CWE-787
Weakness Allowed-with-ReviewOut-of-bounds Write
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The product writes data past the end, or before the beginning, of the intended buffer.
Dimensions
- Behavior-Type: Write
- Resource-Type: Memory Buffer
- Resource-Property: Out-of-bounds
Mapping guidance
This CWE entry is at the Base level of abstraction, which is a preferred level of abstraction for mapping to the root causes of vulnerabilities. However, closer examination is required.
While this CWE is allowed for mapping, it has more specific children that might be a better fit. Carefully read both the name and description to ensure that this mapping is appropriate. Consider the root cause errors that have led to the out-of-bounds write by examining "CanFollow" relationships for this entry.
Relationships and members
Modes of introduction
Detection methods
Automated Static Analysis
This weakness can often be detected using automated static analysis tools. Many modern tools use data flow analysis or constraint-based techniques to minimize the number of false positives.
Automated static analysis generally does not account for environmental considerations when reporting out-of-bounds memory operations. This can make it difficult for users to determine which warnings should be investigated first. For example, an analysis tool might report buffer overflows that originate from command line arguments in a program that is not expected to run with setuid or other special privileges.
Effectiveness: High
Detection techniques for buffer-related errors are more mature than for most other weakness types.
Automated Dynamic Analysis
This weakness can be detected using dynamic tools and techniques that interact with the software using large test suites with many diverse inputs, such as fuzz testing (fuzzing), robustness testing, and fault injection. The software's operation may slow down, but it should not become unstable, crash, or generate incorrect results.
Automated Dynamic Analysis
Use tools that are integrated during compilation to insert runtime error-checking mechanisms related to memory safety errors, such as AddressSanitizer (ASan) for C/C++ [REF-1518].
Effectiveness: Moderate
Crafted inputs are necessary to reach the code containing the error, such as generated by fuzzers. Also, these tools may reduce performance, and they only report the error condition - not the original mistake that led to the error.
Content history
Suggested mappings to ISA/IEC 62443.
Provided diagram to improve CWE usability
updated Demonstrative_Examples
updated Relationships
updated Common_Consequences
updated Demonstrative_Examples
updated Relationships
updated Description
updated Applicable_Platforms, Demonstrative_Examples, Detection_Factors, Likelihood_of_Exploit, Observed_Examples, Potential_Mitigations, References, Relationships, Time_of_Introduction
updated Observed_Examples, Relationships
updated Observed_Examples
updated Alternate_Terms, Demonstrative_Examples, Observed_Examples, Relationships
updated Relationships
updated Demonstrative_Examples
updated Demonstrative_Examples, Potential_Mitigations, Relationships
updated Observed_Examples, Relationships
updated Applicable_Platforms
updated Alternate_Terms, Demonstrative_Examples, Description
updated Potential_Mitigations, References, Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings
updated Mapping_Notes, Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings
updated Demonstrative_Examples
updated Alternate_Terms, Common_Consequences, Description, Diagram, Weakness_Ordinalities
updated Observed_Examples, Relationships
updated Observed_Examples, Relationships
updated Affected_Resources, Functional_Areas, References
updated Applicable_Platforms, Detection_Factors, References, Relationships
updated Mapping_Notes
updated Dimensions, Observed_Examples, References, Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings
16871 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-JX53-J6XC-P3R6
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 16:51 – Updated: 2026-05-12 12:31An issue was discovered in Das U-Boot through 2019.07. There is an unbounded memcpy with a failed length check at nfs_read_reply when calling store_block in the NFSv2 case.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2019-14194"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-787"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2019-07-31T13:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "An issue was discovered in Das U-Boot through 2019.07. There is an unbounded memcpy with a failed length check at nfs_read_reply when calling store_block in the NFSv2 case.",
"id": "GHSA-jx53-j6xc-p3r6",
"modified": "2026-05-12T12:31:26Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T16:51:52Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-14194"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://blog.semmle.com/uboot-rce-nfs-vulnerability"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/html/ssa-577017.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://gitlab.com/u-boot/u-boot"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-JX5V-CP2V-88F2
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:19 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:19The demangle_template function in cplus-dem.c in GNU libiberty, as distributed in GNU Binutils 2.31.1, contains an integer overflow vulnerability (for "Create an array for saving the template argument values") that can trigger a heap-based buffer overflow, as demonstrated by nm.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2018-20673"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-787"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2019-01-04T18:29:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The demangle_template function in cplus-dem.c in GNU libiberty, as distributed in GNU Binutils 2.31.1, contains an integer overflow vulnerability (for \"Create an array for saving the template argument values\") that can trigger a heap-based buffer overflow, as demonstrated by nm.",
"id": "GHSA-jx5v-cp2v-88f2",
"modified": "2022-05-13T01:19:56Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T01:19:56Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-20673"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=24039"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/106454"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-JX6X-8PX6-93F6
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-07-19 18:31 – Updated: 2026-08-17 21:31In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
wifi: wilc1000: fix dma_buffer leak on bus acquire failure
wilc_wlan_firmware_download() allocates dma_buffer with kmalloc() at the top of the function and uses a 'fail:' label to free it via kfree(dma_buffer) on error.
