Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-776
AllowedImproper Restriction of Recursive Entity References in DTDs ('XML Entity Expansion')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The product uses XML documents and allows their structure to be defined with a Document Type Definition (DTD), but it does not properly control the number of recursive definitions of entities.
165 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2026-111252 (GCVE-0-2026-111252)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-15 18:56 – Updated: 2026-10-15 18:56
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
OpenNMS denial of service via XML entity expansion
Summary
A denial of service vulnerability exists in the XML parsing of multiple versions of OpenNMS Meridian and Horizon. OpenNMS parsed XML without an effective limit on entity expansion. A document with a DOCTYPE that declares internal entities can expand to a very large value and exhaust the server memory. An authenticated user with provisioning access can supply such a document through a requisition or foreign-source import, which includes a remote requisition URL that the server fetches and parses. Both deeply nested entities and a single large entity referenced many times cause the memory exhaustion. The fix caps the number of entity expansions for all XML parsing and rejects any DOCTYPE in requisition and foreign-source XML.
The solution is to upgrade to Meridian 2024.3.14, 2025.0.11, 2026.0.1 and Horizon 36.0.5 or newer. Meridian and Horizon installation instructions state that they are intended for installation within an organization's private networks and should not be directly accessible from the Internet.
Severity
6.5 (Medium)
CWE
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/OpenNMS/opennms/pull/8898 | patch |
| https://github.com/OpenNMS/opennms/pull/8952 | patch |
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| The OpenNMS Group | Meridian |
Affected:
2024.1.0 , < 2024.3.14
(maven)
Affected: 2025.0.0 , < 2025.0.11 (maven) Affected: 2026.0.0 , < 2026.0.1 (maven) |
|
| The OpenNMS Group | Horizon |
Affected:
36.0.0 , < 36.0.5
(maven)
|
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CVE-2026-92001 (GCVE-0-2026-92001)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-23 09:20 – Updated: 2026-09-23 17:08
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Apache Sling XSS: Missing parser resource limits
Summary
Improper restriction of recursive entity references in DTDs ('XML entity expansion') vulnerability in Apache Sling XSS.
This issue affects Apache Sling XSS: before 2.4.12.
Users are recommended to upgrade to version 2.4.12, which fixes the issue.
Severity
6.1 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-23 14:14 UTC
CWE
- CWE-776 - Improper restriction of recursive entity references in DTDs ('XML entity expansion')
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://lists.apache.org/thread/m52jll26vc8g5jokb… | vendor-advisory |
| http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2026/0… |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Apache Software Foundation | Apache Sling XSS |
Affected:
0 , < 2.4.12
(semver)
|
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CVE-2026-78681 (GCVE-0-2026-78681)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-25 01:30 – Updated: 2026-08-26 16:12
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
NLTK before 3.10.3 Entity Expansion DoS via ElementTree
Summary
NLTK versions before 3.10.3 use xml.etree.ElementTree to parse XML in multiple modules, which honors entity declarations in document DTDs. Attackers can craft XML payloads with nested entity declarations that expand from hundreds of bytes to megabytes in memory, causing denial of service.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-26 15:58 UTC
CWE
- CWE-776 - Improper Restriction of Recursive Entity References in DTDs ('XML Entity Expansion')
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/nltk/nltk/security/advisories/… | vendor-advisory |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/nltk-before-… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
Date Public
2026-08-11 00:00
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CVE-2026-74030 (GCVE-0-2026-74030)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-13 13:27 – Updated: 2026-10-13 16:43
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Wazuh 3.9.0 before 4.14.8 Memory Exhaustion via SCA YAML Alias Expansion
Summary
Wazuh from 3.9.0 before 4.14.8 contains an uncontrolled YAML alias expansion vulnerability in yaml2json_node that allows a manager-controlled policy to exhaust agent memory. Attackers controlling the manager can push a small SCA policy with nested aliases via merged.mg to OOM-kill wazuh-modulesd on every agent in a group.
