers reported memory safety bugs present in Firefox 84. Some of these bugs showed evidence of memory corruption and we presume that with enough effort some of these could have been exploited to run arbitrary code. This vulnerability affects Firefox \u003c 85.",
"id": "GHSA-pq5r-x8h8-c67r",
"modified": "2022-05-24T17:43:13Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:43:13Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-23965"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/buglist.cgi?bug_id=1670378%2C1673555%2C1676812%2C1678582%2C1684497"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.mozilla.org/security/advisories/mfsa2021-03"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-PQ73-4PRP-C8QQ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:02 – Updated: 2026-07-05 00:31A heap based buffer overflow vulnerability exits in GNU LibreDWG 0.10 via bit_read_B ../../src/bits.c:135.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-21841"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-787"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-05-17T21:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A heap based buffer overflow vulnerability exits in GNU LibreDWG 0.10 via bit_read_B ../../src/bits.c:135.",
"id": "GHSA-pq73-4prp-c8qq",
"modified": "2026-07-05T00:31:18Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T19:02:32Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-21841"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/LibreDWG/libredwg/issues/188#issuecomment-574493775"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://gnu.com"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://libredwg.com"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-PQ75-7223-CWCC
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-06-26 21:31 – Updated: 2025-06-26 21:31PDF-XChange Editor PRC File Parsing Out-Of-Bounds Write Remote Code Execution Vulnerability. This vulnerability allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code on affected installations of PDF-XChange Editor. User interaction is required to exploit this vulnerability in that the target must visit a malicious page or open a malicious file.
The specific flaw exists within the parsing of PRC files. The issue results from the lack of proper validation of user-supplied data, which can result in a write past the end of an allocated buffer. An attacker can leverage this vulnerability to execute code in the context of the current process. Was ZDI-CAN-26734.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-6659"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-787"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-06-25T22:15:23Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "PDF-XChange Editor PRC File Parsing Out-Of-Bounds Write Remote Code Execution Vulnerability. This vulnerability allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code on affected installations of PDF-XChange Editor. User interaction is required to exploit this vulnerability in that the target must visit a malicious page or open a malicious file.\n\nThe specific flaw exists within the parsing of PRC files. The issue results from the lack of proper validation of user-supplied data, which can result in a write past the end of an allocated buffer. An attacker can leverage this vulnerability to execute code in the context of the current process. Was ZDI-CAN-26734.",
"id": "GHSA-pq75-7223-cwcc",
"modified": "2025-06-26T21:31:15Z",
"published": "2025-06-26T21:31:15Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-6659"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.pdf-xchange.com/support/security-bulletins.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.zerodayinitiative.com/advisories/ZDI-25-445"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-PQ78-QMG4-P42H
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-11-21 21:30 – Updated: 2023-11-30 06:33The Datalogics APDFL library used in affected products is vulnerable to memory corruption condition while parsing specially crafted PDF files. An attacker could leverage this vulnerability to execute code in the context of the current process.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-38405"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-119",
"CWE-787"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-11-21T19:15:07Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "The Datalogics APDFL library used in affected products is vulnerable to memory corruption condition\u00a0while parsing specially crafted PDF files. An attacker could leverage this vulnerability to execute code\u00a0in the context of the current process.",
"id": "GHSA-pq78-qmg4-p42h",
"modified": "2023-11-30T06:33:22Z",
"published": "2023-11-21T21:30:23Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-38405"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/pdf/ssa-301589.pdf"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-advisories/icsa-22-041-07"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-PQ7G-WF29-6RFJ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-10-26 21:36 – Updated: 2026-11-02 18:32An out-of-bounds write issue was addressed with improved bounds checking. This issue is fixed in iOS 26.7.2 and iPadOS 26.7.2, iOS 27.2 and iPadOS 27.2, visionOS 27.2, watchOS 27.2. A buffer overflow may result in memory corruption and unexpected app termination.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-65385"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-787"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-10-26T21:18:45Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "An out-of-bounds write issue was addressed with improved bounds checking. This issue is fixed in iOS 26.7.2 and iPadOS 26.7.2, iOS 27.2 and iPadOS 27.2, visionOS 27.2, watchOS 27.2. A buffer overflow may result in memory corruption and unexpected app termination.",
