Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-639

Weakness Allowed

Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key

Abstraction: Base · Status: Incomplete

API response cwe.mitre.org

The system's authorization functionality does not prevent one user from gaining access to another user's data or record by modifying the key value identifying the data.

It is likely that an attacker would have to be an authenticated user in the system. However, the authorization process would not properly check the data access operation to ensure that the authenticated user performing the operation has sufficient entitlements to perform the requested data access, hence bypassing any other authorization checks present in the system.

For example, attackers can look at places where user specific data is retrieved (e.g. search screens) and determine whether the key for the item being looked up is controllable externally. The key may be a hidden field in the HTML form field, might be passed as a URL parameter or as an unencrypted cookie variable, then in each of these cases it will be possible to tamper with the key value.

Mapping guidance

This CWE entry is at the Base level of abstraction, which is a preferred level of abstraction for mapping to the root causes of vulnerabilities.

Carefully read both the name and description to ensure that this mapping is an appropriate fit. Do not try to 'force' a mapping to a lower-level Base/Variant simply to comply with this preferred level of abstraction.

Relationships and members
ChildOf: CWE-863 · View CWE-1000
ChildOf: CWE-863 · View CWE-1003
ChildOf: CWE-284 · View CWE-1340
Modes of introduction
Architecture and Design

REALIZATION: This weakness is caused during implementation of an architectural security tactic.

Architecture and Design

Retrieval of a user record occurs in the system based on some key value that is under user control. The key would typically identify a user-related record stored in the system and would be used to lookup that record for presentation to the user.

Implementation

One manifestation of this weakness is when a system uses sequential or otherwise easily-guessable session IDs that would allow one user to easily switch to another user's session and read/modify their data.

Detection methods

Automated Static Analysis

Automated static analysis, commonly referred to as Static Application Security Testing (SAST), can find some instances of this weakness by analyzing source code (or binary/compiled code) without having to execute it. Typically, this is done by building a model of data flow and control flow, then searching for potentially-vulnerable patterns that connect "sources" (origins of input) with "sinks" (destinations where the data interacts with external components, a lower layer such as the OS, etc.)

Effectiveness: High

Notes

Maintenance

As of CWE 4.20, the relationship between IDOR and BOLA needs to be investigated more closely, including research into how these terms are used in the industry. The CWE team suspects that IDOR can be a part of BOLA, but BOLA expands on the weakness inherent to IDOR in that it is not only about objects that are being directly referenced.

Content history
Submission: Evgeny Lebanidze · Cigital · 2008-01-30 · CWE Draft 8
Contribution: Mateus Godinho Pantoja · 2024-08-09 · CWE 4.20

Suggested corrections to use of IDOR versus BOLA

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2008-09-08 · CWE 1.0

updated Common_Consequences, Relationships, Type

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2008-10-14 · CWE 1.0.1

updated Description

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2009-03-10 · CWE 1.3

updated Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2009-05-27 · CWE 1.4

updated Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2009-10-29 · CWE 1.6

updated Common_Consequences

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2010-06-21 · CWE 1.9

updated Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2011-03-29 · CWE 1.12

updated Alternate_Terms, Applicable_Platforms, Description, Name, Potential_Mitigations, Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2011-06-01 · CWE 1.13

updated Common_Consequences, Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2012-05-11 · CWE 2.2

updated Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2013-02-21 · CWE 2.4

updated Alternate_Terms, Common_Consequences

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2013-07-17 · CWE 2.5

updated Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2014-07-30 · CWE 2.8

updated Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2017-11-08 · CWE 3.0

updated Description, Enabling_Factors_for_Exploitation, Modes_of_Introduction, Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2018-03-27 · CWE 3.1

updated Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2019-06-20 · CWE 3.3

updated Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2020-02-24 · CWE 4.0

updated Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2020-06-25 · CWE 4.1

updated Alternate_Terms

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2020-12-10 · CWE 4.3

updated Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2021-03-15 · CWE 4.4

updated Alternate_Terms

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2021-10-28 · CWE 4.6

updated Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2023-04-27 · CWE 4.11

updated Detection_Factors, Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2023-06-29 · CWE 4.12

