Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-436
Allowed-with-ReviewInterpretation Conflict
Abstraction: Class · Status: Incomplete
Product A handles inputs or steps differently than Product B, which causes A to perform incorrect actions based on its perception of B's state.
228 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2025-25291 (GCVE-0-2025-25291)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-03-12 20:16 – Updated: 2025-11-03 19:44
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
ruby-saml vulnerable to SAML authentication bypass due to DOCTYPE handling (parser differential)
Summary
ruby-saml provides security assertion markup language (SAML) single sign-on (SSO) for Ruby. An authentication bypass vulnerability was found in ruby-saml prior to versions 1.12.4 and 1.18.0 due to a parser differential. ReXML and Nokogiri parse XML differently; the parsers can generate entirely different document structures from the same XML input. That allows an attacker to be able to execute a Signature Wrapping attack. This issue may lead to authentication bypass. Versions 1.12.4 and 1.18.0 fix the issue.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-04-03 20:06 UTC
Assigner
References
13 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/SAML-Toolkits/ruby-saml/securi… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/omniauth/omniauth-saml/securit… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/SAML-Toolkits/ruby-saml/commit… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/SAML-Toolkits/ruby-saml/commit… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://about.gitlab.com/releases/2025/03/12/patc… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.blog/security/sign-in-as-anyone-by… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/SAML-Toolkits/ruby-saml/releas… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/SAML-Toolkits/ruby-saml/releas… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://portswigger.net/research/saml-roulette-th… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://securitylab.github.com/advisories/GHSL-20… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-2025031… | |
| https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43374519 | |
| https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2025… |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| SAML-Toolkits | ruby-saml |
Affected:
< 1.12.4
Affected: >= 1.13.0, < 1.18.0 |
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CVE-2025-24013 (GCVE-0-2025-24013)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-01-20 15:57 – Updated: 2025-01-21 14:51
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
CodeIgniter validation of header name and value
Summary
CodeIgniter is a PHP full-stack web framework. Prior to 4.5.8, CodeIgniter lacked proper header validation for its name and value. The potential attacker can construct deliberately malformed headers with Header class. This could disrupt application functionality, potentially causing errors or generating invalid HTTP requests. In some cases, these malformed requests might lead to a DoS scenario if a remote service’s web application firewall interprets them as malicious and blocks further communication with the application. This vulnerability is fixed in 4.5.8.
Severity
5.3 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-01-21 14:50 UTC
CWE
- CWE-436 - Interpretation Conflict
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/secu… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/comm… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7230#sec… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-wxmh-65f7-jcvw | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| codeigniter4 | CodeIgniter4 |
Affected:
< 4.5.8
|
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CVE-2024-29034 (GCVE-0-2024-29034)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-03-24 19:27 – Updated: 2024-08-02 01:03
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
CarrierWave's Content-Type allowlist bypass vulnerability which possibly leads to XSS remained
Summary
CarrierWave is a solution for file uploads for Rails, Sinatra and other Ruby web frameworks. The vulnerability CVE-2023-49090 wasn't fully addressed. This vulnerability is caused by the fact that when uploading to object storage, including Amazon S3, it is possible to set a Content-Type value that is interpreted by browsers to be different from what's allowed by `content_type_allowlist`, by providing multiple values separated by commas. This bypassed value can be used to cause XSS. Upgrade to 3.0.7 or 2.2.6.
Severity
6.8 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2024-08-01 19:25 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/carrierwaveuploader/carrierwav… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/carrierwaveuploader/carrierwav… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| carrierwaveuploader | carrierwave |
Affected:
>= 3.0.0, < 3.0.7
Affected: < 2.2.6 |
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CVE-2024-24754 (GCVE-0-2024-24754)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-02-01 16:10 – Updated: 2025-05-15 19:51
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Bref Body Parsing Inconsistency in Event-Driven Functions
Summary
Bref enable serverless PHP on AWS Lambda. When Bref is used with the Event-Driven Function runtime and the handler is a `RequestHandlerInterface`, then the Lambda event is converted to a PSR7 object. During the conversion process, if the request is a MultiPart, each part is parsed and its content added in the `$files` or `$parsedBody` arrays. The conversion process produces a different output compared to the one of plain PHP when keys ending with and open square bracket ([) are used. Based on the application logic the difference in the body parsing might lead to vulnerabilities and/or undefined behaviors. This vulnerability is patched in 2.1.13.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-05-08 15:38 UTC
CWE
- CWE-436 - Interpretation Conflict
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/brefphp/bref/security/advisori… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/brefphp/bref/commit/c77d9f5abf… | x_refsource_MISC |
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CVE-2024-24753 (GCVE-0-2024-24753)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-02-01 16:09 – Updated: 2025-06-17 14:36
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Bref Multiple Value Headers Not Supported in ApiGatewayFormatV2
Summary
Bref enable serverless PHP on AWS Lambda. When Bref is used in combination with an API Gateway with the v2 format, it does not handle multiple values headers. If PHP generates a response with two headers having the same key but different values only the latest one is kept. If an application relies on multiple headers with the same key being set for security reasons, then Bref would lower the application security. For example, if an application sets multiple `Content-Security-Policy` headers, then Bref would just reflect the latest one. This vulnerability is patched in 2.1.13.
