Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-22

Allowed-with-Review

Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')

Abstraction: Base · Status: Stable

The product uses external input to construct a pathname that is intended to identify a file or directory that is located underneath a restricted parent directory, but the product does not properly neutralize special elements within the pathname that can cause the pathname to resolve to a location that is outside of the restricted directory.

15939 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

CVE-2026-57716 (GCVE-0-2026-57716)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-23 11:18 – Updated: 2026-07-23 14:23

Title

WordPress Broadcast Live Video plugin <= 7.2.4 - Arbitrary File Deletion vulnerability

Summary

Unauthenticated Arbitrary File Deletion in Broadcast Live Video <= 7.2.4 versions.

Severity

5.3 (Medium)


                        
                          CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N

SSVC

Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial

CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)

Decision recorded 2026-07-23 14:22 UTC

CWE

CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')

Assigner

Patchstack CNA under the mitre root

CNA scorecard B 75/100 over 3313 records in the last 180 days details

References

1 reference

URL	Tags
https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/…	vdb-entry

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version
videowhisper	Broadcast Live Video	Affected: n/a , ≤ 7.2.4 (custom)

Credits

dutafi | Patchstack Bug Bounty Program

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

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CVE-2026-57709 (GCVE-0-2026-57709)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-13 08:41 – Updated: 2026-07-13 13:51

Title

WordPress Membership For WooCommerce plugin <= 3.1.0 - Arbitrary File Deletion vulnerability

Summary

Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal') vulnerability in WP Swings Membership For WooCommerce membership-for-woocommerce allows Path Traversal.This issue affects Membership For WooCommerce: from n/a through <= 3.1.0.

Severity

8.6 (High)


                        
                          CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:N/I:N/A:H

SSVC

Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial

CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)

Decision recorded 2026-07-13 13:51 UTC

CWE

CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')

Assigner

Patchstack CNA under the mitre root

CNA scorecard B 75/100 over 3313 records in the last 180 days details

References

1 reference

URL	Tags
https://patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/…	vdb-entry

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version
WP Swings	Membership For WooCommerce	Affected: 0 , ≤ 3.1.0 (custom)

Date Public

2026-07-13 10:37

Credits

sebbe_alb | Patchstack Bug Bounty Program

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

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CVE-2026-57696 (GCVE-0-2026-57696)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-23 11:18 – Updated: 2026-07-23 16:01

Title

WordPress Picture Gallery plugin <= 1.6.5 - Arbitrary File Deletion vulnerability

Summary

Contributor Arbitrary File Deletion in Picture Gallery <= 1.6.5 versions.

Severity

7.1 (High)


                        
                          CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:H

SSVC

Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial

CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)

Decision recorded 2026-07-23 16:01 UTC

CWE

CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')

Assigner

Patchstack CNA under the mitre root

CNA scorecard B 75/100 over 3313 records in the last 180 days details

References

1 reference

URL	Tags
https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/…	vdb-entry

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version
videowhisper	Picture Gallery	Affected: n/a , ≤ 1.6.5 (custom)

Credits

hhhai | Patchstack Bug Bounty Program

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

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CVE-2026-57571 (GCVE-0-2026-57571)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-06 20:09 – Updated: 2026-07-07 14:53

Title

Crawl4AI arbitrary file write via download filename path traversal

Summary

Crawl4AI is an open-source LLM-friendly web crawler and scraper. Prior to 0.9.0, when the crawler saves a downloaded file, the destination filename was taken from attacker-influenced input and joined to the downloads directory with no confinement. A filename containing an absolute path or traversal escaped the downloads directory, giving an arbitrary file write with attacker-controlled contents; the HTTP crawler path uses the response Content-Disposition filename and the browser crawler path uses the download's suggested filename. Because the written bytes are attacker-controlled, this can escalate to remote code execution. This issue is fixed in version 0.9.0.

