CWE-77
Allowed-with-ReviewImproper Neutralization of Special Elements used in a Command ('Command Injection')
Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft
The product constructs all or part of a command using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the intended command when it is sent to a downstream component.
5386 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-MX4M-RMPQ-FCW6
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-02-13 21:30 – Updated: 2024-03-05 18:31A command injection vulnerability was identified in GitHub Enterprise Server that allowed an attacker with an editor role in the Management Console to gain admin SSH access to the appliance when setting the username and password for collectd configurations. Exploitation of this vulnerability required access to the GitHub Enterprise Server instance and access to the Management Console with the editor role. This vulnerability affected all versions of GitHub Enterprise Server prior to 3.12 and was fixed in versions 3.11.5, 3.10.7, 3.9.10, and 3.8.15. This vulnerability was reported via the GitHub Bug Bounty program https://bounty.github.com .
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-1369"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-20",
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-02-13T19:15:10Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "A command injection vulnerability was identified in GitHub Enterprise Server that allowed an attacker with an editor role in the Management Console to gain admin SSH access to the appliance when setting the username and password for collectd\u00a0configurations. Exploitation of this vulnerability required access to the GitHub Enterprise Server instance and access to the Management Console with the editor role. This vulnerability affected all versions of GitHub Enterprise Server prior to 3.12 and was fixed in versions 3.11.5, 3.10.7, 3.9.10, and 3.8.15. This vulnerability was reported via the GitHub Bug Bounty program https://bounty.github.com .\n",
"id": "GHSA-mx4m-rmpq-fcw6",
"modified": "2024-03-05T18:31:13Z",
"published": "2024-02-13T21:30:29Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-1369"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://docs.github.com/en/enterprise-server@3.10/admin/release-notes#3.10.7"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://docs.github.com/en/enterprise-server@3.11/admin/release-notes#3.11.5"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://docs.github.com/en/enterprise-server@3.8/admin/release-notes#3.8.15"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://docs.github.com/en/enterprise-server@3.9/admin/release-notes#3.9.10"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-MX7J-Q788-JQ8X
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-10-15 00:30 – Updated: 2024-10-15 00:30Netgear EX6120 v1.0.0.68 is vulnerable to Command Injection in genie_fix2.cgi via the wan_dns1_pri parameter.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-35518"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-10-14T22:15:03Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Netgear EX6120 v1.0.0.68 is vulnerable to Command Injection in genie_fix2.cgi via the wan_dns1_pri parameter.",
"id": "GHSA-mx7j-q788-jq8x",
"modified": "2024-10-15T00:30:57Z",
"published": "2024-10-15T00:30:57Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-35518"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/consrc/cves/blob/main/CVE-2024-35518.md"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-MXGQ-2JWV-2CC8
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-05-14 18:30 – Updated: 2024-07-03 18:41TOTOLINK outdoor CPE CP450 v4.1.0cu.747_B20191224 was discovered to contain a command injection vulnerability in the NTPSyncWithHost function via the hostTime parameter.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-34218"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-05-14T15:38:35Z",
"severity": "LOW"
},
"details": "TOTOLINK outdoor CPE CP450 v4.1.0cu.747_B20191224 was discovered to contain a command injection vulnerability in the NTPSyncWithHost function via the hostTime parameter.",
"id": "GHSA-mxgq-2jwv-2cc8",
"modified": "2024-07-03T18:41:01Z",
"published": "2024-05-14T18:30:49Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-34218"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/n0wstr/IOTVuln/tree/main/CP450/NTPSyncWithHost"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-MXM6-6659-CV7P
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-02-13 21:30 – Updated: 2024-03-02 00:31A command injection vulnerability was identified in GitHub Enterprise Server that allowed an attacker with an editor role in the Management Console to gain admin SSH access to the appliance via nomad templates when configuring SMTP options. Exploitation of this vulnerability required access to the GitHub Enterprise Server instance and access to the Management Console with the editor role. This vulnerability affected all versions of GitHub Enterprise Server prior to 3.12 and was fixed in versions 3.11.5, 3.10.7, 3.9.10, and 3.8.15. This vulnerability was reported via the GitHub Bug Bounty program https://bounty.github.com .
