Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-639

Weakness Allowed

Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key

Abstraction: Base · Status: Incomplete

API response cwe.mitre.org

The system's authorization functionality does not prevent one user from gaining access to another user's data or record by modifying the key value identifying the data.

It is likely that an attacker would have to be an authenticated user in the system. However, the authorization process would not properly check the data access operation to ensure that the authenticated user performing the operation has sufficient entitlements to perform the requested data access, hence bypassing any other authorization checks present in the system.

For example, attackers can look at places where user specific data is retrieved (e.g. search screens) and determine whether the key for the item being looked up is controllable externally. The key may be a hidden field in the HTML form field, might be passed as a URL parameter or as an unencrypted cookie variable, then in each of these cases it will be possible to tamper with the key value.

Mapping guidance

This CWE entry is at the Base level of abstraction, which is a preferred level of abstraction for mapping to the root causes of vulnerabilities.

Carefully read both the name and description to ensure that this mapping is an appropriate fit. Do not try to 'force' a mapping to a lower-level Base/Variant simply to comply with this preferred level of abstraction.

Relationships and members
ChildOf: CWE-863 · View CWE-1000
ChildOf: CWE-863 · View CWE-1003
ChildOf: CWE-284 · View CWE-1340
Modes of introduction
Architecture and Design

REALIZATION: This weakness is caused during implementation of an architectural security tactic.

Architecture and Design

Retrieval of a user record occurs in the system based on some key value that is under user control. The key would typically identify a user-related record stored in the system and would be used to lookup that record for presentation to the user.

Implementation

One manifestation of this weakness is when a system uses sequential or otherwise easily-guessable session IDs that would allow one user to easily switch to another user's session and read/modify their data.

Detection methods

Automated Static Analysis

Automated static analysis, commonly referred to as Static Application Security Testing (SAST), can find some instances of this weakness by analyzing source code (or binary/compiled code) without having to execute it. Typically, this is done by building a model of data flow and control flow, then searching for potentially-vulnerable patterns that connect "sources" (origins of input) with "sinks" (destinations where the data interacts with external components, a lower layer such as the OS, etc.)

Effectiveness: High

Notes

Maintenance

As of CWE 4.20, the relationship between IDOR and BOLA needs to be investigated more closely, including research into how these terms are used in the industry. The CWE team suspects that IDOR can be a part of BOLA, but BOLA expands on the weakness inherent to IDOR in that it is not only about objects that are being directly referenced.

Content history
Submission: Evgeny Lebanidze · Cigital · 2008-01-30 · CWE Draft 8
Contribution: Mateus Godinho Pantoja · 2024-08-09 · CWE 4.20

Suggested corrections to use of IDOR versus BOLA

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2008-09-08 · CWE 1.0

updated Common_Consequences, Relationships, Type

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2008-10-14 · CWE 1.0.1

updated Description

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2009-03-10 · CWE 1.3

updated Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2009-05-27 · CWE 1.4

updated Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2009-10-29 · CWE 1.6

updated Common_Consequences

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2010-06-21 · CWE 1.9

updated Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2011-03-29 · CWE 1.12

updated Alternate_Terms, Applicable_Platforms, Description, Name, Potential_Mitigations, Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2011-06-01 · CWE 1.13

updated Common_Consequences, Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2012-05-11 · CWE 2.2

updated Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2013-02-21 · CWE 2.4

updated Alternate_Terms, Common_Consequences

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2013-07-17 · CWE 2.5

updated Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2014-07-30 · CWE 2.8

updated Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2017-11-08 · CWE 3.0

updated Description, Enabling_Factors_for_Exploitation, Modes_of_Introduction, Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2018-03-27 · CWE 3.1

updated Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2019-06-20 · CWE 3.3

updated Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2020-02-24 · CWE 4.0

updated Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2020-06-25 · CWE 4.1

updated Alternate_Terms

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2020-12-10 · CWE 4.3

updated Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2021-03-15 · CWE 4.4

updated Alternate_Terms

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2021-10-28 · CWE 4.6

updated Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2023-04-27 · CWE 4.11

updated Detection_Factors, Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2023-06-29 · CWE 4.12

