CWE-77
Allowed-with-ReviewImproper Neutralization of Special Elements used in a Command ('Command Injection')
Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft
The product constructs all or part of a command using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the intended command when it is sent to a downstream component.
5383 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-2CF4-4HV6-CCXC
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-05-10 03:30 – Updated: 2025-05-10 03:30IBM Storage Scale 5.2.2.0 and 5.2.2.1, under certain configurations, could allow an authenticated user to execute privileged commands due to improper input neutralization.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-1137"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-250",
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-05-10T03:15:22Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "IBM Storage Scale 5.2.2.0 and 5.2.2.1, under certain configurations, could allow an authenticated user to execute privileged commands due to improper input neutralization.",
"id": "GHSA-2cf4-4hv6-ccxc",
"modified": "2025-05-10T03:30:23Z",
"published": "2025-05-10T03:30:23Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-1137"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7233085"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-2CG5-WF8W-MCV4
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-08-10 21:30 – Updated: 2023-08-10 21:30A command injection vulnerability in the DHCP Client function of all UniFi Access Points and Switches, excluding the Switch Flex Mini, could allow a Remote Code Execution (RCE).
Affected Products: All UniFi Access Points (Version 6.5.53 and earlier) All UniFi Switches (Version 6.5.32 and earlier) -USW Flex Mini excluded.
Mitigation: Update UniFi Access Points to Version 6.5.62 or later. Update UniFi Switches to Version 6.5.59 or later.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-38034"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-08-10T19:15:09Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A command injection vulnerability in the DHCP Client function of all UniFi Access Points and Switches, excluding the Switch Flex Mini, could allow a Remote Code Execution (RCE).\n\n \nAffected Products:\nAll UniFi Access Points (Version 6.5.53 and earlier)\nAll UniFi Switches (Version 6.5.32 and earlier) \n-USW Flex Mini excluded.\n \n\nMitigation:\nUpdate UniFi Access Points to Version 6.5.62 or later.\nUpdate UniFi Switches to Version 6.5.59 or later.",
"id": "GHSA-2cg5-wf8w-mcv4",
"modified": "2023-08-10T21:30:44Z",
"published": "2023-08-10T21:30:44Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-38034"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://community.ui.com/releases/Security-Advisory-Bulletin-035-035/91107858-9884-44df-b1c6-63c6499f6e56"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:A/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-2CGQ-H8XW-2V5J
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-04-30 09:39 – Updated: 2024-05-01 13:06Impact
On CRI-O, it looks like an arbitrary systemd property can be injected via a Pod annotation:
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: poc-arbitrary-systemd-property-injection
annotations:
# I believe that ExecStart with an arbitrary command works here too,
# but I haven't figured out how to marshalize the ExecStart struct to gvariant string.
org.systemd.property.SuccessAction: "'poweroff-force'"
spec:
containers:
- name: hello
image: [quay.io/podman/hello](http://quay.io/podman/hello)
This means that any user who can create a pod with an arbitrary annotation may perform an arbitrary action on the host system.
Tested with CRI-O v1.24 on minikube. I didn't test the latest v1.29 because it is incompatible with minikube: https://github.com/kubernetes/minikube/pull/18367
Thanks to Cédric Clerget (GitHub ID @cclerget) for finding out that CRI-O just passes pod annotations to OCI annotations: https://github.com/opencontainers/runc/pull/3923#discussion_r1532292536
CRI-O has to filter out annotations that have the prefix "org.systemd.property."
