CWE-77
Allowed-with-ReviewImproper Neutralization of Special Elements used in a Command ('Command Injection')
Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft
The product constructs all or part of a command using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the intended command when it is sent to a downstream component.
5386 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-4PC3-96MX-WWC8
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2020-03-05 22:09 – Updated: 2025-04-14 22:05Impact
The isMail transport in PHPMailer before 5.2.20 might allow remote attackers to pass extra parameters to the mail command and consequently execute arbitrary code by leveraging improper interaction between the escapeshellarg function and internal escaping performed in the mail function in PHP. NOTE: this vulnerability exists because of an incorrect fix for CVE-2016-10033.
This issue really emphasises that it's worth avoiding the built-in PHP mail() function entirely.
Patches
Fixed in 5.2.20
Workarounds
Send via SMTP to localhost instead of calling the mail() function.
References
https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2016-10045 See also https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2016-10033
For more information
If you have any questions or comments about this advisory: * Open a private issue in the PHPMailer project
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "phpmailer/phpmailer"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "5.0.0"
},
{
"fixed": "5.2.20"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2016-10045"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2020-03-05T22:06:01Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2016-12-30T19:59:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "### Impact\nThe `isMail` transport in PHPMailer before 5.2.20 might allow remote attackers to pass extra parameters to the `mail` command and consequently execute arbitrary code by leveraging improper interaction between the `escapeshellarg` function and internal escaping performed in the mail function in PHP. NOTE: this vulnerability exists because of an incorrect fix for CVE-2016-10033.\n\nThis issue really emphasises that it\u0026#39;s worth avoiding the built-in PHP `mail()` function entirely.\n\n### Patches\nFixed in 5.2.20\n\n### Workarounds\nSend via SMTP to localhost instead of calling the `mail()` function.\n\n### References\nhttps://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2016-10045\nSee also https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2016-10033\n\n### For more information\nIf you have any questions or comments about this advisory:\n* Open a private issue in [the PHPMailer project](https://github.com/PHPMailer/PHPMailer)",
"id": "GHSA-4pc3-96mx-wwc8",
"modified": "2025-04-14T22:05:57Z",
"published": "2020-03-05T22:09:14Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/PHPMailer/PHPMailer/security/advisories/GHSA-4pc3-96mx-wwc8"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2016-10045"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://developer.joomla.org/security-centre/668-20161205-phpmailer-security-advisory.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/FriendsOfPHP/security-advisories/blob/master/phpmailer/phpmailer/CVE-2016-10045.yaml"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/PHPMailer/PHPMailer"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/PHPMailer/PHPMailer/releases/tag/v5.2.20"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/PHPMailer/PHPMailer/wiki/About-the-CVE-2016-10033-and-CVE-2016-10045-vulnerabilities"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://legalhackers.com/advisories/PHPMailer-Exploit-Remote-Code-Exec-CVE-2016-10045-Vuln-Patch-Bypass.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/40969"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/40986"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/42221"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2016/12/28/1"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://packetstormsecurity.com/files/140286/PHPMailer-Remote-Code-Execution.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://packetstormsecurity.com/files/140350/PHPMailer-Sendmail-Argument-Injection.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2016/Dec/81"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.rapid7.com/db/modules/exploit/multi/http/phpmailer_arg_injection"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Remote code execution in PHPMailer"
}
GHSA-4PJQ-M8X4-557R
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-10-24 19:00 – Updated: 2022-10-24 19:00Command injection and stack-based buffer overflow vulnerabilities in the KillDupUsr_func function of spx_restservice allow an attacker to execute arbitrary code with the same privileges as the server user (root). This issue affects: Lanner Inc IAC-AST2500A standard firmware version 1.10.0.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-26728"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-10-24T14:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "Command injection and stack-based buffer overflow vulnerabilities in the KillDupUsr_func function of spx_restservice allow an attacker to execute arbitrary code with the same privileges as the server user (root). This issue affects: Lanner Inc IAC-AST2500A standard firmware version 1.10.0.",
"id": "GHSA-4pjq-m8x4-557r",
"modified": "2022-10-24T19:00:18Z",