updated Mapping_Notes

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2023-10-26 · CWE 4.13

updated Observed_Examples

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2024-02-29 · CWE 4.14

updated Demonstrative_Examples

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2025-12-11 · CWE 4.19

updated References, Relationships, Weakness_Ordinalities

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2026-04-30 · CWE 4.20

updated Alternate_Terms, Maintenance_Notes, References

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2026-10-28 · CWE 5.0

updated Description, Modes_of_Introduction, Time_of_Introduction

5709 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

CVE-2025-47555 (GCVE-0-2025-47555)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-01-22 16:51 – Updated: 2026-04-28 16:12
VLAI
Title
WordPress Tutor LMS plugin <= 3.9.4 - Insecure Direct Object References (IDOR) vulnerability
Summary
Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key vulnerability in Themeum Tutor LMS tutor allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Tutor LMS: from n/a through <= 3.9.4.
Severity
3.8 (Low)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-04-27 18:20 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-639 - Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key
Assigner
Patchstack CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard B 75/100 over 3412 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Themeum Tutor LMS Affected: 0 , ≤ 3.9.4 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-04-22 14:21
Credits
Supakiad S. (m3ez) | Patchstack Bug Bounty Program
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2025-46387 (GCVE-0-2025-46387)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-08-06 10:43 – Updated: 2025-08-06 13:14
VLAI
Summary
CWE-639 Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key
Severity
8.8 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-08-06 13:14 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-639 - Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key
Assigner
INCD CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard C 69/100 over 17 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Emby MediaBrowser Affected: 4.9.0.35
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2025-08-06 10:38
Credits
Moriel Harush
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2025-46386 (GCVE-0-2025-46386)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-08-06 10:14 – Updated: 2025-08-06 13:23
VLAI
Summary
CWE-639 Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key
Severity
8.8 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-08-06 13:23 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-639 - Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key
Assigner
INCD CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard C 69/100 over 17 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Emby MediaBrowser Affected: 4.9.0.35
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2025-08-06 10:08
Credits
Moriel Harush
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2025-43827 (GCVE-0-2025-43827)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-09-30 18:57 – Updated: 2025-09-30 20:32
VLAI
Summary
Insecure Direct Object Reference (IDOR) vulnerability with audit events in Liferay Portal 7.4.0 through 7.4.3.117, and older unsupported versions, and Liferay DXP 2024.Q1.1 through 2024.Q1.5, 2023.Q4.0 through 2023.Q4.10, 2023.Q3.1 through 2023.Q3.10, 7.4 GA through update 92, and older unsupported versions allows remote authenticated users to from one virtual instance to view the audit events from a different virtual instance via the _com_liferay_portal_security_audit_web_portlet_AuditPortlet_auditEventId parameter.
Severity
5.3 (Medium)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-09-30 20:02 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-639 - Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key
Assigner
Liferay CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard – unranked: 0 records in the last 180 days, 10 needed details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Liferay Portal Affected: 7.4.0 , ≤ 7.4.3.117 (maven)
Create a notification for this product.
Liferay DXP Affected: 7.4.13 , ≤ 7.4.13-u92 (maven)
Affected: 2023.Q3.1 , ≤ 2023.Q3.10 (maven)
Affected: 2023.Q4.0 , ≤ 2023.Q4.10 (maven)
Affected: 2024.Q1.1 , ≤ 2024.Q1.5 (maven)
Create a notification for this product.
Credits
foobar7
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2025-43810 (GCVE-0-2025-43810)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-09-22 22:29 – Updated: 2025-09-23 15:55
VLAI
Summary
Insecure Direct Object Reference (IDOR) vulnerability with commerce order notes in Liferay Portal 7.3.5 through 7.4.3.112, and Liferay DXP 2023.Q4.0 through 2023.Q4.8, 2023.Q3.1 through 2023.Q3.10, and 7.4 GA through update 92 allows remote authenticated users to from one virtual instance to add a note to an order in a different virtual instance via the _com_liferay_commerce_order_web_internal_portlet_CommerceOrderPortlet_commerceOrderId parameter.
Severity
5.3 (Medium)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:N/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-09-23 15:53 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-639 - Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key
Assigner
Liferay CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard – unranked: 0 records in the last 180 days, 10 needed details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Liferay Portal Affected: 7.4.0 , ≤ 7.4.3.112 (maven)
Create a notification for this product.
Liferay DXP Affected: 7.4.13 , ≤ 7.4.13-u92 (maven)
Affected: 2023.Q3.1 , ≤ 2023.Q3.10 (maven)
Affected: 2023.Q4.0 , ≤ 2023.Q4.8 (maven)
Create a notification for this product.
Credits
foobar7
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2025-43803 (GCVE-0-2025-43803)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-09-19 18:50 – Updated: 2025-09-19 19:13
VLAI
Summary
Insecure direct object reference (IDOR) vulnerability in the Contacts Center widget in Liferay Portal 7.4.0 through 7.4.3.119, and older unsupported versions, and Liferay DXP 2023.Q4.0 through 2023.Q4.6, 2023.Q3.1 through 2023.Q3.10, 7.4 GA through update 92, and older unsupported versions allows remote attackers to view contact information, including the contact’s name and email address, via the _com_liferay_contacts_web_portlet_ContactsCenterPortlet_entryId parameter.