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-1378"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-20",
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-02-13T19:15:10Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "A command injection vulnerability was identified in GitHub Enterprise Server that allowed an attacker with an editor role in the Management Console to gain admin SSH access to the appliance via\u00a0nomad templates when configuring SMTP options. Exploitation of this vulnerability required access to the GitHub Enterprise Server instance and access to the Management Console with the editor role. This vulnerability affected all versions of GitHub Enterprise Server prior to 3.12 and was fixed in versions 3.11.5, 3.10.7, 3.9.10, and 3.8.15. This vulnerability was reported via the GitHub Bug Bounty program https://bounty.github.com .\n",
"id": "GHSA-mxm6-6659-cv7p",
"modified": "2024-03-02T00:31:30Z",
"published": "2024-02-13T21:30:29Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-1378"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://docs.github.com/en/enterprise-server@3.10/admin/release-notes#3.10.7"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://docs.github.com/en/enterprise-server@3.11/admin/release-notes#3.11.5"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://docs.github.com/en/enterprise-server@3.8/admin/release-notes#3.8.15"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://docs.github.com/en/enterprise-server@3.9/admin/release-notes#3.9.10"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-MXMJ-84Q8-34R7
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2020-09-03 02:39 – Updated: 2020-08-31 18:41All versions of expressfs are vulnerable to Command Injection. The package does not validate user input on several API endpoints, allowing attackers to run arbitrary commands in the system. The affected endpoints are: expressfs.appendFile, expressfs.cp, expressfs.create and expressfs.rmdir.
Recommendation
No fix is currently available. Consider using an alternative module until a fix is made available.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "expressfs"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2020-08-31T18:41:47Z",
"nvd_published_at": null,
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "All versions of `expressfs` are vulnerable to Command Injection. The package does not validate user input on several API endpoints, allowing attackers to run arbitrary commands in the system. The affected endpoints are: `expressfs.appendFile`, `expressfs.cp`, `expressfs.create` and `expressfs.rmdir`.\n\n\n## Recommendation\n\nNo fix is currently available. Consider using an alternative module until a fix is made available.",
"id": "GHSA-mxmj-84q8-34r7",
"modified": "2020-08-31T18:41:47Z",
"published": "2020-09-03T02:39:49Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.npmjs.com/advisories/953"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [],
"summary": "Command Injection in expressfs"
}
GHSA-MXPH-MM6C-MF29
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-09-18 04:12 – Updated: 2025-09-18 04:12A vulnerability was determined in D-Link DIR-852 1.00CN B09. This issue affects the function ssdpcgi_main of the file htodcs/cgibin of the component Simple Service Discovery Protocol Service. Executing manipulation of the argument ST can lead to command injection. The attack may be performed from remote. The exploit has been publicly disclosed and may be utilized. This vulnerability only affects products that are no longer supported by the maintainer.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-10629"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-74",
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-09-18T01:15:36Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability was determined in D-Link DIR-852 1.00CN B09. This issue affects the function ssdpcgi_main of the file htodcs/cgibin of the component Simple Service Discovery Protocol Service. Executing manipulation of the argument ST can lead to command injection. The attack may be performed from remote. The exploit has been publicly disclosed and may be utilized. This vulnerability only affects products that are no longer supported by the maintainer.",
"id": "GHSA-mxph-mm6c-mf29",
"modified": "2025-09-18T04:12:19Z",
"published": "2025-09-18T04:12:19Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-10629"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/i-Corner/cve/issues/30"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.324659"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.324659"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.650660"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.dlink.com"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-P22C-PC6H-VHV3
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-04-28 15:30 – Updated: 2026-07-09 15:31A vulnerability has been found in Ubiquiti EdgeRouter X up to 2.0.9-hotfix.6 and classified as critical. This vulnerability affects unknown code of the component Web Management Interface. The manipulation of the argument ecn-down leads to command injection. The attack can be initiated remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. VDB-227650 is the identifier assigned to this vulnerability.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-2374"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-74",
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-04-28T15:15:10Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability has been found in Ubiquiti EdgeRouter X up to 2.0.9-hotfix.6 and classified as critical. This vulnerability affects unknown code of the component Web Management Interface. The manipulation of the argument ecn-down leads to command injection. The attack can be initiated remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. VDB-227650 is the identifier assigned to this vulnerability.",
"id": "GHSA-p22c-pc6h-vhv3",