"id": "GHSA-pq7g-wf29-6rfj",
"modified": "2026-11-02T18:32:06Z",
"published": "2026-10-26T21:36:26Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-65385"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/149227"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/149230"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/149525"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/149526"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-PQ7H-87GM-9QWQ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-06-09 00:00 – Updated: 2022-06-15 00:00H3C Magic R100 R100V100R005 was discovered to contain a stack overflow vulnerability via the AddMacList parameter at /goform/aspForm.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-30925"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-787"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-06-08T14:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "H3C Magic R100 R100V100R005 was discovered to contain a stack overflow vulnerability via the AddMacList parameter at /goform/aspForm.",
"id": "GHSA-pq7h-87gm-9qwq",
"modified": "2022-06-15T00:00:21Z",
"published": "2022-06-09T00:00:25Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-30925"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/EPhaha/IOT_vuln/tree/main/H3C/magicR100/17"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation MIT-3
Strategy: Language Selection
- Use a language that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
- For example, many languages that perform their own memory management, such as Java and Perl, are not subject to buffer overflows. Other languages, such as Ada and C#, typically provide overflow protection, but the protection can be disabled by the programmer.
- Be wary that a language's interface to native code may still be subject to overflows, even if the language itself is theoretically safe.
Mitigation MIT-4.1
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
- Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
- Examples include the Safe C String Library (SafeStr) by Messier and Viega [REF-57], and the Strsafe.h library from Microsoft [REF-56]. These libraries provide safer versions of overflow-prone string-handling functions.
Mitigation MIT-10
Strategy: Environment Hardening
- Use automatic buffer overflow detection mechanisms that are offered by certain compilers or compiler extensions. Examples include: the Microsoft Visual Studio /GS flag, Fedora/Red Hat FORTIFY_SOURCE GCC flag, StackGuard, and ProPolice, which provide various mechanisms including canary-based detection and range/index checking.
- D3-SFCV (Stack Frame Canary Validation) from D3FEND [REF-1334] discusses canary-based detection in detail.
Mitigation MIT-9
- Consider adhering to the following rules when allocating and managing an application's memory:
- Double check that the buffer is as large as specified.
- When using functions that accept a number of bytes to copy, such as strncpy(), be aware that if the destination buffer size is equal to the source buffer size, it may not NULL-terminate the string.
- Check buffer boundaries if accessing the buffer in a loop and make sure there is no danger of writing past the allocated space.
- If necessary, truncate all input strings to a reasonable length before passing them to the copy and concatenation functions.
Mitigation MIT-11
Strategy: Environment Hardening
- Run or compile the software using features or extensions that randomly arrange the positions of a program's executable and libraries in memory. Because this makes the addresses unpredictable, it can prevent an attacker from reliably jumping to exploitable code.
- Examples include Address Space Layout Randomization (ASLR) [REF-58] [REF-60] and Position-Independent Executables (PIE) [REF-64]. Imported modules may be similarly realigned if their default memory addresses conflict with other modules, in a process known as "rebasing" (for Windows) and "prelinking" (for Linux) [REF-1332] using randomly generated addresses. ASLR for libraries cannot be used in conjunction with prelink since it would require relocating the libraries at run-time, defeating the whole purpose of prelinking.
- For more information on these techniques see D3-SAOR (Segment Address Offset Randomization) from D3FEND [REF-1335].
Mitigation MIT-12
Strategy: Environment Hardening
- Use a CPU and operating system that offers Data Execution Protection (using hardware NX or XD bits) or the equivalent techniques that simulate this feature in software, such as PaX [REF-60] [REF-61]. These techniques ensure that any instruction executed is exclusively at a memory address that is part of the code segment.
- For more information on these techniques see D3-PSEP (Process Segment Execution Prevention) from D3FEND [REF-1336].
Mitigation MIT-13
Replace unbounded copy functions with analogous functions that support length arguments, such as strcpy with strncpy. Create these if they are not available.
No CAPEC attack patterns related to this CWE.