"published": "2022-10-24T19:00:18Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-26728"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/CVEProject/cvelist/blob/master/2021/26xxx/CVE-2021-26728.json"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.nozominetworks.com/blog/vulnerabilities-in-bmc-firmware-affect-ot-iot-device-security-part-1"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.nozominetworks.com/labs/vulnerability-advisories/CVE-2021-26728"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-4PM9-CVFW-H6FV
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-28 09:34 – Updated: 2026-04-28 09:34A vulnerability was found in Totolink A8000RU 7.1cu.643_b20200521. This issue affects the function setWiFiBasicCfg of the file /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi of the component CGI Handler. Performing a manipulation of the argument wifiOff results in os command injection. The attack is possible to be carried out remotely. The exploit has been made public and could be used.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-7241"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-04-28T09:16:17Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A vulnerability was found in Totolink A8000RU 7.1cu.643_b20200521. This issue affects the function setWiFiBasicCfg of the file /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi of the component CGI Handler. Performing a manipulation of the argument wifiOff results in os command injection. The attack is possible to be carried out remotely. The exploit has been made public and could be used.",
"id": "GHSA-4pm9-cvfw-h6fv",
"modified": "2026-04-28T09:34:14Z",
"published": "2026-04-28T09:34:13Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-7241"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Litengzheng/vuldb_new2/blob/main/A8000RU/vul_325/README.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/submit/803086"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/359848"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/359848/cti"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.totolink.net"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-4PMX-VH95-832R
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-12-12 15:30 – Updated: 2022-12-14 21:30Tenda AX12 V22.03.01.21_CN was found to have a command injection vulnerability via /goform/setMacFilterCfg function.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-45977"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77",
"CWE-78"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-12-12T15:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Tenda AX12 V22.03.01.21_CN was found to have a command injection vulnerability via /goform/setMacFilterCfg function.",
"id": "GHSA-4pmx-vh95-832r",
"modified": "2022-12-14T21:30:17Z",
"published": "2022-12-12T15:30:31Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-45977"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/The-Itach1/IOT-CVE/tree/master/Tenda/AX12/3"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-4PQ3-P5Q7-WX2G
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:19 – Updated: 2026-07-05 03:30A command injection vulnerability was discovered in the HNAP1 protocol in D-Link DIR-823G devices with firmware V1.0.2B05. An attacker is able to execute arbitrary web scripts via shell metacharacters in the PrivateLogin field to Login.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-25368"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77",
"CWE-78"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-11-04T11:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "A command injection vulnerability was discovered in the HNAP1 protocol in D-Link DIR-823G devices with firmware V1.0.2B05. An attacker is able to execute arbitrary web scripts via shell metacharacters in the PrivateLogin field to Login.",
"id": "GHSA-4pq3-p5q7-wx2g",
"modified": "2026-07-05T03:30:44Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T19:19:47Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-25368"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/sek1th/iot/blob/master/dir-823g_2.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.dlink.com/en/security-bulletin"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://d-link.com"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-4PQF-X898-75W7
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-05-01 18:31 – Updated: 2025-05-02 18:31TOTOLINK CA600-PoE V5.3c.6665_B20180820 was found to contain a command injection vulnerability in the msg_process function via the Port parameter. This vulnerability allows attackers to execute arbitrary commands via a crafted request.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-44842"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-05-01T17:15:50Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "TOTOLINK CA600-PoE V5.3c.6665_B20180820 was found to contain a command injection vulnerability in the msg_process function via the Port parameter. This vulnerability allows attackers to execute arbitrary commands via a crafted request.",
"id": "GHSA-4pqf-x898-75w7",
"modified": "2025-05-02T18:31:31Z",
"published": "2025-05-01T18:31:47Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-44842"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Summermu/VulnForIoT/tree/main/Totolink_CA600-PoE/msg_process_Port/readme.md"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-4PR9-4CFF-6C6J