All later error paths correctly use 'goto fail' to route through this cleanup. However, the early failure path after the first acquire_bus() call uses a bare 'return ret;', which leaks dma_buffer whenever the bus acquire fails.
Replace the early return with goto fail so the existing cleanup path runs.
Found via a custom Coccinelle semantic patch hunting for kmalloc'd locals leaked on early-return error paths in driver firmware-download code.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-64145"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-787"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-07-19T16:17:56Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nwifi: wilc1000: fix dma_buffer leak on bus acquire failure\n\nwilc_wlan_firmware_download() allocates dma_buffer with kmalloc() at\nthe top of the function and uses a \u0027fail:\u0027 label to free it via\nkfree(dma_buffer) on error.\n\nAll later error paths correctly use \u0027goto fail\u0027 to route through this\ncleanup. However, the early failure path after the first acquire_bus()\ncall uses a bare \u0027return ret;\u0027, which leaks dma_buffer whenever the bus\nacquire fails.\n\nReplace the early return with goto fail so the existing cleanup path\nruns.\n\nFound via a custom Coccinelle semantic patch hunting for kmalloc\u0027d\nlocals leaked on early-return error paths in driver firmware-download\ncode.",
"id": "GHSA-jx6x-8px6-93f6",
"modified": "2026-08-17T21:31:12Z",
"published": "2026-07-19T18:31:53Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-64145"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/32d7584441b9ecb279a03653b432612546e5efbe"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/95c82d498d74c4e587db30021ca1aec90e29b5a5"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/dd7b6a8671939708cc4b7a46786d8c11297e8f69"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-JX72-HJQG-63P5
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-04-16 00:31 – Updated: 2025-04-16 21:30An issue was discovered in AcpiS3SaveDxe and ChipsetSvcDxe in Insyde InsydeH2O with kernel 5.2 though 5.7. A potential DXE memory corruption vulnerability has been identified. The root cause is use of a pointer originating from the value of an NVRAM variable as the target of a write operation. This can be leveraged by an attacker to perform arbitrary writes, potentially leading to arbitrary code execution. The issue has been fixed in kernel 5.2, Version 05.29.44; kernel 5.3, Version 05.38.44; kernel 5.4, Version 05.46.44; kernel 5.5, Version 05.54.44; kernel 5.6, Version 05.61.44; and kernel 5.7, Version 05.70.44.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-49200"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-787"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-04-15T22:15:15Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "An issue was discovered in AcpiS3SaveDxe and ChipsetSvcDxe in Insyde InsydeH2O with kernel 5.2 though 5.7. A potential DXE memory corruption vulnerability has been identified. The root cause is use of a pointer originating from the value of an NVRAM variable as the target of a write operation. This can be leveraged by an attacker to perform arbitrary writes, potentially leading to arbitrary code execution. The issue has been fixed in kernel 5.2, Version 05.29.44; kernel 5.3, Version 05.38.44; kernel 5.4, Version 05.46.44; kernel 5.5, Version 05.54.44; kernel 5.6, Version 05.61.44; and kernel 5.7, Version 05.70.44.",
"id": "GHSA-jx72-hjqg-63p5",
"modified": "2025-04-16T21:30:53Z",
"published": "2025-04-16T00:31:34Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-49200"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.insyde.com/security-pledge/SA-2024015"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-JX75-26P3-GG9H
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-11-22 21:32 – Updated: 2024-11-22 21:32Tungsten Automation Power PDF PDF File Parsing Memory Corruption Remote Code Execution Vulnerability. This vulnerability allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code on affected installations of Tungsten Automation Power PDF. User interaction is required to exploit this vulnerability in that the target must visit a malicious page or open a malicious file.
