Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-470

Allowed

Use of Externally-Controlled Input to Select Classes or Code ('Unsafe Reflection')

Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft

API response cwe.mitre.org

The product uses external input with reflection to select which classes or code to use, but it does not sufficiently prevent the input from selecting improper classes or code.

214 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

CVE-2026-76825 (GCVE-0-2026-76825)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-16 14:09 – Updated: 2026-09-16 18:35
VLAI
Title
RestrictedPython: Sandbox escape via string.Formatter field resolution
Summary
RestrictedPython is a tool that helps define a subset of the Python language for accepting program input in a trusted environment. Prior to 8.4, RestrictedPython could allow a sandbox escape when a custom import policy or globals exposed the standard library string module, the string.Formatter class, a Formatter instance, or a Formatter subclass to restricted code. The string.Formatter methods format, get_field, get_value, and vformat performed attribute and item traversal internally without passing through RestrictedPython's safer_getattr protections. Restricted code could use those live object references to reach function globals, builtins, file access, or code execution primitives, affecting confidentiality, integrity, and availability in the host environment. This issue is fixed in version 8.4.
Severity
8.4 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:R/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-16 18:21 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-200 - Exposure of Sensitive Information to an Unauthorized Actor
  • CWE-470 - Use of Externally-Controlled Input to Select Classes or Code ('Unsafe Reflection')
  • CWE-680 - Integer Overflow to Buffer Overflow
  • CWE-693 - Protection Mechanism Failure
Assigner
GitHub_M CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard C 72/100 over 7648 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-70410 (GCVE-0-2026-70410)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-22 15:39 – Updated: 2026-09-22 19:19
VLAI
Title
Apache Calcite Avatica: Unrestricted class initialization when instantiating plugins
Summary
Use of Externally-Controlled Input to Select Classes or Code ('Unsafe Reflection') vulnerability in Apache Calcite Avatica. Plugin instantiation (via AvaticaUtils#instantiatePlugin and other methods) initializes arbitrary classes via unrestricted calls to Class.forName(String) which by default triggers initialization. This may lead to the execution of static initializer blocks in arbitrary classes present in the classpath. The instantiation APIs should initialize and instantiate only classes implementing the specified plugin interface passed as input in conjunction with the desired classname. At the moment of writing, there are no well-known or widely used classes with dangerous static initializer blocks so the severity is low. This issue affects Apache Calcite Avatica: before 1.29.0. Users are recommended to upgrade to version 1.29.0, which fixes the issue.
Severity
8.8 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-22 19:18 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-470 - Use of Externally-Controlled Input to Select Classes or Code ('Unsafe Reflection')
Assigner
apache CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard B 76/100 over 936 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Credits
tinyb0y ReturnZero n0mi1k Yan Xu
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-68508 (GCVE-0-2026-68508)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-21 20:09 – Updated: 2026-08-21 21:43
VLAI
Title
Hydra: hydra.utils.instantiate with untrusted config can lead to code execution
Summary
Hydra is a framework for elegantly configuring complex applications. Prior to 1.3.4, hydra.utils.instantiate() resolves and calls Python objects selected by configuration through _resolve_target() in hydra/_internal/instantiate/_instantiate2.py, allowing attacker-controlled target values and arguments to choose dangerous callables. A consuming application, library, CLI workflow, or model loader that passes untrusted configuration, CLI overrides, or model metadata into hydra.utils.instantiate() can therefore execute arbitrary code in its own process, including reading or modifying files and credentials or terminating the process. Version 1.3.4 adds target blocking with an explicit HYDRA_INSTANTIATE_ALLOWLIST_OVERRIDE escape hatch. This issue is fixed in version 1.3.4.
Severity
7.8 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-21 21:00 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-94 - Improper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection')
  • CWE-470 - Use of Externally-Controlled Input to Select Classes or Code ('Unsafe Reflection')
Assigner
GitHub_M CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard C 72/100 over 7648 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
facebookresearch hydra Affected: < 1.3.4
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-66269 (GCVE-0-2026-66269)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-17 10:36 – Updated: 2026-09-17 14:29
VLAI
Summary
Dell OpenManage Server Administrator, versions prior to 11.1.0.3, contains a Use of Externally-Controlled Input to Select Classes or Code ('Unsafe Reflection') vulnerability. An unauthenticated attacker with remote access could potentially exploit this vulnerability, leading to Protection mechanism bypass.
Severity
7.3 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-17 14:29 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-470 - Use of Externally-Controlled Input to Select Classes or Code ('Unsafe Reflection')
Assigner