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-07-12 09:31 – Updated: 2026-07-12 09:31A vulnerability was found in TRENDnet TEW-821DAP 1.11B03. This impacts the function sub_41FBD0 of the file /goform/system_ntp of the component Firmware Update Handler. Performing a manipulation of the argument Hostname results in os command injection. The attack may be initiated remotely. The vendor explains: "We are unable to confirm the existence of the vulnerabilities for (...) TEW-821DAP (v1.0R) as these items have been EOL. " This vulnerability only affects products that are no longer supported by the maintainer.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-15487"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-07-12T09:16:39Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability was found in TRENDnet TEW-821DAP 1.11B03. This impacts the function sub_41FBD0 of the file /goform/system_ntp of the component Firmware Update Handler. Performing a manipulation of the argument Hostname results in os command injection. The attack may be initiated remotely. The vendor explains: \"We are unable to confirm the existence of the vulnerabilities for (...) TEW-821DAP (v1.0R) as these items have been EOL. \" This vulnerability only affects products that are no longer supported by the maintainer.",
"id": "GHSA-4pr9-4cff-6c6j",
"modified": "2026-07-12T09:31:46Z",
"published": "2026-07-12T09:31:46Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-15487"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/IOTRes/IOT_Firmware_Update/blob/main/Trendnet/TEW-821DAP_CI5.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-15487"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/submit/842385"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/377794"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/377794/cti"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-4PRV-6MMW-M4XM
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-08-11 00:30 – Updated: 2025-08-11 00:30A vulnerability has been found in Linksys RE6250, RE6300, RE6350, RE6500, RE7000 and RE9000 up to 20250801. Affected by this issue is the function setDFSSetting of the file /goform/setLan. The manipulation of the argument lanNetmask/lanIp leads to os command injection. The attack may be launched remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-8818"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-08-10T23:15:25Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability has been found in Linksys RE6250, RE6300, RE6350, RE6500, RE7000 and RE9000 up to 20250801. Affected by this issue is the function setDFSSetting of the file /goform/setLan. The manipulation of the argument lanNetmask/lanIp leads to os command injection. The attack may be launched remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.",
"id": "GHSA-4prv-6mmw-m4xm",
"modified": "2025-08-11T00:30:18Z",
"published": "2025-08-11T00:30:18Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-8818"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/wudipjq/my_vuln/blob/main/Linksys1/vuln_52/52.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/wudipjq/my_vuln/blob/main/Linksys1/vuln_52/52.md#poc"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.319352"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.319352"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.626682"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.linksys.com"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-4PWX-P578-RQXJ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:07 – Updated: 2022-06-29 00:00A remote arbitrary command execution vulnerability was discovered in Aruba ClearPass Policy Manager version(s): Prior to 6.10.0, 6.9.6 and 6.8.9. Aruba has released updates to ClearPass Policy Manager that address this security vulnerability.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-34611"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-07-08T16:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A remote arbitrary command execution vulnerability was discovered in Aruba ClearPass Policy Manager version(s): Prior to 6.10.0, 6.9.6 and 6.8.9. Aruba has released updates to ClearPass Policy Manager that address this security vulnerability.",
"id": "GHSA-4pwx-p578-rqxj",
"modified": "2022-06-29T00:00:53Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T19:07:13Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-34611"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.arubanetworks.com/assets/alert/ARUBA-PSA-2021-012.txt"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-4Q8F-5XXJ-946R
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2020-09-03 02:40 – Updated: 2020-08-31 18:41Versions of addax prior to 1.1.0 are vulnerable to Command Injection. The package does not validate user input on the presignPath function which receives input directly from the API endpoint. Exploiting the vulnerability requires authentication. This may allow attackers to run arbitrary commands in the system.
Recommendation
Upgrade to version 1.1.0 or later.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "addax"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.1.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2020-08-31T18:41:49Z",
"nvd_published_at": null,
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Versions of `addax` prior to 1.1.0 are vulnerable to Command Injection. The package does not validate user input on the `presignPath` function which receives input directly from the API endpoint. Exploiting the vulnerability requires authentication. This may allow attackers to run arbitrary commands in the system.\n\n\n## Recommendation\n\nUpgrade to version 1.1.0 or later.",
"id": "GHSA-4q8f-5xxj-946r",
"modified": "2020-08-31T18:41:49Z",
"published": "2020-09-03T02:40:51Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.npmjs.com/advisories/954"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [],
"summary": "Command Injection in addax"
}
Mitigation
If at all possible, use library calls rather than external processes to recreate the desired functionality.