Severity
4.9 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-13 15:47 UTC
CWE
- CWE-776 - Improper Restriction of Recursive Entity References in DTDs ('XML Entity Expansion')
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/wazuh/wazuh/security/advisorie… | vendor-advisory |
| https://github.com/wazuh/wazuh/releases/tag/v4.14.8 | patchrelease-notes |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/wazuh-3.9.0-… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Wazuh | wazuh-agent |
Affected:
3.9.0 , < 4.14.8
(semver)
Unaffected: 4.14.8 (semver) |
|
| Wazuh | wazuh-manager |
Affected:
3.9.0 , < 4.14.8
(semver)
Unaffected: 4.14.8 (semver) |
Date Public
2026-10-13 00:00
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CVE-2026-73569 (GCVE-0-2026-73569)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-13 17:45 – Updated: 2026-08-13 18:40
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
fast-xml-parser: Repeated DOCTYPE declarations reset entity expansion limits
Summary
fast-xml-parser allows users to process XML from JS object without C/C++ based libraries or callbacks. From 5.9.3 until 5.10.1, src/xmlparser/OrderedObjParser.js processes multiple DOCTYPE declarations within a single XML document and passes each declaration's entities through addInputEntities(). addInputEntities() resets maxTotalExpansions and maxExpandedLength every time it is called, allowing additional DOCTYPE declarations to repeatedly reset the configured entity-expansion limits during one parse operation. A crafted XML document can then cause excessive CPU use, event-loop blocking, memory exhaustion, and process termination. This issue is fixed in version 5.10.1.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-13 18:39 UTC
CWE
- CWE-776 - Improper Restriction of Recursive Entity References in DTDs ('XML Entity Expansion')
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/NaturalIntelligence/fast-xml-p… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/NaturalIntelligence/fast-xml-p… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/NaturalIntelligence/fast-xml-p… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| NaturalIntelligence | fast-xml-parser |
Affected:
>= 5.9.3, < 5.10.1
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CVE-2026-58234 (GCVE-0-2026-58234)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-08 00:10 – Updated: 2026-09-08 10:34
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Denial of Service vulnerability in SAP Process Integration (SOAP Adapter)
Summary
SAP Process Integration (SOAP Adapter) allows a privileged user to send specially crafted requests containing deeply nested entity definitions, which under certain conditions could temporarily increase processor load and degrade system responsiveness. Successful exploitation results in low impact on availability with no impact on confidentiality and integrity.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-08 10:05 UTC
CWE
- CWE-776 - Improper Restriction of Recursive Entity References in DTDs ('XML Entity Expansion')
Assigner
References
2 references
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| SAP_SE | SAP Process Integration (SOAP Adapter) |
Affected:
MESSAGING 7.50
Affected: SAP_XIAF 7.50 |
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CVE-2026-54077 (GCVE-0-2026-54077)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-15 15:17 – Updated: 2026-09-15 15:44
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
ArcadeDB: IMPORT DATABASE allows SSRF and arbitrary local file read by authenticated users
Summary
ArcadeDB is a Multi-Model DBMS. Prior to 26.6.1, the IMPORT DATABASE statement in engine/src/main/java/com/arcadedb/query/sql/parser/ImportDatabaseStatement.java did not require administrative privileges and passed its source to integration/src/main/java/com/arcadedb/integration/importer/SourceDiscovery.java without validation. An authenticated user with SQL command access through /api/v1/command or /api/v1/query can supply HTTP or HTTPS destinations to make server-side requests to internal services, or file:// paths to read files accessible to the server process and ingest the results as queryable records. The XML importer also permits DTD processing and external entities, enabling entity expansion. The root-only /api/v1/server administration endpoint is not affected. The fix requires updateSecurity permission, blocks local-network import destinations by default through arcadedb.server.security.importBlockLocalNetworks, supports the arcadedb.server.security.importAllowedLocalPaths file allow-list, and disables XML DTD processing and external entities. This issue is fixed in version 26.6.1.