The specific flaw exists within the parsing of PDF files. The issue results from the lack of proper validation of user-supplied data, which can result in a memory corruption condition. An attacker can leverage this vulnerability to execute code in the context of the current process. Was ZDI-CAN-24455.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-9739"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-119",
"CWE-787"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-11-22T21:15:27Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Tungsten Automation Power PDF PDF File Parsing Memory Corruption Remote Code Execution Vulnerability. This vulnerability allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code on affected installations of Tungsten Automation Power PDF. User interaction is required to exploit this vulnerability in that the target must visit a malicious page or open a malicious file.\n\nThe specific flaw exists within the parsing of PDF files. The issue results from the lack of proper validation of user-supplied data, which can result in a memory corruption condition. An attacker can leverage this vulnerability to execute code in the context of the current process. Was ZDI-CAN-24455.",
"id": "GHSA-jx75-26p3-gg9h",
"modified": "2024-11-22T21:32:20Z",
"published": "2024-11-22T21:32:20Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-9739"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.zerodayinitiative.com/advisories/ZDI-24-1349"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-JX7V-2GRP-7H7P
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 16:47 – Updated: 2024-04-04 00:54In nfa_rw_store_ndef_rx_buf of nfa_rw_act.cc, there is a possible out-of-bound write due to a missing bounds check. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is needed for exploitation. Product: Android. Versions: Android-7.0 Android-7.1.1 Android-7.1.2 Android-8.0 Android-8.1 Android-9. Android ID: A-123583388.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2019-2099"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-787"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2019-06-07T20:29:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "In nfa_rw_store_ndef_rx_buf of nfa_rw_act.cc, there is a possible out-of-bound write due to a missing bounds check. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is needed for exploitation. Product: Android. Versions: Android-7.0 Android-7.1.1 Android-7.1.2 Android-8.0 Android-8.1 Android-9. Android ID: A-123583388.",
"id": "GHSA-jx7v-2grp-7h7p",
"modified": "2024-04-04T00:54:37Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T16:47:38Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-2099"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://source.android.com/security/bulletin/2019-06-01"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-JX85-95PJ-H4QX
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:20 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:20Adobe Acrobat and Reader versions 2018.011.20038 and earlier, 2017.011.30079 and earlier, and 2015.006.30417 and earlier have a Heap Overflow vulnerability. Successful exploitation could lead to arbitrary code execution in the context of the current user.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2018-4968"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-787"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2018-07-09T19:29:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "Adobe Acrobat and Reader versions 2018.011.20038 and earlier, 2017.011.30079 and earlier, and 2015.006.30417 and earlier have a Heap Overflow vulnerability. Successful exploitation could lead to arbitrary code execution in the context of the current user.",
"id": "GHSA-jx85-95pj-h4qx",
"modified": "2022-05-13T01:20:17Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T01:20:17Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-4968"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://helpx.adobe.com/security/products/acrobat/apsb18-09.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/104172"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securitytracker.com/id/1040920"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-JX8F-JJVW-F6VF