Severity

9.6 (Critical)


                        
                          CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H

SSVC

Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total

CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)

Decision recorded 2026-07-07 14:53 UTC

CWE

CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
CWE-59 - Improper Link Resolution Before File Access ('Link Following')

Assigner

GitHub_M CNA under the mitre root

CNA scorecard C 72/100 over 7886 records in the last 180 days details

References

2 references

URL	Tags
https://github.com/unclecode/crawl4ai/security/ad…	x_refsource_CONFIRM
https://github.com/unclecode/crawl4ai/commit/6088…	x_refsource_MISC

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version
unclecode	crawl4ai	Affected: < 0.9.0

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

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        "dateUpdated": "2026-07-06T20:09:52.251Z",
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      },
      "references": [
        {
          "name": "https://github.com/unclecode/crawl4ai/security/advisories/GHSA-2jq4-q6vv-4cp3",
          "tags": [
            "x_refsource_CONFIRM"
          ],
          "url": "https://github.com/unclecode/crawl4ai/security/advisories/GHSA-2jq4-q6vv-4cp3"
        },
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          "name": "https://github.com/unclecode/crawl4ai/commit/60886d1a0c52682e4c83a7cef9dfac417fff6bd2",
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          "url": "https://github.com/unclecode/crawl4ai/commit/60886d1a0c52682e4c83a7cef9dfac417fff6bd2"
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      "source": {
        "advisory": "GHSA-2jq4-q6vv-4cp3",
        "discovery": "UNKNOWN"
      },
      "title": "Crawl4AI arbitrary file write via download filename path traversal"
    }
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  "cveMetadata": {
    "assignerOrgId": "a0819718-46f1-4df5-94e2-005712e83aaa",
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    "dateUpdated": "2026-07-07T14:53:40.859Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.2"
}

CVE-2026-57567 (GCVE-0-2026-57567)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-04 21:43 – Updated: 2026-11-04 21:43

Title

Readest: Unscoped Tauri IPC download_file/upload_file allow arbitrary local file write and read from the webview

Summary

Readest is a modern, feature-rich ebook reader designed for seamless cross-platform access and an intuitive reading experience. In affected desktop Tauri builds prior to 0.11.10, the apps/readest-app/src-tauri/src/transfer_file.rs commands download_file and upload_file accepted a webview-controlled file_path and passed it to File::create or File::open without checking the Tauri filesystem scope, rejecting absolute paths, or blocking parent-directory traversal. The commands were registered in the global invoke handler for the main, updater, and reader-* windows, so JavaScript executing in the privileged application origin could write attacker-controlled content to any path writable by the process or read and send any path readable by the process. Exploitation requires JavaScript execution in that privileged origin, such as through an application XSS or compromised renderer; whether book-embedded JavaScript can reach the parent origin was not established. The write primitive can overwrite trusted or startup files, while the read primitive can expose keys, tokens, and application secrets. This issue is fixed in version 0.11.10.

Severity

8.6 (High)


                        
                          CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H

CWE

CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')

Assigner

GitHub_M CNA under the mitre root

CNA scorecard C 72/100 over 7886 records in the last 180 days details

References

6 references

URL	Tags
https://github.com/readest/readest/security/advis…	x_refsource_CONFIRM
https://github.com/readest/readest/pull/4639	x_refsource_MISC
https://github.com/readest/readest/pull/4651	x_refsource_MISC
https://github.com/readest/readest/commit/4025c4d…	x_refsource_MISC
https://github.com/readest/readest/commit/446c2c7…	x_refsource_MISC
https://github.com/readest/readest/releases/tag/v…	x_refsource_MISC

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version
readest	readest	Affected: < 0.11.10

