Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-436

Allowed-with-Review

Interpretation Conflict

Abstraction: Class · Status: Incomplete

Product A handles inputs or steps differently than Product B, which causes A to perform incorrect actions based on its perception of B's state.

228 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

CVE-2026-30246 (GCVE-0-2026-30246)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-05 12:40 – Updated: 2026-05-05 15:04
VLAI
Title
github.com/gofiber/fiber/v3 cache middleware can mix responses across query parameters
Summary
Fiber is a web framework for Go. In github.com/gofiber/fiber/v3 versions through 3.1.0, the default key generator in the cache middleware uses only the request path and does not include the query string. As a result, requests for the same path with different query parameters can share a cache key and receive the wrong cached response. This can cause response mix-up for query-dependent endpoints and may expose data intended for a different request. This issue is fixed after version 3.1.0.
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-05-05 15:03 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-436 - Interpretation Conflict
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
gofiber fiber Affected: >= v3.0.0-beta.2, < 3.1.0
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-27896 (GCVE-0-2026-27896)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-02-26 00:47 – Updated: 2026-07-15 01:12
VLAI
Title
MCP Go SDK Vulnerable to Improper Handling of Case Sensitivity
Summary
The Go MCP SDK used Go's standard encoding/json.Unmarshal for JSON-RPC and MCP protocol message parsing in versions prior to 1.3.1. Go's standard library performs case-insensitive matching of JSON keys to struct field tags — a field tagged json:"method" would also match "Method", "METHOD", etc. This violated the JSON-RPC 2.0 specification, which defines exact field names. A malicious MCP peer may have been able to send protocol messages with non-standard field casing that the SDK would silently accept. This had the potential for bypassing intermediary inspection and coss-implementation inconsistency. Go's standard JSON unmarshaling was replaced with a case-sensitive decoder in commit 7b8d81c. Users are advised to update to v1.3.1 to resolve this issue.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-02-26 17:06 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-178 - Improper Handling of Case Sensitivity
  • CWE-436 - Interpretation Conflict
Impacted products
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-27444 (GCVE-0-2026-27444)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-03-04 08:47 – Updated: 2026-03-04 19:28
VLAI
Title
Header Email Address Parsing
Summary
SEPPmail Secure Email Gateway before version 15.0.1 incorrectly interprets email addresses in the email headers, causing an interpretation conflict with other mail infrastructure that allows an attacker to fake the source of the email or decrypt it.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-03-04 19:28 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-436 - Interpretation Conflict
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
SEPPmail Secure Email Gateway Affected: 0 , < 15.0.1 (custom)
    cpe:2.3:a:seppmail:seppmail_secure_email_gateway:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-26961 (GCVE-0-2026-26961)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-04-02 16:42 – Updated: 2026-04-03 17:58
VLAI
Title
Rack: Multipart Boundary Parsing Ambiguity allowing WAF Bypass
Summary
Rack is a modular Ruby web server interface. Prior to versions 2.2.23, 3.1.21, and 3.2.6, Rack::Multipart::Parser extracts the boundary parameter from multipart/form-data using a greedy regular expression. When a Content-Type header contains multiple boundary parameters, Rack selects the last one rather than the first. In deployments where an upstream proxy, WAF, or intermediary interprets the first boundary parameter, this mismatch can allow an attacker to smuggle multipart content past upstream inspection and have Rack parse a different body structure than the intermediary validated. This issue has been patched in versions 2.2.23, 3.1.21, and 3.2.6.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-04-03 17:57 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-436 - Interpretation Conflict
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
rack rack Affected: < 2.2.23
Affected: >= 3.0.0.beta1, < 3.1.21
Affected: >= 3.2.0, < 3.2.6
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-25223 (GCVE-0-2026-25223)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-02-03 21:21 – Updated: 2026-07-15 01:16
VLAI
Title
Fastify's Content-Type header tab character allows body validation bypass
Summary