"modified": "2026-07-09T15:31:49Z",
"published": "2023-04-28T15:30:19Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-2374"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/leetsun/IoT/tree/main/EdgeRouterX/CI/6"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.227650"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.227650"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2023-2374"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/submit/114075"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/227650"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/227650/cti"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:H/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-P23J-23M2-RG99
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-10-09 15:32 – Updated: 2025-11-03 21:31In Progress Telerik Reporting versions prior to 2024 Q3 (2024.3.924), a command injection attack is possible through improper neutralization of hyperlink elements.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-7840"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-10-09T15:15:16Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "In Progress Telerik Reporting versions prior to 2024 Q3 (2024.3.924), a command injection attack is possible through improper neutralization of hyperlink elements.",
"id": "GHSA-p23j-23m2-rg99",
"modified": "2025-11-03T21:31:15Z",
"published": "2024-10-09T15:32:21Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-7840"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://docs.telerik.com/reporting/knowledge-base/command-injection-cve-2024-7840"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20250425-0004"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-P25G-64WC-H88X
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-06-16 00:00 – Updated: 2022-06-25 00:01Dashboards in Splunk Enterprise versions before 9.0 might let an attacker inject risky search commands into a form token when the token is used in a query in a cross-origin request. The result bypasses SPL safeguards for risky commands. See New capabilities can limit access to some custom and potentially risky commands (https://docs.splunk.com/Documentation/Splunk/9.0.0/Security/SPLsafeguards#New_capabilities_can_limit_access_to_some_custom_and_potentially_risky_commands) for more information. Note that the attack is browser-based and an attacker cannot exploit it at will.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-32154"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-06-15T17:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Dashboards in Splunk Enterprise versions before 9.0 might let an attacker inject risky search commands into a form token when the token is used in a query in a cross-origin request. The result bypasses SPL safeguards for risky commands. See New capabilities can limit access to some custom and potentially risky commands (https://docs.splunk.com/Documentation/Splunk/9.0.0/Security/SPLsafeguards#New_capabilities_can_limit_access_to_some_custom_and_potentially_risky_commands) for more information. Note that the attack is browser-based and an attacker cannot exploit it at will.",
"id": "GHSA-p25g-64wc-h88x",
"modified": "2022-06-25T00:01:03Z",
"published": "2022-06-16T00:00:22Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-32154"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://docs.splunk.com/Documentation/Splunk/9.0.0/Security/SPLsafeguards#New_capabilities_can_limit_access_to_some_custom_and_potentially_risky_commands"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://docs.splunk.com/Documentation/Splunk/9.0.0/Security/Updates"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://research.splunk.com/application/splunk_command_and_scripting_interpreter_delete_usage"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://research.splunk.com/application/splunk_command_and_scripting_interpreter_risky_commands"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://research.splunk.com/application/splunk_command_and_scripting_interpreter_risky_spl_mltk"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.splunk.com/en_us/product-security/announcements/svd-2022-0604.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-P28X-G9GQ-G347
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-10 03:31 – Updated: 2026-04-10 03:31A vulnerability was detected in Totolink A7100RU 7.4cu.2313_b20191024. The impacted element is the function setLoginPasswordCfg of the file /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi of the component CGI Handler. The manipulation of the argument admpass results in os command injection. It is possible to launch the attack remotely. The exploit is now public and may be used.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-5997"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-04-10T02:16:04Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A vulnerability was detected in Totolink A7100RU 7.4cu.2313_b20191024. The impacted element is the function setLoginPasswordCfg of the file /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi of the component CGI Handler. The manipulation of the argument admpass results in os command injection. It is possible to launch the attack remotely. The exploit is now public and may be used.",
"id": "GHSA-p28x-g9gq-g347",
"modified": "2026-04-10T03:31:10Z",
"published": "2026-04-10T03:31:10Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-5997"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Litengzheng/vuldb_new/blob/main/A7100RU/vul_169/README.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/submit/792045"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/356551"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/356551/cti"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.totolink.net"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
Mitigation
If at all possible, use library calls rather than external processes to recreate the desired functionality.
