Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-470
AllowedUse of Externally-Controlled Input to Select Classes or Code ('Unsafe Reflection')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The product uses external input with reflection to select which classes or code to use, but it does not sufficiently prevent the input from selecting improper classes or code.
156 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2026-82078 (GCVE-0-2026-82078)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-28 11:45 – Updated: 2026-08-29 03:55
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
PaperCut MF/NG: Unsafe Dynamic Class Loading in Database Connector
Summary
An unsafe dynamic class loading vulnerability exists in the database connection utilities of PaperCut MF and PaperCut NG. The application instantiates database driver classes based on configurable driver names without validating against an allowlist of approved drivers. If an attacker can manipulate system configuration parameters, this enables the execution of arbitrary Java bytecode residing on the application classpath under the security context of the PaperCut server process.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-28 00:00 UTC
CWE
- CWE-470 - Use of Externally-Controlled input to select classes or code ('unsafe reflection')
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| PaperCut | PaperCut MF/NG |
Affected:
0 , < 24.1.10, 25.0.13, 26.0.5
(semver)
|
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CVE-2026-79784 (GCVE-0-2026-79784)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-25 15:16 – Updated: 2026-08-26 16:10
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Vocos through 0.1.0 Arbitrary Code Execution via Unrestricted class_path in Model Configuration
Summary
Vocos instantiates a class named by a configuration file without restricting which class may be named. instantiate_class in vocos/pretrained.py takes the class_path value from the configuration, splits it into a module and an attribute, imports the module with __import__, resolves the attribute with getattr, and calls the result as args_class(*args, **kwargs) where kwargs is the config's own init_args mapping. No allowlist constrains the dotted path, so a configuration may name any importable callable and supply the arguments it is called with. Vocos.from_hparams reaches this for each of the feature_extractor, backbone and head entries, and Vocos.from_pretrained reaches it with a remote file: it downloads config.yaml from a caller-named Hugging Face repository and passes it straight to from_hparams. Loading a model from a repository the user does not control therefore executes code of the repository owner's choosing in the loading process. The neighbouring torch.load of the downloaded weights is a separate matter and is constrained on PyTorch releases that default weights_only to true, which leaves this path as the reachable one.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-26 16:08 UTC
CWE
- CWE-470 - Use of Externally-Controlled Input to Select Classes or Code ('Unsafe Reflection')
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/gemelo-ai/vocos | product |
| https://github.com/gemelo-ai/vocos/issues/76 | issue-tracking |
| https://github.com/gemelo-ai/vocos/blob/main/voco… | technical-description |
| https://pypi.org/project/vocos/ | product |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/vocos-throug… | third-party-advisory |
Date Public
2026-07-02 00:00
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CVE-2026-68508 (GCVE-0-2026-68508)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-21 20:09 – Updated: 2026-08-21 21:43
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Hydra: hydra.utils.instantiate with untrusted config can lead to code execution
Summary
Hydra is a framework for elegantly configuring complex applications. Prior to 1.3.4, hydra.utils.instantiate() resolves and calls Python objects selected by configuration through _resolve_target() in hydra/_internal/instantiate/_instantiate2.py, allowing attacker-controlled target values and arguments to choose dangerous callables. A consuming application, library, CLI workflow, or model loader that passes untrusted configuration, CLI overrides, or model metadata into hydra.utils.instantiate() can therefore execute arbitrary code in its own process, including reading or modifying files and credentials or terminating the process. Version 1.3.4 adds target blocking with an explicit HYDRA_INSTANTIATE_ALLOWLIST_OVERRIDE escape hatch. This issue is fixed in version 1.3.4.
