Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-295

Allowed

Improper Certificate Validation

Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft

API response cwe.mitre.org

The product does not validate, or incorrectly validates, a certificate.

1911 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-F56R-HFV8-Q98C

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-07-17 18:31 – Updated: 2024-04-04 06:11
VLAI
Details

Mattermost iOS app fails to properly validate the server certificate while initializing the TLS connection allowing a network attacker to intercept the WebSockets connection.

Severity
8.1 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-3615"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-295"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-07-17T16:15:11Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Mattermost iOS app fails\u00a0to properly\u00a0validate the server certificate while initializing the TLS connection allowing a network attacker to intercept the WebSockets connection.\n\n",
  "id": "GHSA-f56r-hfv8-q98c",
  "modified": "2024-04-04T06:11:12Z",
  "published": "2023-07-17T18:31:28Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-3615"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://mattermost.com/security-updates"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-F58W-649R-QJR9

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2019-03-25 16:18 – Updated: 2024-10-27 15:34
VLAI
Summary
splunk-sdk does not properly verify untrusted TLS server certificates
Details

Splunk-SDK-Python before 1.6.6 does not properly verify untrusted TLS server certificates, which could result in man-in-the-middle attacks.

Severity
8.1 (High)
CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
9.2 (Critical)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
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{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "PyPI",
        "name": "splunk-sdk"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "1.6.6"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2019-5729"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-295"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2020-06-16T21:33:41Z",
    "nvd_published_at": null,
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "Splunk-SDK-Python before 1.6.6 does not properly verify untrusted TLS server certificates, which could result in man-in-the-middle attacks.",
  "id": "GHSA-f58w-649r-qjr9",
  "modified": "2024-10-27T15:34:51Z",
  "published": "2019-03-25T16:18:04Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-5729"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-f58w-649r-qjr9"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/pypa/advisory-database/tree/main/vulns/splunk-sdk/PYSEC-2019-203.yaml"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/splunk/splunk-sdk-python"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.splunk.com/view/SP-CAAAQAD"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "splunk-sdk does not properly verify untrusted TLS server certificates"
}

GHSA-F5H9-5Q52-QRX7

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-09 21:31 – Updated: 2026-04-16 21:31
VLAI
Details

Missing hash/digest size and OID checks allow digests smaller than allowed when verifying ECDSA certificates, or smaller than is appropriate for the relevant key type, to be accepted by signature verification functions. This could lead to reduced security of ECDSA certificate-based authentication if the public CA key used is also known. This affects ECDSA/ECC verification when EdDSA or ML-DSA is also enabled.

Severity
9.1 (Critical)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N
9.3 (Critical)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:L/SC:H/SI:L/SA:L/U:Red
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-5194"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-295"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-04-09T20:16:28Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "Missing hash/digest size and OID checks allow digests smaller than allowed when verifying ECDSA certificates, or smaller than is appropriate for the relevant key type, to be accepted by signature verification functions. This could lead to reduced security of ECDSA certificate-based authentication if the public CA key used is also known. This affects ECDSA/ECC verification when EdDSA or ML-DSA is also enabled.",
  "id": "GHSA-f5h9-5q52-qrx7",
  "modified": "2026-04-16T21:31:11Z",
  "published": "2026-04-09T21:31:30Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-5194"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/wolfSSL/wolfssl/pull/10131"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:L/SC:H/SI:L/SA:L/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:Red",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-F5Q5-79FF-JH27

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-10-13 18:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 08:38
VLAI
Details

A potential security vulnerability has been identified in the HP ThinUpdate utility (also known as HP Recovery Image and Software Download Tool) which may lead to information disclosure. HP is releasing mitigation for the potential vulnerability.

Severity
7.5 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-4499"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-295"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-10-13T17:15:09Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "A potential security vulnerability has been identified in the HP ThinUpdate utility (also known as HP Recovery Image and Software Download Tool) which may lead to information disclosure. HP is releasing mitigation for the potential vulnerability.",
  "id": "GHSA-f5q5-79ff-jh27",
  "modified": "2024-04-04T08:38:17Z",
  "published": "2023-10-13T18:30:20Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-4499"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://support.hp.com/us-en/document/ish_9440593-9440618-16"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-F6RC-73VX-29H5

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-07-31 21:32 – Updated: 2024-08-15 15:30
VLAI
Details

An issue was discovered in filestash v0.4. The usage of the ssh.InsecureIgnoreHostKey() disables host key verification, possibly allowing attackers to obtain sensitive information via a man-in-the-middle attack.