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-12-14 21:30 – Updated: 2022-12-19 18:30VMware ESXi, Workstation, and Fusion contain a heap out-of-bounds write vulnerability in the USB 2.0 controller (EHCI). A malicious actor with local administrative privileges on a virtual machine may exploit this issue to execute code as the virtual machine's VMX process running on the host. On ESXi, the exploitation is contained within the VMX sandbox whereas, on Workstation and Fusion, this may lead to code execution on the machine where Workstation or Fusion is installed.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-31705"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-787"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-12-14T19:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "VMware ESXi, Workstation, and Fusion contain a heap out-of-bounds write vulnerability in the USB 2.0 controller (EHCI). A malicious actor with local administrative privileges on a virtual machine may exploit this issue to execute code as the virtual machine\u0027s VMX process running on the host. On ESXi, the exploitation is contained within the VMX sandbox whereas, on Workstation and Fusion, this may lead to code execution on the machine where Workstation or Fusion is installed.",
"id": "GHSA-jx8f-jjvw-f6vf",
"modified": "2022-12-19T18:30:25Z",
"published": "2022-12-14T21:30:17Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-31705"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.vmware.com/security/advisories/VMSA-2022-0033.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-JX8H-CFQR-F26F
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-10-21 21:30 – Updated: 2024-11-07 18:31In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
powerpc/bpf/32: Fix Oops on tail call tests
test_bpf tail call tests end up as:
test_bpf: #0 Tail call leaf jited:1 85 PASS test_bpf: #1 Tail call 2 jited:1 111 PASS test_bpf: #2 Tail call 3 jited:1 145 PASS test_bpf: #3 Tail call 4 jited:1 170 PASS test_bpf: #4 Tail call load/store leaf jited:1 190 PASS test_bpf: #5 Tail call load/store jited:1 BUG: Unable to handle kernel data access on write at 0xf1b4e000 Faulting instruction address: 0xbe86b710 Oops: Kernel access of bad area, sig: 11 [#1] BE PAGE_SIZE=4K MMU=Hash PowerMac Modules linked in: test_bpf(+) CPU: 0 PID: 97 Comm: insmod Not tainted 6.1.0-rc4+ #195 Hardware name: PowerMac3,1 750CL 0x87210 PowerMac NIP: be86b710 LR: be857e88 CTR: be86b704 REGS: f1b4df20 TRAP: 0300 Not tainted (6.1.0-rc4+) MSR: 00009032 CR: 28008242 XER: 00000000 DAR: f1b4e000 DSISR: 42000000 GPR00: 00000001 f1b4dfe0 c11d2280 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000002 00000000 GPR08: f1b4e000 be86b704 f1b4e000 00000000 00000000 100d816a f2440000 fe73baa8 GPR16: f2458000 00000000 c1941ae4 f1fe2248 00000045 c0de0000 f2458030 00000000 GPR24: 000003e8 0000000f f2458000 f1b4dc90 3e584b46 00000000 f24466a0 c1941a00 NIP [be86b710] 0xbe86b710 LR [be857e88] __run_one+0xec/0x264 [test_bpf] Call Trace: [f1b4dfe0] [00000002] 0x2 (unreliable) Instruction dump: XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX ---[ end trace 0000000000000000 ]---
This is a tentative to write above the stack. The problem is encoutered with tests added by commit 38608ee7b690 ("bpf, tests: Add load store test case for tail call")
This happens because tail call is done to a BPF prog with a different stack_depth. At the time being, the stack is kept as is when the caller tail calls its callee. But at exit, the callee restores the stack based on its own properties. Therefore here, at each run, r1 is erroneously increased by 32 - 16 = 16 bytes.
This was done that way in order to pass the tail call count from caller to callee through the stack. As powerpc32 doesn't have a red zone in the stack, it was necessary the maintain the stack as is for the tail call. But it was not anticipated that the BPF frame size could be different.
Let's take a new approach. Use register r4 to carry the tail call count during the tail call, and save it into the stack at function entry if required. This means the input parameter must be in r3, which is more correct as it is a 32 bits parameter, then tail call better match with normal BPF function entry, the down side being that we move that input parameter back and forth between r3 and r4. That can be optimised later.
Doing that also has the advantage of maximising the common parts between tail calls and a normal function exit.