See also: - https://github.com/opencontainers/runtime-spec/blob/main/features.md#unsafe-annotations-in-configjson - https://github.com/opencontainers/runc/pull/4217
Workarounds
Unfortunately, the only workarounds would involve an external mutating webhook to disallow these annotations
References
{
"affected": [
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 1.29.3"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/cri-o/cri-o"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "1.29.0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.29.4"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 1.28.5"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/cri-o/cri-o"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "1.28.0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.28.6"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 1.27.5"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/cri-o/cri-o"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.27.6"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-3154"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2024-04-30T09:39:38Z",
"nvd_published_at": null,
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "### Impact\nOn CRI-O, it looks like an arbitrary systemd property can be injected via a Pod annotation:\n```\n---\napiVersion: v1\nkind: Pod\nmetadata:\n name: poc-arbitrary-systemd-property-injection\n annotations:\n # I believe that ExecStart with an arbitrary command works here too,\n # but I haven\u0027t figured out how to marshalize the ExecStart struct to gvariant string.\n org.systemd.property.SuccessAction: \"\u0027poweroff-force\u0027\"\nspec:\n containers:\n - name: hello\n image: [quay.io/podman/hello](http://quay.io/podman/hello)\n```\n\nThis means that any user who can create a pod with an arbitrary annotation may perform an arbitrary action on the host system.\n\nTested with CRI-O v1.24 on minikube.\nI didn\u0027t test the latest v1.29 because it is incompatible with minikube: https://github.com/kubernetes/minikube/pull/18367\n\nThanks to C\u00e9dric Clerget (GitHub ID @cclerget) for finding out that CRI-O just passes pod annotations to OCI annotations:\nhttps://github.com/opencontainers/runc/pull/3923#discussion_r1532292536\n\nCRI-O has to filter out annotations that have the prefix \"org.systemd.property.\"\n\nSee also:\n- https://github.com/opencontainers/runtime-spec/blob/main/features.md#unsafe-annotations-in-configjson\n- https://github.com/opencontainers/runc/pull/4217\n\n\n### Workarounds\nUnfortunately, the only workarounds would involve an external mutating webhook to disallow these annotations\n\n### References\n\n",
"id": "GHSA-2cgq-h8xw-2v5j",
"modified": "2024-05-01T13:06:49Z",
"published": "2024-04-30T09:39:38Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/cri-o/cri-o/security/advisories/GHSA-2cgq-h8xw-2v5j"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-3154"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/opencontainers/runc/pull/4217"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2024-3154"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2272532"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/cri-o/cri-o"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/opencontainers/runtime-spec/blob/main/features.md#unsafe-annotations-in-configjson"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "CRI-O vulnerable to an arbitrary systemd property injection"
}
GHSA-2CP7-QPVM-RW54
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-03-05 21:30 – Updated: 2024-03-05 21:30Authenticated command injection vulnerabilities exist in the ArubaOS command line interface. Successful exploitation of these vulnerabilities result in the ability to execute arbitrary commands as a privileged user on the underlying operating system.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-25611"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-03-05T21:15:07Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Authenticated command injection vulnerabilities exist in the ArubaOS command line interface. Successful exploitation of these vulnerabilities result in the ability to execute arbitrary commands as a privileged user on the underlying operating system.\n\n",
"id": "GHSA-2cp7-qpvm-rw54",
"modified": "2024-03-05T21:30:25Z",
"published": "2024-03-05T21:30:25Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-25611"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.arubanetworks.com/assets/alert/ARUBA-PSA-2024-002.txt"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-2CQ7-38M8-Q637
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-08-11 06:30 – Updated: 2025-08-11 06:30A vulnerability has been found in Linksys RE6250, RE6300, RE6350, RE6500, RE7000 and RE9000 up to 20250801. Affected by this issue is the function sub_3517C of the file /goform/setWan. The manipulation of the argument Hostname leads to os command injection. The attack may be launched remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-8830"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-08-11T05:15:26Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability has been found in Linksys RE6250, RE6300, RE6350, RE6500, RE7000 and RE9000 up to 20250801. Affected by this issue is the function sub_3517C of the file /goform/setWan. The manipulation of the argument Hostname leads to os command injection. The attack may be launched remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.",
"id": "GHSA-2cq7-38m8-q637",
"modified": "2025-08-11T06:30:31Z",
"published": "2025-08-11T06:30:31Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-8830"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/wudipjq/my_vuln/blob/main/Linksys1/vuln_46/46.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/wudipjq/my_vuln/blob/main/Linksys1/vuln_46/46.md#poc"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.319364"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.319364"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.626695"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.linksys.com"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-2F2P-6V5F-W6GC
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-04-28 15:30 – Updated: 2026-07-09 15:31A vulnerability was found in Ubiquiti EdgeRouter X up to 2.0.9-hotfix.6 and classified as critical. This issue affects some unknown processing of the component Web Management Interface. The manipulation of the argument src leads to command injection. The attack may be initiated remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The associated identifier of this vulnerability is VDB-227651.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-2375"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-74",