Severity
7.8 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-21 21:00 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/hydra-ecosystem/hydra/security… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/hydra-ecosystem/hydra/issues/3259 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/hydra-ecosystem/hydra/pull/3261 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/hydra-ecosystem/hydra/commit/7… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/hydra-ecosystem/hydra/releases… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| facebookresearch | hydra |
Affected:
< 1.3.4
|
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CVE-2026-65608 (GCVE-0-2026-65608)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-23 11:42 – Updated: 2026-07-24 21:35
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Grav before 2.0.9 Remote Code Execution via FlexDirectory
Summary
Grav versions >= 1.7.0 and before 2.0.9 contain a remote code execution vulnerability. FlexDirectory::dynamicDataField() resolves blueprint data-*@: directives by calling call_user_func_array() on attacker-influenced input, validating only that the target is callable (is_callable()) without restricting dangerous functions such as exec, system, passthru, or shell_exec. Because FlexDirectory registers this handler for every Flex directory, it bypasses the validation added to Blueprint::dynamicData() in 2.0.7 (GHSA-fj2p-qj2f-74v5). Any authenticated user with create or update permission on any Flex-based directory (Flex Users, Flex Pages, Flex Objects, or custom Flex types) can execute arbitrary shell commands on the server.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-23 18:00 UTC
CWE
- CWE-470 - Use of Externally-Controlled Input to Select Classes or Code ('Unsafe Reflection')
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/getgrav/grav/security/advisori… | vendor-advisory |
| https://github.com/getgrav/grav/commit/fae9e1bf2c… | patch |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/grav-before-… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
Date Public
2026-07-09 00:00
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CVE-2026-64663 (GCVE-0-2026-64663)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-06 19:28 – Updated: 2026-08-07 17:38
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Statamic: Unsafe method invocation via Antlers template resolution allows data destruction
Summary
Statamic is a Laravel and Git powered content management system (CMS). Prior to 5.74.1 and 6.24.0, manipulating user-supplied input incorporated into Antlers templates could result in the loss of content and assets, on sites whose templates pass untrusted input into affected areas, and exploitation did not require authentication. This issue is fixed in versions 5.74.1 and 6.24.0.
Severity
6.5 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-07 17:38 UTC
CWE
- CWE-470 - Use of Externally-Controlled Input to Select Classes or Code ('Unsafe Reflection')
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/statamic/cms/security/advisori… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
Impacted products
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CVE-2026-63337 (GCVE-0-2026-63337)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-18 16:27 – Updated: 2026-08-18 19:09
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
RabbitMQ Java client: Unvalidated Class.forName in JSON-RPC ProcedureDescription enables arbitrary class loading
Summary
The RabbitMQ Java client library allows Java and JVM-based applications to connect to and interact with RabbitMQ nodes. Prior to 5.33.0, com.rabbitmq.tools.jsonrpc.ProcedureDescription receives a javaReturnType value in an untrusted system.describe response and passes it through JSONUtil.tryFill, setJavaReturnType, and computeReturnTypeAsJavaClass to Class.forName(javaReturnType) with initialization enabled. An attacker able to answer the JsonRpcClient request through a shared broker or network interception can select a class already present in the victim JVM and trigger its static initializer, while JsonRpcClient.java later passes getReturnType output to mapper.parse and may also create type confusion. Successful exploitation can affect confidentiality, integrity, and availability in the client process. This issue is fixed in version 5.33.0.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-18 19:08 UTC
CWE
- CWE-470 - Use of Externally-Controlled Input to Select Classes or Code ('Unsafe Reflection')
Assigner
References
6 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/rabbitmq/rabbitmq-java-client/… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/rabbitmq/rabbitmq-java-client/… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/rabbitmq/rabbitmq-java-client/… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/rabbitmq/rabbitmq-java-client/… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/rabbitmq/rabbitmq-java-client/… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/rabbitmq/rabbitmq-java-client/… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| rabbitmq | rabbitmq-java-client |
Affected:
< 5.33.0
|
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CVE-2026-63317 (GCVE-0-2026-63317)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-24 08:07 – Updated: 2026-07-24 18:04
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Apache OpenNLP: Arbitrary Class Instantiation in GeneratorFactory via Feature Descriptor XML
Summary
Arbitrary Class Instantiation via XML Feature Generator Descriptor and Format Name in Apache OpenNLP
Versions Affected:
- before 2.5.10
- before 3.0.0-M5
Description:
Three code paths in Apache OpenNLP load a class by its fully-qualified name via Class.forName() and invoke its no-arg constructor without any prior validation of the class name or its type.
The affected paths are:
(1) GeneratorFactory, which reads the class attribute of generator elements in an XML feature generator descriptor; such descriptors are embedded as artifacts in model archives (e.g. TokenNameFinder and POSTagger models) and are parsed during model loading, so an attacker who can supply a crafted model archive controls the class name directly.
(2) StreamFactoryRegistry.getFactory(Class, String), which falls back to interpreting an unregistered format name as the fully-qualified class name of an ObjectStreamFactory; this is exploitable in applications that pass untrusted format names (e.g. exposing the -format parameter of the command-line tooling to external input).
(3) StringInterners, which instantiates the interner implementation named by the opennlp.interner.class system property; this value is normally deployer-controlled, so it is hardened as defense in depth rather than being independently attacker-reachable.
Exploitation requires a class with attacker-useful side effects in its static initializer or no-arg constructor (JNDI lookup, outbound network I/O, filesystem access) to be present on the classpath, so this is not drop-in remote code execution. T
Mitigation:
Upgrade to a fixed release.