Mitigation
If possible, ensure that all external commands called from the program are statically created.
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
Mitigation
Run time: Run time policy enforcement may be used in an allowlist fashion to prevent use of any non-sanctioned commands.
Mitigation
Assign permissions that prevent the user from accessing/opening privileged files.
CAPEC-136: LDAP Injection
An attacker manipulates or crafts an LDAP query for the purpose of undermining the security of the target. Some applications use user input to create LDAP queries that are processed by an LDAP server. For example, a user might provide their username during authentication and the username might be inserted in an LDAP query during the authentication process. An attacker could use this input to inject additional commands into an LDAP query that could disclose sensitive information. For example, entering a * in the aforementioned query might return information about all users on the system. This attack is very similar to an SQL injection attack in that it manipulates a query to gather additional information or coerce a particular return value.
CAPEC-15: Command Delimiters
An attack of this type exploits a programs' vulnerabilities that allows an attacker's commands to be concatenated onto a legitimate command with the intent of targeting other resources such as the file system or database. The system that uses a filter or denylist input validation, as opposed to allowlist validation is vulnerable to an attacker who predicts delimiters (or combinations of delimiters) not present in the filter or denylist. As with other injection attacks, the attacker uses the command delimiter payload as an entry point to tunnel through the application and activate additional attacks through SQL queries, shell commands, network scanning, and so on.
CAPEC-183: IMAP/SMTP Command Injection
An adversary exploits weaknesses in input validation on web-mail servers to execute commands on the IMAP/SMTP server. Web-mail servers often sit between the Internet and the IMAP or SMTP mail server. User requests are received by the web-mail servers which then query the back-end mail server for the requested information and return this response to the user. In an IMAP/SMTP command injection attack, mail-server commands are embedded in parts of the request sent to the web-mail server. If the web-mail server fails to adequately sanitize these requests, these commands are then sent to the back-end mail server when it is queried by the web-mail server, where the commands are then executed. This attack can be especially dangerous since administrators may assume that the back-end server is protected against direct Internet access and therefore may not secure it adequately against the execution of malicious commands.
CAPEC-248: Command Injection
An adversary looking to execute a command of their choosing, injects new items into an existing command thus modifying interpretation away from what was intended. Commands in this context are often standalone strings that are interpreted by a downstream component and cause specific responses. This type of attack is possible when untrusted values are used to build these command strings. Weaknesses in input validation or command construction can enable the attack and lead to successful exploitation.
CAPEC-40: Manipulating Writeable Terminal Devices
This attack exploits terminal devices that allow themselves to be written to by other users. The attacker sends command strings to the target terminal device hoping that the target user will hit enter and thereby execute the malicious command with their privileges. The attacker can send the results (such as copying /etc/passwd) to a known directory and collect once the attack has succeeded.
CAPEC-43: Exploiting Multiple Input Interpretation Layers
An attacker supplies the target software with input data that contains sequences of special characters designed to bypass input validation logic. This exploit relies on the target making multiples passes over the input data and processing a "layer" of special characters with each pass. In this manner, the attacker can disguise input that would otherwise be rejected as invalid by concealing it with layers of special/escape characters that are stripped off by subsequent processing steps. The goal is to first discover cases where the input validation layer executes before one or more parsing layers. That is, user input may go through the following logic in an application: <parser1> --> <input validator> --> <parser2>. In such cases, the attacker will need to provide input that will pass through the input validator, but after passing through parser2, will be converted into something that the input validator was supposed to stop.
CAPEC-75: Manipulating Writeable Configuration Files
Generally these are manually edited files that are not in the preview of the system administrators, any ability on the attackers' behalf to modify these files, for example in a CVS repository, gives unauthorized access directly to the application, the same as authorized users.
CAPEC-76: Manipulating Web Input to File System Calls
An attacker manipulates inputs to the target software which the target software passes to file system calls in the OS. The goal is to gain access to, and perhaps modify, areas of the file system that the target software did not intend to be accessible.