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-04-28T15:15:10Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability was found in Ubiquiti EdgeRouter X up to 2.0.9-hotfix.6 and classified as critical. This issue affects some unknown processing of the component Web Management Interface. The manipulation of the argument src leads to command injection. The attack may be initiated remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The associated identifier of this vulnerability is VDB-227651.",
"id": "GHSA-2f2p-6v5f-w6gc",
"modified": "2026-07-09T15:31:50Z",
"published": "2023-04-28T15:30:20Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-2375"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/leetsun/IoT/tree/main/EdgeRouterX/CI/7"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.227651"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.227651"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2023-2375"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/submit/114077"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/227651"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/227651/cti"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:H/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-2F4P-M737-X9WF
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-12-02 03:30 – Updated: 2022-12-05 21:30D-Link DHP-W310AV 3.10EU was discovered to contain a command injection vulnerability via the System Checks function.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-44930"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77",
"CWE-78"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-12-02T03:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "D-Link DHP-W310AV 3.10EU was discovered to contain a command injection vulnerability via the System Checks function.",
"id": "GHSA-2f4p-m737-x9wf",
"modified": "2022-12-05T21:30:42Z",
"published": "2022-12-02T03:30:20Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-44930"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://cyber-guy.gitbook.io/cyber-guys-blog/pocs/cve-2022-44930"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-2F7J-F5G4-9827
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-06 00:00 – Updated: 2022-05-14 00:03It is found that there is a command injection vulnerability in the setWiFiWpsStart interface in TOTOlink A7100RU (v7.4cu.2313_b20191024) router, which allows an attacker to execute arbitrary commands through a carefully constructed payload.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-28584"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-05-05T18:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "It is found that there is a command injection vulnerability in the setWiFiWpsStart interface in TOTOlink A7100RU (v7.4cu.2313_b20191024) router, which allows an attacker to execute arbitrary commands through a carefully constructed payload.",
"id": "GHSA-2f7j-f5g4-9827",
"modified": "2022-05-14T00:03:30Z",
"published": "2022-05-06T00:00:24Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-28584"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/EPhaha/IOT_vuln/tree/main/TOTOLink/A7100RU/8"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-2F7R-82R8-4H2G
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-01-04 00:33 – Updated: 2025-01-04 00:33A vulnerability was found in Roxy-WI up to 8.1.3. It has been declared as critical. Affected by this vulnerability is the function action_service of the file app/modules/roxywi/roxy.py. The manipulation of the argument action/service leads to os command injection. The attack can be launched remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. Upgrading to version 8.1.4 is able to address this issue. The identifier of the patch is 32313928eb9ce906887b8a30bf7b9a3d5c0de1be. It is recommended to upgrade the affected component.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-13129"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77",
"CWE-78"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-01-03T22:15:06Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A vulnerability was found in Roxy-WI up to 8.1.3. It has been declared as critical. Affected by this vulnerability is the function action_service of the file app/modules/roxywi/roxy.py. The manipulation of the argument action/service leads to os command injection. The attack can be launched remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. Upgrading to version 8.1.4 is able to address this issue. The identifier of the patch is 32313928eb9ce906887b8a30bf7b9a3d5c0de1be. It is recommended to upgrade the affected component.",
"id": "GHSA-2f7r-82r8-4h2g",
"modified": "2025-01-04T00:33:41Z",
"published": "2025-01-04T00:33:41Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-13129"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/roxy-wi/roxy-wi/pull/410"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/roxy-wi/roxy-wi/pull/410#issuecomment-2561289700"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/roxy-wi/roxy-wi/pull/410/commits/32313928eb9ce906887b8a30bf7b9a3d5c0de1be"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/0xs1ash/Exploits/tree/main/CVE-EXPLOIT"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/roxy-wi/roxy-wi/releases/tag/v8.1.4"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.290149"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.290149"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.468530"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-2F8P-W8FC-54H4
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-08-14 06:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 06:54Harman Infotainment 20190525031613 and later allows command injection via unauthenticated RPC with a D-Bus connection object.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-40293"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-08-14T04:15:11Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Harman Infotainment 20190525031613 and later allows command injection via unauthenticated RPC with a D-Bus connection object.",
"id": "GHSA-2f8p-w8fc-54h4",
"modified": "2024-04-04T06:54:29Z",
"published": "2023-08-14T06:30:21Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-40293"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://autohack.in/2023/07/26/dude-its-my-car-how-to-develop-intimacy-with-your-car"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:P/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation
If at all possible, use library calls rather than external processes to recreate the desired functionality.