The fix routes all three paths through ExtensionLoader.instantiateExtension(...), which consults a package-prefix allowlist before Class.forName() is invoked, so a disallowed class is never loaded, initialized, or constructed.
Classes under the opennlp. prefix remain permitted by default. Deployments that load models referencing feature generator factories, object stream factories, or string interners outside opennlp.* must opt those packages in, either programmatically via ExtensionLoader.registerAllowedPackage(String) before the first model load, or by setting the OPENNLP_EXT_ALLOWED_PACKAGES system property to a comma-separated list of allowed package prefixes.
Users who cannot upgrade immediately should ensure all model files and format names are sourced from trusted origins and should audit their classpath for classes with side-effecting static initializers or constructors.
Severity
5.6 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-24 18:03 UTC
CWE
- CWE-470 - Use of Externally-Controlled Input to Select Classes or Code ('Unsafe Reflection')
Assigner
References
2 references
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Apache Software Foundation | Apache OpenNLP |
Affected:
3.0.0-M1 , < 3.0.0-M4
(semver)
Affected: 0 , < 2.5.11 (semver) |
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CVE-2026-61536 (GCVE-0-2026-61536)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-30 16:50 – Updated: 2026-07-31 23:01
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Banks: Unsafe importlib.import_module of attacker-controlled Tool.import_path in CompletionExtension allows RCE
Summary
Banks generates meaningful LLM prompts using a simple template language. In versions prior to 2.4.3, banks parses Tool JSON objects from the rendered body of {% completion %} blocks and later resolves their import_path field through importlib.import_module(...) + getattr(...) to obtain the callable that handles a tool call. There is no allowlist or sanitization on import_path, so any importable Python attribute (e.g. os.system, subprocess.getoutput) can be selected. When the LLM emits a tool_calls entry whose function.name matches the attacker-supplied tool name, the resolved callable is invoked with kwargs decoded from tool_call.function.arguments, yielding arbitrary code execution in the banks-hosting process. This is distinct from GHSA-gphh-9q3h-jgpp / CVE-2026-44209. That advisory was fixed in 2.4.2 by switching src/banks/env.py from Environment to SandboxedEnvironment. The fix does not touch src/banks/extensions/completion.py, and the unsafe import + getattr chain still executes on 2.4.2. The malicious Tool JSON is plain text in the rendered template body — it requires no Jinja attribute access, so the sandbox is irrelevant. This issue has been fixed in version 2.4.3.
Severity
7.5 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-31 23:00 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/masci/banks/security/advisorie… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
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CVE-2026-58659 (GCVE-0-2026-58659)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-15 17:02 – Updated: 2026-07-18 01:03 X_Open Source
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
PyTorch Lightning Arbitrary Code Execution via _instantiator Hyperparameter
Summary
PyTorch Lightning through 2.6.5, fixed in commit d710d68, contains a remote code execution vulnerability in the _load_state function that imports and executes attacker-controlled module names from checkpoint _instantiator hyperparameters. Attackers can craft malicious checkpoint files that bypass weights_only=True protections to execute arbitrary code when LightningModule.load_from_checkpoint is called.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-18 01:02 UTC
CWE
- CWE-470 - Use of Externally-Controlled Input to Select Classes or Code ('Unsafe Reflection')
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/Lightning-AI/pytorch-lightning… | technical-descriptionexploit |
| https://github.com/Lightning-AI/pytorch-lightning… | issue-tracking |
| https://github.com/Lightning-AI/pytorch-lightning… | patch |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/pytorch-ligh… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lightning-AI | pytorch-lightning |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 2.6.5
(semver)
Unaffected: d710d689510d50e800f53b3cd773cbca20b1f86f (git) cpe:2.3:a:lightningai:pytorch_lightning:*:*:*:*:*:python:*:* |
Date Public
2026-07-10 00:00
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CVE-2026-55559 (GCVE-0-2026-55559)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-28 17:22 – Updated: 2026-08-28 19:58
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Yamcs: Remote Code Execution via instance-template argument YAML injection (createInstance)
Summary
Yamcs is a mission control framework. Prior to 5.12.8 and 5.13.2, Yamcs inserts templateArgs from POST /api/instances and PATCH /api/instances/{instance} into YAML through VarStatement.append in yamcs-core/src/main/java/org/yamcs/templating/VarStatement.java without YAML-context escaping. The rendered configuration is parsed by YamcsServer.createInstance and loaded by YamcsServerInstance, allowing an attacker to inject a services entry for org.yamcs.ProcessRunner. Deployments without security.yaml expose the operation through the guest superuser, while secured deployments require SystemPrivilege.CreateInstances. Successful exploitation executes commands as the Yamcs service account. This issue is fixed in versions 5.12.8 and 5.13.2.