updated Mapping_Notes

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2023-10-26 · CWE 4.13

updated Observed_Examples

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2024-02-29 · CWE 4.14

updated Demonstrative_Examples

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2025-12-11 · CWE 4.19

updated References, Relationships, Weakness_Ordinalities

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2026-04-30 · CWE 4.20

updated Alternate_Terms, Maintenance_Notes, References

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2026-10-28 · CWE 5.0

updated Description, Modes_of_Introduction, Time_of_Introduction

5715 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

CVE-2025-3519 (GCVE-0-2025-3519)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-04-22 08:51 – Updated: 2025-04-22 18:55
VLAI
Title
Replace uploaded files knowing the file upload ID
Summary
An authorization bypass in Unblu Spark allows a participant of a conversation to replace an existing, uploaded file. Every uploaded file in Unblu gets assigned with a randomly generated Universally Unique ID (UUID). In case a participant of this or another conversation gets access to such a file ID, it can be used to replace the file without changing the file name and details or the name of the user who uploaded the file. During the upload, file interception and allowed file type rules are still applied correctly.
Severity
7 (High)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:P/PR:L/UI:N/VC:N/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:H/SA:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-04-22 18:55 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-639 - Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key
Assigner
NCSC.ch CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard B 79/100 over 81 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Unblu inc. Unblu Spark Unaffected: 8.13.1 (semver)
Affected: 8.0.0 , ≤ 8.12.1 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Credits
Andrei Dabrakou of Citadelo (andrei.dabrakou@citadelo.com)
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2025-3292 (GCVE-0-2025-3292)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-04-12 06:37 – Updated: 2026-04-08 16:54
VLAI
Title
User Registration & Membership – Custom Registration Form, Login Form, and User Profile <= 4.1.3 - Insecure Direct Object Reference to Authenticated (Subscriber+) User Password Update
Summary
The User Registration & Membership – Custom Registration Form, Login Form, and User Profile plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Insecure Direct Object Reference in all versions up to, and including, 4.1.3 via the user_registration_update_profile_details() due to missing validation on the 'user_id' user controlled key. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to update other user's passwords, if they have access to the user ID and email.
Severity
4.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-04-14 16:25 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-639 - Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key
Assigner
Wordfence CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard C 65/100 over 2454 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Credits
wesley
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2025-3282 (GCVE-0-2025-3282)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-04-12 06:37 – Updated: 2026-04-08 17:20
VLAI
Title
User Registration & Membership – Custom Registration Form, Login Form, and User Profile <= 4.1.3 - Insecure Direct Object Reference to Unauthenticated Membership Modification
Summary
The User Registration & Membership – Custom Registration Form, Login Form, and User Profile plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Insecure Direct Object Reference in all versions up to, and including, 4.1.3 via the user_registration_membership_register_member() due to missing validation on the 'membership_id' user controlled key. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to update any user's membership to any other active or non-active membership type.
Severity
5.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-04-14 16:22 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-639 - Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key
Assigner
Wordfence CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard C 65/100 over 2454 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Credits
wesley
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2025-3281 (GCVE-0-2025-3281)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-05-06 07:24 – Updated: 2026-07-25 01:16
VLAI
Title
User Registration & Membership – Custom Registration Form, Login Form, and User Profile <= 4.2.1 - Insecure Direct Object Reference to Unauthenticated Limited User Deletion
Summary
The User Registration & Membership – Custom Registration Form, Login Form, and User Profile plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Insecure Direct Object Reference in all versions up to, and including, 4.2.1 via the create_stripe_subscription() function, due to missing validation on the 'member_id' user controlled key. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to delete arbitrary user accounts that have registered through the plugin.
Severity
5.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-05-06 13:25 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-639 - Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key
Assigner
Wordfence CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard C 65/100 over 2454 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Credits
wesley
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2025-3091 (GCVE-0-2025-3091)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-06-24 08:10 – Updated: 2025-06-24 13:56
VLAI
Title
MB connect line: Authorization bypass in mbCONNECT24/mymbCONNECT24
Summary
An low privileged remote attacker in possession of the second factor for another user can login as that user without knowledge of the other user`s password.
Severity
7.5 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-06-24 13:55 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-639 - Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key
Assigner
CERTVDE CNA under the icscert root
CNA scorecard B 76/100 over 150 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Credits
Peter Husted Simonsen Irwin Przeperski Eviden
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2025-3089 (GCVE-0-2025-3089)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-08-12 16:06 – Updated: 2025-08-12 18:17
VLAI
Title
Broken Access Control in ServiceNow AI Platform
Summary