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

{
  "containers": {
    "cna": {
      "affected": [
        {
          "product": "readest",
          "vendor": "readest",
          "versions": [
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "\u003c 0.11.10"
            }
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          "lang": "en",
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        }
      ],
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          "cvssV3_1": {
            "attackComplexity": "LOW",
            "attackVector": "LOCAL",
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              "cweId": "CWE-22",
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          "name": "https://github.com/readest/readest/commit/4025c4d7b52c8c174ec1d4c02c2a864cce249604",
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            "x_refsource_MISC"
          ],
          "url": "https://github.com/readest/readest/commit/4025c4d7b52c8c174ec1d4c02c2a864cce249604"
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CVE-2026-57565 (GCVE-0-2026-57565)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-04 21:45 – Updated: 2026-11-04 21:45

Title

Readest: Cross-tenant object write via unsanitized fileName in /api/storage/upload (object-key path traversal)

Summary

Readest is a modern, feature-rich ebook reader designed for seamless cross-platform access and an intuitive reading experience. Prior to 0.11.10, the apps/readest-app/src/pages/api/storage/upload.ts route constructed an object key from the authenticated user's identifier and a client-controlled fileName without rejecting path separators or parent-directory traversal. In the R2 backend, apps/readest-app/src/utils/r2.ts placed that key into a new Request URL before signing it, and URL normalization collapsed parent-directory components so the resulting presigned PUT could escape the caller's namespace. An authenticated attacker who knew a target user identifier and book hash could overwrite or poison that user's stored book object and corrupt the associated file_key metadata; the exact cross-tenant escape was verified for the R2 backend. This issue is fixed in version 0.11.10.

Severity

6.5 (Medium)


                        
                          CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N

CWE

CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')

Assigner

GitHub_M CNA under the mitre root

CNA scorecard C 72/100 over 7886 records in the last 180 days details

References

4 references

URL	Tags
https://github.com/readest/readest/security/advis…	x_refsource_CONFIRM
https://github.com/readest/readest/pull/4638	x_refsource_MISC
https://github.com/readest/readest/commit/495783d…	x_refsource_MISC
https://github.com/readest/readest/releases/tag/v…	x_refsource_MISC

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version
readest	readest	Affected: < 0.11.10

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

{
  "containers": {
    "cna": {
      "affected": [
        {
          "product": "readest",
          "vendor": "readest",
          "versions": [
            {
              "status": "affected",
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        }
      ],
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            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
            "version": "3.1"
          }
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          "name": "https://github.com/readest/readest/pull/4638",
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          "name": "https://github.com/readest/readest/commit/495783d04516d05b2eb10f8f8bad297d436b36de",
          "tags": [
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        "advisory": "GHSA-mfmj-2frf-vhgw",
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      },
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    }
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}

CVE-2026-57496 (GCVE-0-2026-57496)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-15 18:40 – Updated: 2026-10-21 01:06

Title

NetLicensing MCP Server: REST Path Traversal Bypasses Token Redaction

Summary

NetLicensing MCP Server is a natural-language interface that enables agentic applications to manage the software-licensing lifecycle in Labs64 NetLicensing. Prior to 0.1.8, netlicensing_get_product passes the caller-controlled product_number to src/netlicensing_mcp/tools/products.py, which interpolates it into a REST path consumed by nl_get() in src/netlicensing_mcp/client.py without path-segment validation. A traversal segment can be normalized from the intended product path to the /token endpoint, after which the response is serialized through _wrap_json instead of _wrap_json_token_read, bypassing redact_token_read() protections for APIKEY number and SHOP shopURL fields. An authenticated MCP client with a non-administrative API key can retrieve plaintext token values, and a recovered administrative token can provide broad read, write, and delete access to the NetLicensing account. This issue is fixed in version 0.1.8.