Severity
4.8 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2024-02-21 19:51 UTC
CWE
- CWE-436 - Interpretation Conflict
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/brefphp/bref/security/advisori… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
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CVE-2024-20293 (GCVE-0-2024-20293)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-05-22 16:55 – Updated: 2024-08-01 21:59
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
A vulnerability in the activation of an access control list (ACL) on Cisco Adaptive Security Appliance (ASA) Software and Cisco Firepower Threat Defense (FTD) Software could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to bypass the protection that is offered by a configured ACL on an affected device. This vulnerability is due to a logic error that occurs when an ACL changes from inactive to active in the running configuration of an affected device. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by sending traffic through the affected device that should be denied by the configured ACL. The reverse condition is also true—traffic that should be permitted could be denied by the configured ACL. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to bypass configured ACL protections on the affected device, allowing the attacker to access trusted networks that the device might be protecting. Note: This vulnerability applies to both IPv4 and IPv6 traffic as well as dual-stack ACL configurations in which both IPv4 and IPv6 ACLs are configured on an interface.
Severity
5.8 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2024-05-23 14:00 UTC
CWE
- CWE-436 - Interpretation Conflict
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
4 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cisco | Cisco Adaptive Security Appliance (ASA) Software |
Affected:
9.19.1
Affected: 9.19.1.5 Affected: 9.19.1.9 Affected: 9.19.1.12 Affected: 9.19.1.18 Affected: 9.19.1.22 Affected: 9.19.1.24 Affected: 9.20.1 Affected: 9.20.1.5 |
|
| Cisco | Cisco Firepower Threat Defense Software |
Affected:
7.3.0
Affected: 7.3.1 Affected: 7.3.1.1 Affected: 7.3.1.2 Affected: 7.4.0 |
|
| cisco | firepower_management_center |
Affected:
7.3.0
Affected: 7.3.1 Affected: 7.3.1.1 Affected: 7.3.1.2 cpe:2.3:h:cisco:firepower_management_center:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| cisco | adaptive_security_appliance |
Affected:
9.19.1
Affected: 9.19.1.5 Affected: 9.19.1.9 Affected: 9.19.1.12 Affected: 9.19.1.18 Affected: 9.19.1.22 Affected: 9.19.1.24 Affected: 9.20.1 Affected: 9.20.1.5 cpe:2.3:h:cisco:adaptive_security_appliance:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2024-3386 (GCVE-0-2024-3386)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-04-10 17:06 – Updated: 2026-05-13 20:15
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
PAN-OS: Predefined Decryption Exclusions Does Not Work as Intended
Summary
An incorrect string comparison vulnerability in Palo Alto Networks PAN-OS software prevents Predefined Decryption Exclusions from functioning as intended. This can cause traffic destined for domains that are not specified in Predefined Decryption Exclusions to be unintentionally excluded from decryption.
Severity
5.3 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2024-04-10 19:11 UTC
CWE
- CWE-436 - Interpretation Conflict
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
3 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Palo Alto Networks | PAN-OS |
Affected:
9.0.0 , < 9.0.17-h2
(custom)
Affected: 9.1.0 , < 9.1.17 (custom) Affected: 10.0.0 , < 10.0.13 (custom) Affected: 10.1.0 , < 10.1.9-h3 (custom) Affected: 10.1.0 , < 10.1.10 (custom) Affected: 10.2.0 , < 10.2.4-h2 (custom) Affected: 10.2.0 , < 10.2.5 (custom) Affected: 11.0.0 , < 11.0.1-h2 (custom) Affected: 11.0.0 , < 11.0.2 (custom) Unaffected: 11.1.0 |
|
| Palo Alto Networks | Cloud NGFW |
Unaffected:
All
|
|
| Palo Alto Networks | Prisma Access |
Unaffected:
All
|
Date Public
2024-04-10 16:00
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CVE-2023-49284 (GCVE-0-2023-49284)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2023-12-04 23:46 – Updated: 2025-02-13 17:18
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Command substitution output can trigger shell expansion in fish shell
Summary
fish is a smart and user-friendly command line shell for macOS, Linux, and the rest of the family. fish shell uses certain Unicode non-characters internally for marking wildcards and expansions. It will incorrectly allow these markers to be read on command substitution output, rather than transforming them into a safe internal representation. While this may cause unexpected behavior with direct input (for example, echo \UFDD2HOME has the same output as echo $HOME), this may become a minor security problem if the output is being fed from an external program into a command substitution where this output may not be expected. This design flaw was introduced in very early versions of fish, predating the version control system, and is thought to be present in every version of fish released in the last 15 years or more, although with different characters. Code execution does not appear to be possible, but denial of service (through large brace expansion) or information disclosure (such as variable expansion) is potentially possible under certain circumstances. fish shell 3.6.2 has been released to correct this issue. Users are advised to upgrade. There are no known workarounds for this vulnerability.