ServiceNow has addressed a Broken Access Control vulnerability that was identified in the ServiceNow AI Platform. This vulnerability could allow a low privileged user to bypass access controls and perform a limited set of actions typically reserved for higher privileged users, potentially leading to unauthorized data modifications. This issue is addressed in the listed patches and family releases, which have been made available to hosted and self-hosted customers, as well as partners.
Severity
5.3 (Medium)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:N/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-08-12 18:16 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-639 - Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key
Assigner
SN CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard C 62/100 over 13 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
ServiceNow ServiceNow AI Platform Affected: Aspen , < Washington DC Patch 10 Hot Fix 2a (custom)
Affected: Aspen , < Xanadu Patch 7a (custom)
Affected: Aspen , < Xanadu Patch 8 (custom)
Affected: Aspen , < Yokohama Patch 1a (custom)
Affected: Aspen , < Yokohama Patch 2 (custom)
Affected: Aspen , < Zurich (EA) (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Credits
Doukani Mohammed Adam
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2025-2526 (GCVE-0-2025-2526)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-04-08 01:44 – Updated: 2026-04-08 16:33
VLAI
Title
Streamit <= 4.0.2 - Authenticated (Subscriber+) Privilege Escalation via User Email Change/Account Takeover
Summary
The Streamit theme for WordPress is vulnerable to privilege escalation via account takeover in all versions up to, and including, 4.0.2. This is due to the plugin not properly validating a user's identity prior to updating their details like email in the 'st_Authentication_Controller::edit_profile' function. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to change arbitrary user's email addresses, including administrators, and leverage that to reset the user's password and gain access to their account.
Severity
8.8 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-04-08 14:20 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-639 - Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key
Assigner
Wordfence CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard C 65/100 over 2454 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
iqonicdesign Streamit Affected: 0 , ≤ 4.0.2 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Credits
István Márton
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2025-2301 (GCVE-0-2025-2301)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-07-21 11:33 – Updated: 2026-06-06 06:18
VLAI
Title
IDOR in Akbim Software's Online Exam Registration
Summary
Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key vulnerability in Akbim Software Online Exam Registration allows Exploitation of Trusted Identifiers. This issue affects Online Exam Registration: before 14.03.2025.
Severity
4.4 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-07-21 12:15 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-639 - Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key
Assigner
TR-CERT CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard C 75/100 over 276 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Akbim Software Online Exam Registration Affected: 0 , < 14.03.2025 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Credits
Hasan Yasin YASAR
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2025-2271 (GCVE-0-2025-2271)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-03-13 06:30 – Updated: 2025-03-13 20:43
VLAI
Title
IDOR in Issuetrak NewAuditID parameter via Inv_PopTrakXShow.asp
Summary
A vulnerability exists in Issuetrak v17.2.2 and prior that allows a low-privileged user to access audit results of other users by exploiting an Insecure Direct Object Reference (IDOR) vulnerability in the Issuetrak audit component. The vulnerability enables unauthorized access to sensitive information, including user details, network and hardware information, installed programs, running processes, drives, and printers. Due to improper access controls, an attacker can retrieve audit data belonging to other users, potentially leading to unauthorized data exposure, privacy violations, and security risks.
Severity
7.7 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:N/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-03-13 20:43 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-639 - Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key
Assigner
Gridware CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard – unranked: 0 records in the last 180 days, 10 needed details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
issuetrak audit Affected: Issuetrak 17.2.2 and prior
Create a notification for this product.
Credits
Francesco Varotto
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2025-1667 (GCVE-0-2025-1667)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-03-15 03:23 – Updated: 2026-04-08 17:29
VLAI
Title
School Management System – WPSchoolPress <= 2.2.16 - Missing Authorization to Privilege Escalation via Account Takeover
Summary
The School Management System – WPSchoolPress plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Privilege Escalation due to a missing capability check on the wpsp_UpdateTeacher() function in all versions up to, and including, 2.2.16. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with teacher-level access and above, to update arbitrary user details including email which makes it possible to request a password reset and access arbitrary user accounts, including administrators.
Severity
8.8 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-03-17 21:25 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-639 - Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key
Assigner
Wordfence CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard C 65/100 over 2454 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Credits
wesley
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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Mitigation
Architecture and Design

For each and every data access, ensure that the user has sufficient privilege to access the record that is being requested.

Mitigation
Architecture and Design Implementation

Make sure that the key that is used in the lookup of a specific user's record is not controllable externally by the user or that any tampering can be detected.

Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Use encryption in order to make it more difficult to guess other legitimate values of the key or associate a digital signature with the key so that the server can verify that there has been no tampering.

No CAPEC attack patterns related to this CWE.

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