Mitigation
If possible, ensure that all external commands called from the program are statically created.
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
Mitigation
Run time: Run time policy enforcement may be used in an allowlist fashion to prevent use of any non-sanctioned commands.
Mitigation
Assign permissions that prevent the user from accessing/opening privileged files.
CAPEC-136: LDAP Injection
An attacker manipulates or crafts an LDAP query for the purpose of undermining the security of the target. Some applications use user input to create LDAP queries that are processed by an LDAP server. For example, a user might provide their username during authentication and the username might be inserted in an LDAP query during the authentication process. An attacker could use this input to inject additional commands into an LDAP query that could disclose sensitive information. For example, entering a * in the aforementioned query might return information about all users on the system. This attack is very similar to an SQL injection attack in that it manipulates a query to gather additional information or coerce a particular return value.
CAPEC-15: Command Delimiters
An attack of this type exploits a programs' vulnerabilities that allows an attacker's commands to be concatenated onto a legitimate command with the intent of targeting other resources such as the file system or database. The system that uses a filter or denylist input validation, as opposed to allowlist validation is vulnerable to an attacker who predicts delimiters (or combinations of delimiters) not present in the filter or denylist. As with other injection attacks, the attacker uses the command delimiter payload as an entry point to tunnel through the application and activate additional attacks through SQL queries, shell commands, network scanning, and so on.
CAPEC-183: IMAP/SMTP Command Injection
An adversary exploits weaknesses in input validation on web-mail servers to execute commands on the IMAP/SMTP server. Web-mail servers often sit between the Internet and the IMAP or SMTP mail server. User requests are received by the web-mail servers which then query the back-end mail server for the requested information and return this response to the user. In an IMAP/SMTP command injection attack, mail-server commands are embedded in parts of the request sent to the web-mail server. If the web-mail server fails to adequately sanitize these requests, these commands are then sent to the back-end mail server when it is queried by the web-mail server, where the commands are then executed. This attack can be especially dangerous since administrators may assume that the back-end server is protected against direct Internet access and therefore may not secure it adequately against the execution of malicious commands.
CAPEC-248: Command Injection
An adversary looking to execute a command of their choosing, injects new items into an existing command thus modifying interpretation away from what was intended. Commands in this context are often standalone strings that are interpreted by a downstream component and cause specific responses. This type of attack is possible when untrusted values are used to build these command strings. Weaknesses in input validation or command construction can enable the attack and lead to successful exploitation.
CAPEC-40: Manipulating Writeable Terminal Devices
This attack exploits terminal devices that allow themselves to be written to by other users. The attacker sends command strings to the target terminal device hoping that the target user will hit enter and thereby execute the malicious command with their privileges. The attacker can send the results (such as copying /etc/passwd) to a known directory and collect once the attack has succeeded.
CAPEC-43: Exploiting Multiple Input Interpretation Layers
An attacker supplies the target software with input data that contains sequences of special characters designed to bypass input validation logic. This exploit relies on the target making multiples passes over the input data and processing a "layer" of special characters with each pass. In this manner, the attacker can disguise input that would otherwise be rejected as invalid by concealing it with layers of special/escape characters that are stripped off by subsequent processing steps. The goal is to first discover cases where the input validation layer executes before one or more parsing layers. That is, user input may go through the following logic in an application: <parser1> --> <input validator> --> <parser2>. In such cases, the attacker will need to provide input that will pass through the input validator, but after passing through parser2, will be converted into something that the input validator was supposed to stop.
CAPEC-75: Manipulating Writeable Configuration Files
Generally these are manually edited files that are not in the preview of the system administrators, any ability on the attackers' behalf to modify these files, for example in a CVS repository, gives unauthorized access directly to the application, the same as authorized users.
CAPEC-76: Manipulating Web Input to File System Calls
An attacker manipulates inputs to the target software which the target software passes to file system calls in the OS. The goal is to gain access to, and perhaps modify, areas of the file system that the target software did not intend to be accessible.