With the fix, tail call tests are now successfull:
test_bpf: #0 Tail call leaf jited:1 53 PASS test_bpf: #1 Tail call 2 jited:1 115 PASS test_bpf: #2 Tail call 3 jited:1 154 PASS test_bpf: #3 Tail call 4 jited:1 165 PASS test_bpf: #4 Tail call load/store leaf jited:1 101 PASS test_bpf: #5 Tail call load/store jited:1 141 PASS test_bpf: #6 Tail call error path, max count reached jited:1 994 PASS test_bpf: #7 Tail call count preserved across function calls jited:1 140975 PASS test_bpf: #8 Tail call error path, NULL target jited:1 110 PASS test_bpf: #9 Tail call error path, index out of range jited:1 69 PASS test_bpf: test_tail_calls: Summary: 10 PASSED, 0 FAILED, [10/10 JIT'ed]
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-48998"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-787"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-10-21T20:15:11Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\npowerpc/bpf/32: Fix Oops on tail call tests\n\ntest_bpf tail call tests end up as:\n\n test_bpf: #0 Tail call leaf jited:1 85 PASS\n test_bpf: #1 Tail call 2 jited:1 111 PASS\n test_bpf: #2 Tail call 3 jited:1 145 PASS\n test_bpf: #3 Tail call 4 jited:1 170 PASS\n test_bpf: #4 Tail call load/store leaf jited:1 190 PASS\n test_bpf: #5 Tail call load/store jited:1\n BUG: Unable to handle kernel data access on write at 0xf1b4e000\n Faulting instruction address: 0xbe86b710\n Oops: Kernel access of bad area, sig: 11 [#1]\n BE PAGE_SIZE=4K MMU=Hash PowerMac\n Modules linked in: test_bpf(+)\n CPU: 0 PID: 97 Comm: insmod Not tainted 6.1.0-rc4+ #195\n Hardware name: PowerMac3,1 750CL 0x87210 PowerMac\n NIP: be86b710 LR: be857e88 CTR: be86b704\n REGS: f1b4df20 TRAP: 0300 Not tainted (6.1.0-rc4+)\n MSR: 00009032 \u003cEE,ME,IR,DR,RI\u003e CR: 28008242 XER: 00000000\n DAR: f1b4e000 DSISR: 42000000\n GPR00: 00000001 f1b4dfe0 c11d2280 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000002 00000000\n GPR08: f1b4e000 be86b704 f1b4e000 00000000 00000000 100d816a f2440000 fe73baa8\n GPR16: f2458000 00000000 c1941ae4 f1fe2248 00000045 c0de0000 f2458030 00000000\n GPR24: 000003e8 0000000f f2458000 f1b4dc90 3e584b46 00000000 f24466a0 c1941a00\n NIP [be86b710] 0xbe86b710\n LR [be857e88] __run_one+0xec/0x264 [test_bpf]\n Call Trace:\n [f1b4dfe0] [00000002] 0x2 (unreliable)\n Instruction dump:\n XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX\n XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX\n ---[ end trace 0000000000000000 ]---\n\nThis is a tentative to write above the stack. The problem is encoutered\nwith tests added by commit 38608ee7b690 (\"bpf, tests: Add load store\ntest case for tail call\")\n\nThis happens because tail call is done to a BPF prog with a different\nstack_depth. At the time being, the stack is kept as is when the caller\ntail calls its callee. But at exit, the callee restores the stack based\non its own properties. Therefore here, at each run, r1 is erroneously\nincreased by 32 - 16 = 16 bytes.\n\nThis was done that way in order to pass the tail call count from caller\nto callee through the stack. As powerpc32 doesn\u0027t have a red zone in\nthe stack, it was necessary the maintain the stack as is for the tail\ncall. But it was not anticipated that the BPF frame size could be\ndifferent.\n\nLet\u0027s take a new approach. Use register r4 to carry the tail call count\nduring the tail call, and save it into the stack at function entry if\nrequired. This means the input parameter must be in r3, which is more\ncorrect as it is a 32 bits parameter, then tail call better match with\nnormal BPF function entry, the down side being that we move that input\nparameter back and forth between r3 and r4. That can be optimised later.\n\nDoing that also has the advantage of maximising the common parts between\ntail calls and a normal function exit.\n\nWith the fix, tail call tests are now successfull:\n\n test_bpf: #0 Tail call leaf jited:1 53 PASS\n test_bpf: #1 Tail call 2 jited:1 115 PASS\n test_bpf: #2 Tail call 3 jited:1 154 PASS\n test_bpf: #3 Tail call 4 jited:1 165 PASS\n test_bpf: #4 Tail call load/store leaf jited:1 101 PASS\n test_bpf: #5 Tail call load/store jited:1 141 PASS\n test_bpf: #6 Tail call error path, max count reached jited:1 994 PASS\n test_bpf: #7 Tail call count preserved across function calls jited:1 140975 PASS\n test_bpf: #8 Tail call error path, NULL target jited:1 110 PASS\n test_bpf: #9 Tail call error path, index out of range jited:1 69 PASS\n test_bpf: test_tail_calls: Summary: 10 PASSED, 0 FAILED, [10/10 JIT\u0027ed]",
"id": "GHSA-jx8h-cfqr-f26f",
"modified": "2024-11-07T18:31:21Z",
"published": "2024-10-21T21:30:52Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-48998"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/747a6e547240baaaf41874d27333b87b87cfd24c"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/89d21e259a94f7d5582ec675aa445f5a79f347e4"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-JX8W-6MV7-8QJ4