dell CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard C 70/100 over 448 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Date Public
2026-09-08 06:30
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-65608 (GCVE-0-2026-65608)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-23 11:42 – Updated: 2026-10-08 15:23
VLAI
Title
Grav before 2.0.9 Remote Code Execution via FlexDirectory
Summary
Grav versions >= 1.7.0 and before 2.0.9 contain a remote code execution vulnerability. FlexDirectory::dynamicDataField() resolves blueprint data-*@: directives by calling call_user_func_array() on attacker-influenced input, validating only that the target is callable (is_callable()) without restricting dangerous functions such as exec, system, passthru, or shell_exec. Because FlexDirectory registers this handler for every Flex directory, it bypasses the validation added to Blueprint::dynamicData() in 2.0.7 (GHSA-fj2p-qj2f-74v5). Any authenticated user with create or update permission on any Flex-based directory (Flex Users, Flex Pages, Flex Objects, or custom Flex types) can execute arbitrary shell commands on the server.
Severity
8.7 (High)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
8.8 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-23 18:00 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-470 - Use of Externally-Controlled Input to Select Classes or Code ('Unsafe Reflection')
Assigner
VulnCheck CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard B 84/100 over 6102 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
getgrav grav Affected: 1.7.0 , < 2.0.9 (semver)
Unaffected: 2.0.9 (semver)
    cpe:2.3:a:getgrav:grav:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-07-09 00:00
Credits
haftoe
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-64663 (GCVE-0-2026-64663)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-06 19:28 – Updated: 2026-08-07 17:38
VLAI
Title
Statamic: Unsafe method invocation via Antlers template resolution allows data destruction
Summary
Statamic is a Laravel and Git powered content management system (CMS). Prior to 5.74.1 and 6.24.0, manipulating user-supplied input incorporated into Antlers templates could result in the loss of content and assets, on sites whose templates pass untrusted input into affected areas, and exploitation did not require authentication. This issue is fixed in versions 5.74.1 and 6.24.0.
Severity
6.5 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-07 17:38 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-470 - Use of Externally-Controlled Input to Select Classes or Code ('Unsafe Reflection')
Assigner
GitHub_M CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard C 72/100 over 7648 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
statamic cms Affected: < 5.74.1
Affected: >= 6.0.0, < 6.24.0
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-63337 (GCVE-0-2026-63337)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-18 16:27 – Updated: 2026-08-18 19:09
VLAI
Title
RabbitMQ Java client: Unvalidated Class.forName in JSON-RPC ProcedureDescription enables arbitrary class loading
Summary
The RabbitMQ Java client library allows Java and JVM-based applications to connect to and interact with RabbitMQ nodes. Prior to 5.33.0, com.rabbitmq.tools.jsonrpc.ProcedureDescription receives a javaReturnType value in an untrusted system.describe response and passes it through JSONUtil.tryFill, setJavaReturnType, and computeReturnTypeAsJavaClass to Class.forName(javaReturnType) with initialization enabled. An attacker able to answer the JsonRpcClient request through a shared broker or network interception can select a class already present in the victim JVM and trigger its static initializer, while JsonRpcClient.java later passes getReturnType output to mapper.parse and may also create type confusion. Successful exploitation can affect confidentiality, integrity, and availability in the client process. This issue is fixed in version 5.33.0.
Severity
7.5 (High)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:L/UI:P/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:L/SI:L/SA:L
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-18 19:08 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-470 - Use of Externally-Controlled Input to Select Classes or Code ('Unsafe Reflection')
Assigner
GitHub_M CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard C 72/100 over 7648 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-63317 (GCVE-0-2026-63317)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-24 08:07 – Updated: 2026-07-24 18:04
VLAI
Title
Apache OpenNLP: Arbitrary Class Instantiation in GeneratorFactory via Feature Descriptor XML
Summary
Arbitrary Class Instantiation via XML Feature Generator Descriptor and Format Name in Apache OpenNLP Versions Affected: - before 2.5.10 - before 3.0.0-M5 Description: Three code paths in Apache OpenNLP load a class by its fully-qualified name via Class.forName() and invoke its no-arg constructor without any prior validation of the class name or its type.  