Severity
9.8 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-28 19:57 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/yamcs/yamcs/security/advisorie… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/yamcs/yamcs/commit/549f295cf8c… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/yamcs/yamcs/commit/7192da1c49b… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/yamcs/yamcs/releases/tag/yamcs… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/yamcs/yamcs/releases/tag/yamcs… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
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"baseSeverity": "CRITICAL",
"confidentialityImpact": "HIGH",
"integrityImpact": "HIGH",
"privilegesRequired": "NONE",
"scope": "UNCHANGED",
"userInteraction": "NONE",
"vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"version": "3.1"
}
}
],
"problemTypes": [
{
"descriptions": [
{
"cweId": "CWE-94",
"description": "CWE-94: Improper Control of Generation of Code (\u0027Code Injection\u0027)",
"lang": "en",
"type": "CWE"
}
]
},
{
"descriptions": [
{
"cweId": "CWE-470",
"description": "CWE-470: Use of Externally-Controlled Input to Select Classes or Code (\u0027Unsafe Reflection\u0027)",
"lang": "en",
"type": "CWE"
}
]
},
{
"descriptions": [
{
"cweId": "CWE-1336",
"description": "CWE-1336: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements Used in a Template Engine",
"lang": "en",
"type": "CWE"
}
]
}
],
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2026-08-28T17:22:07.633Z",
"orgId": "a0819718-46f1-4df5-94e2-005712e83aaa",
"shortName": "GitHub_M"
},
"references": [
{
"name": "https://github.com/yamcs/yamcs/security/advisories/GHSA-73mf-m39p-wpm9",
"tags": [
"x_refsource_CONFIRM"
],
"url": "https://github.com/yamcs/yamcs/security/advisories/GHSA-73mf-m39p-wpm9"
},
{
"name": "https://github.com/yamcs/yamcs/commit/549f295cf8c5496a5e799d6bec2432ef976c82aa",
"tags": [
"x_refsource_MISC"
],
"url": "https://github.com/yamcs/yamcs/commit/549f295cf8c5496a5e799d6bec2432ef976c82aa"
},
{
"name": "https://github.com/yamcs/yamcs/commit/7192da1c49bdf5ab1d72e579a47766a7c43e87c8",
"tags": [
"x_refsource_MISC"
],
"url": "https://github.com/yamcs/yamcs/commit/7192da1c49bdf5ab1d72e579a47766a7c43e87c8"
},
{
"name": "https://github.com/yamcs/yamcs/releases/tag/yamcs-5.12.8",
"tags": [
"x_refsource_MISC"
],
"url": "https://github.com/yamcs/yamcs/releases/tag/yamcs-5.12.8"
},
{
"name": "https://github.com/yamcs/yamcs/releases/tag/yamcs-5.13.2",
"tags": [
"x_refsource_MISC"
],
"url": "https://github.com/yamcs/yamcs/releases/tag/yamcs-5.13.2"
}
],
"source": {
"advisory": "GHSA-73mf-m39p-wpm9",
"discovery": "UNKNOWN"
},
"title": "Yamcs: Remote Code Execution via instance-template argument YAML injection (createInstance)"
}
},
"cveMetadata": {
"assignerOrgId": "a0819718-46f1-4df5-94e2-005712e83aaa",
"assignerShortName": "GitHub_M",
"cveId": "CVE-2026-55559",
"datePublished": "2026-08-28T17:22:07.633Z",
"dateReserved": "2026-06-16T23:11:20.213Z",
"dateUpdated": "2026-08-28T19:58:04.713Z",
"state": "PUBLISHED"
},
"dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
"dataVersion": "5.2"
}
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
Refactor your code to avoid using reflection.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
Do not use user-controlled inputs to select and load classes or code.
Mitigation
Implementation
Apply strict input validation by using allowlists or indirect selection to ensure that the user is only selecting allowable classes or code.
CAPEC-138: Reflection Injection
An adversary supplies a value to the target application which is then used by reflection methods to identify a class, method, or field. For example, in the Java programming language the reflection libraries permit an application to inspect, load, and invoke classes and their components by name. If an adversary can control the input into these methods including the name of the class/method/field or the parameters passed to methods, they can cause the targeted application to invoke incorrect methods, read random fields, or even to load and utilize malicious classes that the adversary created. This can lead to the application revealing sensitive information, returning incorrect results, or even having the adversary take control of the targeted application.