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-15 00:31 – Updated: 2026-04-15 00:31InCopy versions 20.5.2, 21.2 and earlier are affected by an out-of-bounds write vulnerability that could result in arbitrary code execution in the context of the current user. Exploitation of this issue requires user interaction in that a victim must open a malicious file.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-34631"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-787"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-04-14T22:16:31Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "InCopy versions 20.5.2, 21.2 and earlier are affected by an out-of-bounds write vulnerability that could result in arbitrary code execution in the context of the current user. Exploitation of this issue requires user interaction in that a victim must open a malicious file.",
"id": "GHSA-jx8w-6mv7-8qj4",
"modified": "2026-04-15T00:31:34Z",
"published": "2026-04-15T00:31:34Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-34631"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://helpx.adobe.com/security/products/incopy/apsb26-33.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation MIT-3
Strategy: Language Selection
- Use a language that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
- For example, many languages that perform their own memory management, such as Java and Perl, are not subject to buffer overflows. Other languages, such as Ada and C#, typically provide overflow protection, but the protection can be disabled by the programmer.
- Be wary that a language's interface to native code may still be subject to overflows, even if the language itself is theoretically safe.
Mitigation MIT-4.1
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
- Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
- Examples include the Safe C String Library (SafeStr) by Messier and Viega [REF-57], and the Strsafe.h library from Microsoft [REF-56]. These libraries provide safer versions of overflow-prone string-handling functions.
Mitigation MIT-10
Strategy: Environment Hardening
- Use automatic buffer overflow detection mechanisms that are offered by certain compilers or compiler extensions. Examples include: the Microsoft Visual Studio /GS flag, Fedora/Red Hat FORTIFY_SOURCE GCC flag, StackGuard, and ProPolice, which provide various mechanisms including canary-based detection and range/index checking.
- D3-SFCV (Stack Frame Canary Validation) from D3FEND [REF-1334] discusses canary-based detection in detail.
Mitigation MIT-9
- Consider adhering to the following rules when allocating and managing an application's memory:
- Double check that the buffer is as large as specified.
- When using functions that accept a number of bytes to copy, such as strncpy(), be aware that if the destination buffer size is equal to the source buffer size, it may not NULL-terminate the string.
- Check buffer boundaries if accessing the buffer in a loop and make sure there is no danger of writing past the allocated space.
- If necessary, truncate all input strings to a reasonable length before passing them to the copy and concatenation functions.
Mitigation MIT-11
Strategy: Environment Hardening
- Run or compile the software using features or extensions that randomly arrange the positions of a program's executable and libraries in memory. Because this makes the addresses unpredictable, it can prevent an attacker from reliably jumping to exploitable code.
- Examples include Address Space Layout Randomization (ASLR) [REF-58] [REF-60] and Position-Independent Executables (PIE) [REF-64]. Imported modules may be similarly realigned if their default memory addresses conflict with other modules, in a process known as "rebasing" (for Windows) and "prelinking" (for Linux) [REF-1332] using randomly generated addresses. ASLR for libraries cannot be used in conjunction with prelink since it would require relocating the libraries at run-time, defeating the whole purpose of prelinking.
- For more information on these techniques see D3-SAOR (Segment Address Offset Randomization) from D3FEND [REF-1335].
Mitigation MIT-12
Strategy: Environment Hardening
- Use a CPU and operating system that offers Data Execution Protection (using hardware NX or XD bits) or the equivalent techniques that simulate this feature in software, such as PaX [REF-60] [REF-61]. These techniques ensure that any instruction executed is exclusively at a memory address that is part of the code segment.
- For more information on these techniques see D3-PSEP (Process Segment Execution Prevention) from D3FEND [REF-1336].
Mitigation MIT-13
Replace unbounded copy functions with analogous functions that support length arguments, such as strcpy with strncpy. Create these if they are not available.
No CAPEC attack patterns related to this CWE.