Severity
5.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-41258"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-295",
      "CWE-347"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-07-31T21:15:18Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "An issue was discovered in filestash v0.4. The usage of the ssh.InsecureIgnoreHostKey() disables host key verification, possibly allowing attackers to obtain sensitive information via a man-in-the-middle attack.",
  "id": "GHSA-f6rc-73vx-29h5",
  "modified": "2024-08-15T15:30:53Z",
  "published": "2024-07-31T21:32:38Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-41258"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://gist.github.com/nyxfqq/ed8c2ba3398c9e28cd8dbf0902bd8edf"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-F727-J88G-P3M8

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:38 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:38
VLAI
Details

A flaw was found in all Openshift Enterprise versions using the openshift elasticsearch plugin. An attacker with knowledge of the given name used to authenticate and access Elasticsearch can later access it without the token, bypassing authentication. This attack also requires that the Elasticsearch be configured with an external route, and the data accessed is limited to the indices.

Severity
4.8 (Medium)
CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2017-12195"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287",
      "CWE-295"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2018-07-27T15:29:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "A flaw was found in all Openshift Enterprise versions using the openshift elasticsearch plugin. An attacker with knowledge of the given name used to authenticate and access Elasticsearch can later access it without the token, bypassing authentication. This attack also requires that the Elasticsearch be configured with an external route, and the data accessed is limited to the indices.",
  "id": "GHSA-f727-j88g-p3m8",
  "modified": "2022-05-13T01:38:11Z",
  "published": "2022-05-13T01:38:11Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-12195"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2017:3188"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2017:3389"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2017-12195"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1501986"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=CVE-2017-12195"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-F728-V2H3-3VFV

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-08-14 06:30 – Updated: 2025-08-14 06:30
VLAI
Details

An insufficient validation on the server connection endpoint in Netskope Client allows local users to elevate privileges on the system. The insufficient validation allows Netskope Client to connect to any other server with Public Signed CA TLS certificates and send specially crafted responses to elevate privileges.

Severity
6.0 (Medium)
CVSS:4.0/AV:P/AC:L/AT:P/PR:L/UI:N/VC:N/VI:L/VA:H/SC:H/SI:H/SA:H
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-0309"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-295"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-08-14T05:15:26Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "An insufficient validation on the server connection endpoint in Netskope Client allows local users to elevate privileges on the system. The insufficient validation allows Netskope Client to connect to any other server with Public Signed CA TLS certificates and send specially crafted responses to elevate privileges.",
  "id": "GHSA-f728-v2h3-3vfv",
  "modified": "2025-08-14T06:30:33Z",
  "published": "2025-08-14T06:30:33Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-0309"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://blog.amberwolf.com/blog/2025/august/breaking-into-your-network-zer0-effort"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.netskope.com/company/security-compliance-and-assurance/security-advisories-and-disclosures/netskope-security-advisory-nskpsa-2025-002"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:P/AC:L/AT:P/PR:L/UI:N/VC:N/VI:L/VA:H/SC:H/SI:H/SA:H/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-F7Q5-QG45-7VM8

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-07-10 09:32 – Updated: 2026-05-12 15:30
VLAI
Details

A heap-buffer-overread vulnerability was found in GnuTLS in how it handles the Certificate Transparency (CT) Signed Certificate Timestamp (SCT) extension during X.509 certificate parsing. This flaw allows a malicious user to create a certificate containing a malformed SCT extension (OID 1.3.6.1.4.1.11129.2.4.2) that contains sensitive data. This issue leads to the exposure of confidential information when GnuTLS verifies certificates from certain websites when the certificate (SCT) is not checked correctly.