Severity
CWE
- CWE-436 - Interpretation Conflict
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/fish-shell/fish-shell/security… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/fish-shell/fish-shell/commit/0… | x_refsource_MISC |
| http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2023/12/08/1 |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| fish-shell | fish-shell |
Affected:
< 3.6.2
|
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CVE-2023-40718 (GCVE-0-2023-40718)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2023-10-10 16:49 – Updated: 2024-09-18 19:03
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
A interpretation conflict in Fortinet IPS Engine versions 7.321, 7.166 and 6.158 allows attacker to evade IPS features via crafted TCP packets.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2024-09-18 18:59 UTC
CWE
- CWE-436 - Improper access control
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fortinet | IPS Engine |
Affected:
7.321
Affected: 7.166 Affected: 6.158 |
|
| fortinet | fortios_ips_engine |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 7.321
(custom)
Affected: 0 , ≤ 7.166 (custom) Affected: 0 , ≤ 6.158 (custom) cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortios_ips_engine:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2023-39481 (GCVE-0-2023-39481)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-05-03 02:10 – Updated: 2024-08-02 18:10
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Softing Secure Integration Server Interpretation Conflict Remote Code Execution Vulnerability
Summary
Softing Secure Integration Server Interpretation Conflict Remote Code Execution Vulnerability. This vulnerability allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code on affected installations of Softing Secure Integration Server. Although authentication is required to exploit this vulnerability, the existing authentication mechanism can be bypassed.
The specific flaw exists within the web server. The issue results from an inconsistency in URI parsing between NGINX and application code. An attacker can leverage this in conjunction with other vulnerabilities to execute arbitrary code in the context of root. Was ZDI-CAN-20551.
Severity
6.6 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2024-06-07 20:36 UTC
CWE
- CWE-436 - Interpretation Conflict
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://www.zerodayinitiative.com/advisories/ZDI-… | x_research-advisory |
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Softing | Secure Integration Server |
Affected:
1.22.0.8686
|
|
| softing | secure_integration_server |
Affected:
1.22.0.8686
cpe:2.3:a:softing:secure_integration_server:1.22.0.8686:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
Date Public
2023-08-09 18:04
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"metrics": [
{
"cvssV3_0": {
"baseScore": 6.6,
"baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
"vectorString": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:H/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"version": "3.0"
},
"format": "CVSS"
}
],
"problemTypes": [
{
"descriptions": [
{
"cweId": "CWE-436",
"description": "CWE-436: Interpretation Conflict",
"lang": "en",
"type": "CWE"
}
]
}
],
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2024-05-03T02:10:45.801Z",
"orgId": "99f1926a-a320-47d8-bbb5-42feb611262e",
"shortName": "zdi"
},
"references": [
{
"name": "ZDI-23-1063",
"tags": [
"x_research-advisory"
],
"url": "https://www.zerodayinitiative.com/advisories/ZDI-23-1063/"
}
],
"source": {
"lang": "en",
"value": "Claroty Research - Team82 - Uri Katz, Noam Moshe, Vera Mens, Sharon Brizinov"
},
"title": "Softing Secure Integration Server Interpretation Conflict Remote Code Execution Vulnerability"
}
},
"cveMetadata": {
"assignerOrgId": "99f1926a-a320-47d8-bbb5-42feb611262e",
"assignerShortName": "zdi",
"cveId": "CVE-2023-39481",
"datePublished": "2024-05-03T02:10:45.801Z",
"dateReserved": "2023-08-02T21:37:23.125Z",
"dateUpdated": "2024-08-02T18:10:20.884Z",
"state": "PUBLISHED"
},
"dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
"dataVersion": "5.1"
}
No mitigation information available for this CWE.
CAPEC-105: HTTP Request Splitting
An adversary abuses the flexibility and discrepancies in the parsing and interpretation of HTTP Request messages by different intermediary HTTP agents (e.g., load balancer, reverse proxy, web caching proxies, application firewalls, etc.) to split a single HTTP request into multiple unauthorized and malicious HTTP requests to a back-end HTTP agent (e.g., web server).
See CanPrecede relationships for possible consequences.
CAPEC-273: HTTP Response Smuggling
An adversary manipulates and injects malicious content in the form of secret unauthorized HTTP responses, into a single HTTP response from a vulnerable or compromised back-end HTTP agent (e.g., server).
See CanPrecede relationships for possible consequences.
CAPEC-34: HTTP Response Splitting
An adversary manipulates and injects malicious content, in the form of secret unauthorized HTTP responses, into a single HTTP response from a vulnerable or compromised back-end HTTP agent (e.g., web server) or into an already spoofed HTTP response from an adversary controlled domain/site.
See CanPrecede relationships for possible consequences.