Severity
7.1 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-15 15:44 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/ArcadeData/arcadedb/security/a… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/ArcadeData/arcadedb/pull/4422 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/ArcadeData/arcadedb/commit/bdc… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/ArcadeData/arcadedb/releases/t… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| ArcadeData | arcadedb |
Affected:
< 26.6.1
|
|
| com.arcadedb | arcadedb-engine |
Affected:
< 26.6.1
|
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CVE-2026-45771 (GCVE-0-2026-45771)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-09 15:51 – Updated: 2026-06-09 18:24
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Freeswitch Denial-of-Service in SIP PUBLISH Requests via XML Entity Expansion
Summary
FreeSWITCH is a Software Defined Telecom Stack enabling the digital transformation from proprietary telecom switches to a software implementation that runs on any commodity hardware. Prior to version 1.11.0, FreeSWITCH's bundled XML parser expands nested <!ENTITY> declarations without a depth or count bound, so a small DTD can describe a body that expands exponentially ("billion laughs"). The PIDF body of a SIP PUBLISH is fed to this parser before any digest check, letting an unauthenticated network attacker force unbounded CPU and memory consumption with a single request. This issue has been patched in version 1.11.0.
Severity
7.5 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-06-09 18:24 UTC
CWE
- CWE-776 - Improper Restriction of Recursive Entity References in DTDs ('XML Entity Expansion')
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/signalwire/freeswitch/security… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/signalwire/freeswitch/releases… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| signalwire | freeswitch |
Affected:
< 1.11.0
|
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CVE-2026-45304 (GCVE-0-2026-45304)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-14 18:48 – Updated: 2026-07-14 19:13
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Symfony: YAML Parser Exponential Memory Allocation via Recursive Collection-Alias Expansion ("Billion Laughs")
Summary
Symfony is a PHP framework for web and console applications and a set of reusable PHP components. Prior to 5.4.52, 6.4.40, 7.4.12, and 8.0.12, Symfony\Component\Yaml\Parser resolved YAML collection aliases recursively, allowing a small untrusted YAML input to expand into a multi-gigabyte structure and exhaust memory. This issue is fixed in versions 5.4.52, 6.4.40, 7.4.12, and 8.0.12.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-14 19:13 UTC
CWE
- CWE-776 - Improper Restriction of Recursive Entity References in DTDs ('XML Entity Expansion')
Assigner
References
6 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/symfony/symfony/security/advis… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/symfony/symfony/commit/e77391b… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/symfony/symfony/releases/tag/v5.4.52 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/symfony/symfony/releases/tag/v6.4.40 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/symfony/symfony/releases/tag/v7.4.12 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/symfony/symfony/releases/tag/v8.0.12 | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
2 products
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CVE-2026-45133 (GCVE-0-2026-45133)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-14 18:45 – Updated: 2026-07-15 13:25
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Symfony: [Yaml] Harden the parser when handling untrusted input
Summary
Symfony is a PHP framework for web and console applications and a set of reusable PHP components. Prior to 5.4.52, 6.4.40, 7.4.12, and 8.0.12, when the parser is exposed to attacker-controlled input, deeply nested mappings or sequences cause both the block-level (Parser::parseBlock()) and inline (Inline::parseSequence() / Inline::parseMapping()) parsers to recurse without a depth limit. A crafted document exhausts the PHP stack and crashes the worker. This issue is fixed in versions 5.4.52, 6.4.40, 7.4.12, and 8.0.12.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-15 13:25 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/symfony/symfony/security/advis… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/symfony/symfony/releases/tag/v5.4.52 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/symfony/symfony/releases/tag/v6.4.40 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/symfony/symfony/releases/tag/v7.4.12 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/symfony/symfony/releases/tag/v8.0.12 | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
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Mitigation
Operation
If possible, prohibit the use of DTDs or use an XML parser that limits the expansion of recursive DTD entities.
Mitigation
Implementation
Before parsing XML files with associated DTDs, scan for recursive entity declarations and do not continue parsing potentially explosive content.
CAPEC-197: Exponential Data Expansion
An adversary submits data to a target application which contains nested exponential data expansion to produce excessively large output. Many data format languages allow the definition of macro-like structures that can be used to simplify the creation of complex structures. However, this capability can be abused to create excessive demands on a processor's CPU and memory. A small number of nested expansions can result in an exponential growth in demands on memory.