Fastify is a fast and low overhead web framework, for Node.js. Prior to version 5.7.2, a validation bypass vulnerability exists in Fastify where request body validation schemas specified by Content-Type can be completely circumvented. By appending a tab character (\t) followed by arbitrary content to the Content-Type header, attackers can bypass body validation while the server still processes the body as the original content type. This issue has been patched in version 5.7.2.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-02-04 21:18 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-436 - Interpretation Conflict
  • CWE-179 - Incorrect Behavior Order: Early Validation
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
fastify fastify Affected: < 5.7.2
Create a notification for this product.
Red Hat Red Hat OpenShift AI 2.16 Unaffected: 1774282136 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_ai:2.16::el8
Create a notification for this product.
Red Hat Red Hat OpenShift AI 2.25 Unaffected: 1776742021 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_ai:2.25::el9
Create a notification for this product.
Red Hat Red Hat OpenShift AI 2.25 Unaffected: 1776742141 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_ai:2.25::el9
Create a notification for this product.
Red Hat Red Hat OpenShift Dev Spaces 3.27 Unaffected: 1774476526 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_devspaces:3.27::el9
Create a notification for this product.
Red Hat Red Hat Enterprise Linux AI (RHEL AI) 3     cpe:/a:redhat:enterprise_linux_ai:3
Create a notification for this product.
Red Hat Red Hat OpenShift AI (RHOAI)     cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_ai
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-18446 (GCVE-0-2026-18446)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-31 14:37 – Updated: 2026-07-31 17:47
VLAI
Title
fast-uri vulnerable to host confusion via backslash authority introducer
Summary
fast-uri before 4.1.2, 3.1.5, and 2.4.4 requires a literal double forward slash to recognize a URI authority, so a reference that uses a backslash based introducer in place of it (backslash backslash, forward slash backslash, or backslash forward slash) is parsed with no authority and folds into the path. Node's native WHATWG URL parser instead treats a backslash as interchangeable with a forward slash for special schemes, so the two parsers extract different hosts from the same input. Applications that use fast-uri to enforce host based policy such as allowlists, SSRF filtering, or redirect validation before passing the same URL into Node's URL or fetch consumers can be steered to an unintended host. Upgrade to fast-uri 4.1.2, 3.1.5, or 2.4.4.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-31 17:47 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-436 - Interpretation Conflict
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
fast-uri fast-uri Affected: 4.0.0 , < 4.1.2 (semver)
Unaffected: 4.1.2 (semver)
Affected: 3.0.0 , < 3.1.5 (semver)
Unaffected: 3.1.5 (semver)
Affected: 0 , < 2.4.4 (semver)
Unaffected: 2.4.4 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-18427 (GCVE-0-2026-18427)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-06 14:52 – Updated: 2026-08-06 15:44
VLAI
Title
@fastify/static vulnerable to route guard bypass via non-canonical path segments
Summary
@fastify/static before version 10.1.3 contains an incomplete fix for a previous route guard bypass. The static file handler rejected only parent directory segments, but it did not canonicalize dot segments, duplicate slashes, encoded dots, or backslashes before route matching and before delegating to the send layer. As a result, an unauthenticated attacker could request a file protected by a route based guard using a non canonical path form that misses the guarded route yet resolves back onto the protected file, disclosing its contents. Applications that protect a subtree of the static root with a route based guard are affected, while applications relying on the allowedPath option are not. This is fixed in @fastify/static 10.1.3, which canonicalizes the pathname, including rejecting backslashes, on the path used for routing and serving.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-06 15:44 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
  • CWE-436 - Interpretation Conflict
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
@fastify/static @fastify/static Affected: 0 , < 10.1.3 (semver)
Unaffected: 10.1.3 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-18246 (GCVE-0-2026-18246)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-12 16:55 – Updated: 2026-08-13 16:26
VLAI
Title
IBM i is Affected By security restrictions bypass in Navigator for i
Summary
IBM i 7.6, 7.5, 7.4, and 7.3 could allow a remote authenticated attacker to bypass security restrictions due to an interpretation conflict in the multipart parser.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-13 16:26 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-436 - Interpretation Conflict
Assigner
References
URL Tags
https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7283292 vendor-advisorypatch
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