Severity
6.9 (Medium)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-09-19 19:12 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-639 - Insecure Direct Object Reference
Assigner
Liferay CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard – unranked: 0 records in the last 180 days, 10 needed details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Liferay Portal Affected: 7.4.3.0 , ≤ 7.4.3.119 (maven)
Create a notification for this product.
Liferay DXP Affected: 7.4.13 , ≤ 7.4.13-u92 (maven)
Affected: 2023.Q3.1 , ≤ 2023.Q3.10 (maven)
Affected: 2023.Q4.0 , ≤ 2023.Q4.6 (maven)
Create a notification for this product.
Credits
foobar7
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2025-43790 (GCVE-0-2025-43790)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-09-11 17:54 – Updated: 2025-09-11 18:09
VLAI
Summary
Insecure Direct Object Reference (IDOR) vulnerability in Liferay Portal 7.4.0 through 7.4.3.124, and Liferay DXP 2024.Q2.0 through 2024.Q2.6, 2024.Q1.1 through 2024.Q1.12 and 7.4 GA through update 92 allows remote authenticated users to from one virtual instance to access, create, edit, relate data/object entries/definitions to an object in a different virtual instance.
Severity
7.4 (High)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:L/UI:P/VC:H/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-09-11 18:09 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-639 - Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key
Assigner
Liferay CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard – unranked: 0 records in the last 180 days, 10 needed details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Liferay Portal Affected: 7.4.0 , ≤ 7.4.3.124 (maven)
Create a notification for this product.
Liferay DXP Affected: 7.4.13 , ≤ 7.4.13-u92 (maven)
Affected: 2024.Q1.1 , ≤ 2024.Q1.12 (maven)
Affected: 2024.Q2.0 , ≤ 2023.Q2.6 (maven)
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2025-43782 (GCVE-0-2025-43782)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-09-11 17:26 – Updated: 2025-09-11 17:47
VLAI
Summary
Insecure Direct Object Reference (IDOR) vulnerability in Liferay Portal 7.4.0 through 7.4.3.124, and Liferay DXP 2024.Q2.0 through 2024.Q2.7, 2024.Q1.1 through 2024.Q1.12, and 7.4 GA through update 92 allows remote authenticated users to access a workflow definition by name via the API
Severity
5.3 (Medium)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-09-11 17:47 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-639 - Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key
Assigner
Liferay CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard – unranked: 0 records in the last 180 days, 10 needed details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Liferay Portal Affected: 7.4.0 , ≤ 7.4.3.124 (maven)
Create a notification for this product.
Liferay DXP Affected: 7.4.13 , ≤ 7.4.13-u92 (maven)
Affected: 2024.Q1.1 , ≤ 2024.Q1.12 (maven)
Affected: 2024.Q2.0 , ≤ 2024.Q2.7 (maven)
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2025-43732 (GCVE-0-2025-43732)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-08-18 13:20 – Updated: 2025-08-18 18:59
VLAI
Summary
Liferay Portal 7.4.0 through 7.4.3.132, and Liferay DXP 2025.Q1.0 through 2025.Q1.10, 2024.Q4.0 through 2024.Q4.7, 2024.Q3.1 through 2024.Q3.13, 2024.Q2.1 through 2024.Q2.13, 2024.Q1.1 through 2024.Q1.17 and 7.4 GA through update 92 is vulnerable to Insecure Direct Object Reference (IDOR) in the groupId parameter of the _com_liferay_roles_selector_web_portlet_RolesSelectorPortlet_groupId. When an organization administrator modifies this parameter id value, they can gain unauthorized access to user lists from other organizations.
Severity
4.8 (Medium)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:H/UI:P/VC:L/VI:N/VA:N/SC:L/SI:N/SA:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-08-18 13:36 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-639 - Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key
Assigner
Liferay CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard – unranked: 0 records in the last 180 days, 10 needed details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Liferay Portal Affected: 7.4.3.0 , ≤ 7.4.3.132 (maven)
Create a notification for this product.
Liferay DXP Affected: 7.4.13 , ≤ 7.4.13-u92 (maven)
Affected: 2024.Q1.1 , ≤ 2024.Q1.17 (maven)
Affected: 2024Q2.0 , ≤ 2023.Q2.13 (maven)
Affected: 2024.Q3.1 , ≤ 2024.Q3.13 (maven)
Affected: 2024.Q4.0 , ≤ 2024.Q4.7 (maven)
Affected: 2025.Q1.0 , ≤ 2025.Q1.10 (maven)
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2025-43724 (GCVE-0-2025-43724)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-10-08 14:45 – Updated: 2025-10-08 15:19
VLAI
Summary
Dell PowerScale OneFS, versions prior to 9.12.0.0, contains an authorization bypass through user-controlled key vulnerability. A high privileged attacker with local access could potentially exploit this vulnerability to gain unauthorized access to NFSv4 or SMB shares.
Severity
4.4 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-10-08 15:19 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-639 - Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key
Assigner
dell CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard C 70/100 over 520 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Dell PowerScale OneFS Affected: N/A , < 9.12.0.0 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2025-10-01 17:00
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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Mitigation
Architecture and Design

For each and every data access, ensure that the user has sufficient privilege to access the record that is being requested.

Mitigation
Architecture and Design Implementation

Make sure that the key that is used in the lookup of a specific user's record is not controllable externally by the user or that any tampering can be detected.

Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Use encryption in order to make it more difficult to guess other legitimate values of the key or associate a digital signature with the key so that the server can verify that there has been no tampering.

No CAPEC attack patterns related to this CWE.

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