Mitigation
If possible, ensure that all external commands called from the program are statically created.
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
Mitigation
Run time: Run time policy enforcement may be used in an allowlist fashion to prevent use of any non-sanctioned commands.
Mitigation
Assign permissions that prevent the user from accessing/opening privileged files.
CAPEC-136: LDAP Injection
An attacker manipulates or crafts an LDAP query for the purpose of undermining the security of the target. Some applications use user input to create LDAP queries that are processed by an LDAP server. For example, a user might provide their username during authentication and the username might be inserted in an LDAP query during the authentication process. An attacker could use this input to inject additional commands into an LDAP query that could disclose sensitive information. For example, entering a * in the aforementioned query might return information about all users on the system. This attack is very similar to an SQL injection attack in that it manipulates a query to gather additional information or coerce a particular return value.
CAPEC-15: Command Delimiters
An attack of this type exploits a programs' vulnerabilities that allows an attacker's commands to be concatenated onto a legitimate command with the intent of targeting other resources such as the file system or database. The system that uses a filter or denylist input validation, as opposed to allowlist validation is vulnerable to an attacker who predicts delimiters (or combinations of delimiters) not present in the filter or denylist. As with other injection attacks, the attacker uses the command delimiter payload as an entry point to tunnel through the application and activate additional attacks through SQL queries, shell commands, network scanning, and so on.
CAPEC-183: IMAP/SMTP Command Injection
An adversary exploits weaknesses in input validation on web-mail servers to execute commands on the IMAP/SMTP server. Web-mail servers often sit between the Internet and the IMAP or SMTP mail server. User requests are received by the web-mail servers which then query the back-end mail server for the requested information and return this response to the user. In an IMAP/SMTP command injection attack, mail-server commands are embedded in parts of the request sent to the web-mail server. If the web-mail server fails to adequately sanitize these requests, these commands are then sent to the back-end mail server when it is queried by the web-mail server, where the commands are then executed. This attack can be especially dangerous since administrators may assume that the back-end server is protected against direct Internet access and therefore may not secure it adequately against the execution of malicious commands.
CAPEC-248: Command Injection
An adversary looking to execute a command of their choosing, injects new items into an existing command thus modifying interpretation away from what was intended. Commands in this context are often standalone strings that are interpreted by a downstream component and cause specific responses. This type of attack is possible when untrusted values are used to build these command strings. Weaknesses in input validation or command construction can enable the attack and lead to successful exploitation.
CAPEC-40: Manipulating Writeable Terminal Devices
This attack exploits terminal devices that allow themselves to be written to by other users. The attacker sends command strings to the target terminal device hoping that the target user will hit enter and thereby execute the malicious command with their privileges. The attacker can send the results (such as copying /etc/passwd) to a known directory and collect once the attack has succeeded.
CAPEC-43: Exploiting Multiple Input Interpretation Layers
An attacker supplies the target software with input data that contains sequences of special characters designed to bypass input validation logic. This exploit relies on the target making multiples passes over the input data and processing a "layer" of special characters with each pass. In this manner, the attacker can disguise input that would otherwise be rejected as invalid by concealing it with layers of special/escape characters that are stripped off by subsequent processing steps. The goal is to first discover cases where the input validation layer executes before one or more parsing layers. That is, user input may go through the following logic in an application: <parser1> --> <input validator> --> <parser2>. In such cases, the attacker will need to provide input that will pass through the input validator, but after passing through parser2, will be converted into something that the input validator was supposed to stop.
CAPEC-75: Manipulating Writeable Configuration Files
Generally these are manually edited files that are not in the preview of the system administrators, any ability on the attackers' behalf to modify these files, for example in a CVS repository, gives unauthorized access directly to the application, the same as authorized users.
CAPEC-76: Manipulating Web Input to File System Calls
An attacker manipulates inputs to the target software which the target software passes to file system calls in the OS. The goal is to gain access to, and perhaps modify, areas of the file system that the target software did not intend to be accessible.