IBM i Affected: 7.6
Affected: 7.5
Affected: 7.4
Affected: 7.3
    cpe:2.3:a:ibm:i:7.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:ibm:i:7.6.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:ibm:i:7.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:ibm:i:7.5.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:ibm:i:7.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:ibm:i:7.4.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:ibm:i:7.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:ibm:i:7.3.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-16221 (GCVE-0-2026-16221)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-19 14:08 – Updated: 2026-07-20 13:53
VLAI
Title
fast-uri vulnerable to host confusion via literal backslash authority delimiter
Summary
Impact: fast-uri versions from 2.3.1 through 4.1.0 (including the 3.x line up to 3.1.3 and the 2.x line up to 2.4.2) do not treat a literal backslash character (U+005C) as an authority delimiter. Node's native WHATWG URL parser, used by fetch, undici, and Node's http and https clients, normalizes the backslash to a forward slash for special schemes such as http, https, ws, wss, ftp, and file. As a result, the two parsers extract different hosts from the same input string. Applications that use fast-uri to enforce host-based policy such as allowlists, denylists, loopback or SSRF filtering, redirect validation, or outbound proxy routing before passing the same URL into Node's URL or fetch consumers can be steered to an unintended destination, including cloud metadata endpoints, loopback, or internal hosts. Patches: upgrade to fast-uri 4.1.1, 3.1.4, or 2.4.3. Workarounds: none.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-20 13:53 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-436 - Interpretation Conflict
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
fast-uri fast-uri Affected: 2.3.1 , < 2.4.3 (semver)
Unaffected: 2.4.3 (semver)
Affected: 3.0.0 , < 3.1.4 (semver)
Unaffected: 3.1.4 (semver)
Affected: 4.0.0 , < 4.1.1 (semver)
Unaffected: 4.1.1 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-14643 (GCVE-0-2026-14643)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-29 21:08 – Updated: 2026-07-30 15:18
VLAI
Title
undici vulnerable to cross-user information disclosure via whitespace around equals in Cache-Control directives
Summary
undici's cache interceptor mishandles optional whitespace placed around the equals sign of a qualified no-cache or private Cache-Control directive. In undici from 7.0.0 up to before 7.29.0 and from 8.0.0 up to before 8.9.0, the parser either drops the directive or stores a field name with literal quote characters, so the cache decision fails to recognize the qualification and the response is stored. In shared-cache mode, this lets a response containing one user's authenticated data be served from cache to a later caller, including an unauthenticated one, when both requests resolve to the same cache key. It affects applications that enable the cache interceptor in shared mode, forward Authorization headers upstream, and receive cacheable responses with qualified directives padded with whitespace around the equals sign. This is the whitespace-around-equals variant that the fix for CVE-2026-9678 did not normalize, and it is fixed in undici 7.29.0 and 8.9.0.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-30 14:20 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-436 - Interpretation Conflict
  • CWE-524 - Use of Cache Containing Sensitive Information
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
undici undici Affected: 7.0.0 , < 7.29.0 (semver)
Unaffected: 7.29.0 (semver)
Affected: 8.0.0 , < 8.9.0 (semver)
Unaffected: 8.9.0 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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No mitigation information available for this CWE.

CAPEC-105: HTTP Request Splitting

An adversary abuses the flexibility and discrepancies in the parsing and interpretation of HTTP Request messages by different intermediary HTTP agents (e.g., load balancer, reverse proxy, web caching proxies, application firewalls, etc.) to split a single HTTP request into multiple unauthorized and malicious HTTP requests to a back-end HTTP agent (e.g., web server).

See CanPrecede relationships for possible consequences.

CAPEC-273: HTTP Response Smuggling

An adversary manipulates and injects malicious content in the form of secret unauthorized HTTP responses, into a single HTTP response from a vulnerable or compromised back-end HTTP agent (e.g., server).

See CanPrecede relationships for possible consequences.

CAPEC-34: HTTP Response Splitting

An adversary manipulates and injects malicious content, in the form of secret unauthorized HTTP responses, into a single HTTP response from a vulnerable or compromised back-end HTTP agent (e.g., web server) or into an already spoofed HTTP response from an adversary controlled domain/site.

See CanPrecede relationships for possible consequences.