Severity
5.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N
Show details on source website
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-32989"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-295"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-07-10T08:15:24Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "A heap-buffer-overread vulnerability was found in GnuTLS in how it handles the Certificate Transparency (CT) Signed Certificate Timestamp (SCT) extension during X.509 certificate parsing. This flaw allows a malicious user to create a certificate containing a malformed SCT extension (OID 1.3.6.1.4.1.11129.2.4.2) that contains sensitive data. This issue leads to the exposure of confidential information when GnuTLS verifies certificates from certain websites when the certificate (SCT) is not checked correctly.",
  "id": "GHSA-f7q5-qg45-7vm8",
  "modified": "2026-05-12T15:30:54Z",
  "published": "2025-07-10T09:32:27Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-32989"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2025:16115"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2025:16116"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2025:17181"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2025:17348"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2025:17361"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2025:19088"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2025:22529"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:7477"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2025-32989"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2359621"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/html/ssa-082556.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.gnupg.org/pipermail/gnutls-help/2025-July/004883.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2025/07/11/3"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-F7VF-74CX-834M

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:32 – Updated: 2025-01-14 21:31
VLAI
Details

Improper certificate validation vulnerability in OpenVPN client in Synology DiskStation Manager (DSM) before 6.2.3-25426-2 allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive information via a crafted certificate.

Severity
9.0 (Critical)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H
Show details on source website
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2020-27648"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-295"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2020-10-29T09:15:00Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "Improper certificate validation vulnerability in OpenVPN client in Synology DiskStation Manager (DSM) before 6.2.3-25426-2 allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive information via a crafted certificate.",
  "id": "GHSA-f7vf-74cx-834m",
  "modified": "2025-01-14T21:31:41Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T17:32:35Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-27648"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.synology.com/security/advisory/Synology_SA_20_18"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.talosintelligence.com/vulnerability_reports/TALOS-2020-1058"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-F7W7-6PJC-WWM6

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-02 03:46 – Updated: 2026-06-08 23:46
VLAI
Summary
Apache Tomcat affected by vulnerability in TLS and SSL protocol
Details

The TLS protocol, and the SSL protocol 3.0 and possibly earlier, as used in Microsoft Internet Information Services (IIS) 7.0, mod_ssl in the Apache HTTP Server 2.2.14 and earlier, OpenSSL before 0.9.8l, GnuTLS 2.8.5 and earlier, Mozilla Network Security Services (NSS) 3.12.4 and earlier, multiple Cisco products, and other products, does not properly associate renegotiation handshakes with an existing connection, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to insert data into HTTPS sessions, and possibly other types of sessions protected by TLS or SSL, by sending an unauthenticated request that is processed retroactively by a server in a post-renegotiation context, related to a "plaintext injection" attack, aka the "Project Mogul" issue.

Apache Tomcat was affected by this issue and introduced a workaround in versions 7.0.10, 6.0.32, and 5.5.33.

Severity
9.8 (Critical)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
Show details on source website
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{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Maven",
        "name": "org.apache.tomcat:tomcat"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "7.0.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "7.0.10"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
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      "CWE-300"
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    "github_reviewed": true,
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  "id": "GHSA-f7w7-6pjc-wwm6",
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  "published": "2022-05-02T03:46:22Z",
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    {
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      "url": "http://www.arubanetworks.com/support/alerts/aid-020810.txt"
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    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.betanews.com/article/1257452450"
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      "url": "http://www.ietf.org/mail-archive/web/tls/current/msg03928.html"
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      "url": "http://www.proftpd.org/docs/RELEASE_NOTES-1.3.2c"
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    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.redhat.com/support/errata/RHSA-2010-0119.html"
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      "url": "http://www.us-cert.gov/cas/techalerts/TA10-222A.html"
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      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.us-cert.gov/cas/techalerts/TA10-287A.html"
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      "type": "WEB",
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    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Apache Tomcat affected by vulnerability in TLS and SSL protocol"
}
Mitigation
Architecture and Design Implementation

Certificates should be carefully managed and checked to assure that data are encrypted with the intended owner's public key.

Mitigation
Implementation

If certificate pinning is being used, ensure that all relevant properties of the certificate are fully validated before the certificate is pinned, including the hostname.

CAPEC-459: Creating a Rogue Certification Authority Certificate

An adversary exploits a weakness resulting from using a hashing algorithm with weak collision resistance to generate certificate signing requests (CSR) that contain collision blocks in their "to be signed" parts. The adversary submits one CSR to be signed by a trusted certificate authority then uses the signed blob to make a second certificate appear signed by said certificate authority. Due to the hash collision, both certificates, though different, hash to the same value and so the signed blob works just as well in the second certificate. The net effect is that the adversary's second X.509 certificate, which the Certification Authority has never seen, is now signed and validated by that Certification Authority.

CAPEC-475: Signature Spoofing by Improper Validation

An adversary exploits a cryptographic weakness in the signature verification algorithm implementation to generate a valid signature without knowing the key.

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