The affected paths are: (1) GeneratorFactory, which reads the class attribute of generator elements in an XML feature generator descriptor; such descriptors are embedded as artifacts in model archives (e.g. TokenNameFinder and POSTagger models) and are parsed during model loading, so an attacker who can supply a crafted model archive controls the class name directly. (2) StreamFactoryRegistry.getFactory(Class, String), which falls back to interpreting an unregistered format name as the fully-qualified class name of an ObjectStreamFactory; this is exploitable in applications that pass untrusted format names (e.g. exposing the -format parameter of the command-line tooling to external input). (3) StringInterners, which instantiates the interner implementation named by the opennlp.interner.class system property; this value is normally deployer-controlled, so it is hardened as defense in depth rather than being independently attacker-reachable. Exploitation requires a class with attacker-useful side effects in its static initializer or no-arg constructor (JNDI lookup, outbound network I/O, filesystem access) to be present on the classpath, so this is not drop-in remote code execution. T Mitigation: Upgrade to a fixed release. The fix routes all three paths through ExtensionLoader.instantiateExtension(...), which consults a package-prefix allowlist before Class.forName() is invoked, so a disallowed class is never loaded, initialized, or constructed. Classes under the opennlp. prefix remain permitted by default. Deployments that load models referencing feature generator factories, object stream factories, or string interners outside opennlp.* must opt those packages in, either programmatically via ExtensionLoader.registerAllowedPackage(String) before the first model load, or by setting the OPENNLP_EXT_ALLOWED_PACKAGES system property to a comma-separated list of allowed package prefixes. Users who cannot upgrade immediately should ensure all model files and format names are sourced from trusted origins and should audit their classpath for classes with side-effecting static initializers or constructors.
Severity
5.6 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-24 18:03 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-470 - Use of Externally-Controlled Input to Select Classes or Code ('Unsafe Reflection')
Assigner
apache CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard B 76/100 over 936 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Apache Software Foundation Apache OpenNLP Affected: 3.0.0-M1 , < 3.0.0-M4 (semver)
Affected: 0 , < 2.5.11 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Credits
Subramanian S
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-62379 (GCVE-0-2026-62379)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-15 09:45 – Updated: 2026-09-15 14:21
VLAI
Title
OpenAM: Unauthenticated Remote Code Execution via Class.forName in AuthXMLUtils.createCustomCallback
Summary
Open Access Management (OpenAM) is an access management solution. Prior to 16.1.2, the pre-authentication /authservice PLL endpoint accepts a CustomCallback XML element whose className value selects an arbitrary Java class for AuthXMLUtils to load and instantiate without verifying that it implements DSAMECallbackInterface. Default configurations expose the endpoint without authentication, allowing attacker-controlled class initialization and unsafe deserialization of a serialized Subject value to execute code in the server process. Enabling sunRemoteAuthSecurityEnabled does not prevent the vulnerable parsing and instantiation because its check occurs later. This issue is fixed in version 16.1.2.
Severity
9.8 (Critical)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-15 14:21 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-94 - Improper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection')
  • CWE-470 - Use of Externally-Controlled Input to Select Classes or Code ('Unsafe Reflection')
Assigner
GitHub_M CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard C 72/100 over 7648 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-61599 (GCVE-0-2026-61599)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-16 22:11 – Updated: 2026-09-17 13:21
VLAI
Title
djust has an unauthenticated arbitrary module import via the WebSocket/SSE view-mount path
Summary
djust provides Phoenix LiveView-style reactive server-side rendering for Django with Rust-powered performance. Prior to version 1.0.7, the djust live transport resolves the LiveView to mount from a client-supplied dotted path by calling `__import__(module_path, ...)`. The module is imported — running its top-level code (import side effects) — before the framework checks that the resolved object is a `LiveView` subclass and before any per-view authentication. The `LIVEVIEW_ALLOWED_MODULES` allowlist that should contain this is fail-open (`if allowed_modules:` — skipped when the setting is unset, the framework default) and uses loose `startswith` matching. An unauthenticated WebSocket client (the WS handshake does not require auth; per-view auth runs only after import + instantiate) can therefore send a `mount` / `live_redirect_mount` / `url_change` frame (or an SSE mount) with `view = "<any.importable.module>.AnyName"` and cause the server to import — and execute the top-level code of — any importable Python module by name. Version 1.0.7 fixes the issue with a fail-closed resolution gate (`djust._view_resolution.is_view_import_allowed`): a client view path resolves only if (a) its module is already loaded (`sys.modules` — so resolving runs no new code; URL-routed views loaded by URLconf at startup keep working with zero config) or (b) it matches `LIVEVIEW_ALLOWED_MODULES` on a module-segment boundary (explicit opt-in for lazily-imported views). The gate runs before `__import__` at all three sinks (+ defense-in-depth inside `_instantiate_view`). As a workaround, set `LIVEVIEW_ALLOWED_MODULES` to the narrow list of modules that contain your mountable LiveView classes. (Note: pre-patch the allowlist is `startswith`-matched and the import still precedes the subclass check, so this is mitigation, not a complete fix.)
Severity
8.8 (High)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:H/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-17 13:21 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-470 - Use of Externally-Controlled Input to Select Classes or Code ('Unsafe Reflection')
Assigner
GitHub_M CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard C 72/100 over 7648 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
djust-org djust Affected: < 1.0.7
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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      "descriptions": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "djust provides Phoenix LiveView-style reactive server-side rendering for Django with Rust-powered performance. Prior to version 1.0.7, the djust live transport resolves the LiveView to mount from a client-supplied dotted path by calling `__import__(module_path, ...)`. The module is imported \u2014 running its top-level code (import side effects) \u2014 before the framework checks that the resolved object is a `LiveView` subclass and before any per-view authentication. The `LIVEVIEW_ALLOWED_MODULES` allowlist that should contain this is fail-open (`if allowed_modules:` \u2014 skipped when the setting is unset, the framework default) and uses loose `startswith` matching. An unauthenticated WebSocket client (the WS handshake does not require auth; per-view auth runs only after import + instantiate) can therefore send a `mount` / `live_redirect_mount` / `url_change` frame (or an SSE mount) with `view = \"\u003cany.importable.module\u003e.AnyName\"` and cause the server to import \u2014 and execute the top-level code of \u2014 any importable Python module by name. Version 1.0.7 fixes the issue with a fail-closed resolution gate (`djust._view_resolution.is_view_import_allowed`): a client view path resolves only if (a) its module is already loaded (`sys.modules` \u2014 so resolving runs no new code; URL-routed views loaded by URLconf at startup keep working with zero config) or (b) it matches `LIVEVIEW_ALLOWED_MODULES` on a module-segment boundary (explicit opt-in for lazily-imported views). The gate runs before `__import__` at all three sinks (+ defense-in-depth inside `_instantiate_view`). As a workaround, set `LIVEVIEW_ALLOWED_MODULES` to the narrow list of modules that contain your mountable LiveView classes. (Note: pre-patch the allowlist is `startswith`-matched and the import still precedes the subclass check, so this is mitigation, not a complete fix.)"
        }
      ],
      "metrics": [
        {
          "cvssV4_0": {
            "attackComplexity": "LOW",
            "attackRequirements": "NONE",
            "attackVector": "NETWORK",
            "baseScore": 8.8,
            "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
            "privilegesRequired": "NONE",
            "subAvailabilityImpact": "NONE",
            "subConfidentialityImpact": "NONE",
            "subIntegrityImpact": "NONE",
            "userInteraction": "NONE",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:H/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
            "version": "4.0",
            "vulnAvailabilityImpact": "LOW",
            "vulnConfidentialityImpact": "LOW",
            "vulnIntegrityImpact": "HIGH"
          }
        }
      ],
      "problemTypes": [
        {
          "descriptions": [
            {
              "cweId": "CWE-470",
              "description": "CWE-470: Use of Externally-Controlled Input to Select Classes or Code (\u0027Unsafe Reflection\u0027)",
              "lang": "en",
              "type": "CWE"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "providerMetadata": {
        "dateUpdated": "2026-09-16T22:11:45.780Z",
        "orgId": "a0819718-46f1-4df5-94e2-005712e83aaa",
        "shortName": "GitHub_M"
      },
      "references": [
        {
          "name": "https://github.com/djust-org/djust/security/advisories/GHSA-7prp-2623-8g45",
          "tags": [
            "x_refsource_CONFIRM"
          ],
          "url": "https://github.com/djust-org/djust/security/advisories/GHSA-7prp-2623-8g45"
        },
        {
          "name": "https://github.com/djust-org/djust/releases/tag/v1.0.7",
          "tags": [
            "x_refsource_MISC"
          ],
          "url": "https://github.com/djust-org/djust/releases/tag/v1.0.7"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "advisory": "GHSA-7prp-2623-8g45",
        "discovery": "UNKNOWN"
      },
      "title": "djust has an unauthenticated arbitrary module import via the WebSocket/SSE view-mount path"
    }
  },
  "cveMetadata": {
    "assignerOrgId": "a0819718-46f1-4df5-94e2-005712e83aaa",
    "assignerShortName": "GitHub_M",
    "cveId": "CVE-2026-61599",
    "datePublished": "2026-09-16T22:11:45.780Z",
    "dateReserved": "2026-07-10T17:12:17.238Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-09-17T13:21:22.309Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.2"
}
Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Refactor your code to avoid using reflection.

Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Do not use user-controlled inputs to select and load classes or code.

Mitigation
Implementation

Apply strict input validation by using allowlists or indirect selection to ensure that the user is only selecting allowable classes or code.

CAPEC-138: Reflection Injection

An adversary supplies a value to the target application which is then used by reflection methods to identify a class, method, or field. For example, in the Java programming language the reflection libraries permit an application to inspect, load, and invoke classes and their components by name. If an adversary can control the input into these methods including the name of the class/method/field or the parameters passed to methods, they can cause the targeted application to invoke incorrect methods, read random fields, or even to load and utilize malicious classes that the adversary created. This can lead to the application revealing sensitive information, returning incorrect results, or even having the adversary take control of the targeted application.

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