Severity

9.6 (Critical)


                        
                          CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:N

SSVC

Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: total

CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)

Decision recorded 2026-10-21 01:05 UTC

CWE

CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')

Assigner

GitHub_M CNA under the mitre root

CNA scorecard C 72/100 over 7886 records in the last 180 days details

References

4 references

URL	Tags
https://github.com/Labs64/NetLicensing-MCP/securi…	x_refsource_CONFIRM
https://github.com/Labs64/NetLicensing-MCP/pull/6	x_refsource_MISC
https://github.com/Labs64/NetLicensing-MCP/commit…	x_refsource_MISC
https://github.com/Labs64/NetLicensing-MCP/releas…	x_refsource_MISC

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version
Labs64	NetLicensing-MCP	Affected: < 0.1.8

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

{
  "containers": {
    "adp": [
      {
        "metrics": [
          {
            "other": {
              "content": {
                "id": "CVE-2026-57496",
                "options": [
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                  },
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                    "Technical Impact": "total"
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          "product": "NetLicensing-MCP",
          "vendor": "Labs64",
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            }
          ]
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            "attackComplexity": "LOW",
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          "tags": [
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          ],
          "url": "https://github.com/Labs64/NetLicensing-MCP/releases/tag/0.1.8"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "advisory": "GHSA-hxpf-9xvq-wph8",
        "discovery": "UNKNOWN"
      },
      "title": "NetLicensing MCP Server: REST Path Traversal Bypasses Token Redaction"
    }
  },
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  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
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}

CVE-2026-57472 (GCVE-0-2026-57472)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-14 15:04 – Updated: 2026-08-14 19:41

Title

Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal') in KUNBUS RevPiPyLoad

Summary

Nozomi Networks Labs identified a CWE-22: Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal') vulnerability in the file management functionality of the XML-RPC management interface of KUNBUS RevPiPyLoad in version 0.11.0 that allows a local unauthenticated attacker to delete arbitrary files with the privileges of the RevPiPyLoad daemon, resulting in loss of configuration integrity and denial of service, by sending crafted requests to the local management service.

Severity

6.9 (Medium)


                        
                          CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:N/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N

SSVC

Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial

CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)

Decision recorded 2026-08-14 19:41 UTC

CWE

CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')

Assigner

Nozomi CNA under the mitre root

CNA scorecard B 81/100 over 60 records in the last 180 days details

References

1 reference

URL	Tags
https://www.nozominetworks.com/labs/vulnerability…	third-party-advisory

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version
KUNBUS	RevPiPyLoad	Affected: 0 , ≤ 0.11.0 (semver)

Credits

Gabriele Quagliarella at Nozomi Networks

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

{
  "containers": {
    "adp": [
      {
        "metrics": [
          {
            "other": {
              "content": {
                "id": "CVE-2026-57472",
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                  },
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                  },
                  {
                    "Technical Impact": "partial"
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CVE-2026-57471 (GCVE-0-2026-57471)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-14 15:04 – Updated: 2026-08-14 19:42

Title

Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal') in KUNBUS RevPiPyLoad

Summary

Nozomi Networks Labs identified a CWE-22: Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal') vulnerability in the file management functionality of the XML-RPC management interface of KUNBUS RevPiPyLoad in version 0.11.0 that allows a local unauthenticated attacker to read arbitrary files with the privileges of the RevPiPyLoad daemon, including sensitive configuration and credential material, by sending crafted requests to the local management service.

Severity

6.8 (Medium)


                        
                          CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N

SSVC

Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial

CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)

Decision recorded 2026-08-14 19:41 UTC

CWE

CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')

Assigner

Nozomi CNA under the mitre root

CNA scorecard B 81/100 over 60 records in the last 180 days details

References

1 reference

URL	Tags
https://www.nozominetworks.com/labs/vulnerability…	third-party-advisory

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version
KUNBUS	RevPiPyLoad	Affected: 0 , ≤ 0.11.0 (semver)

Credits

Gabriele Quagliarella at Nozomi Networks

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

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CVE-2026-57442 (GCVE-0-2026-57442)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-15 17:50 – Updated: 2026-09-16 14:01

Title

MCPVault: PathFilter restricted directories (.git/.obsidian/node_modules) only denied at vault root, not nested

Summary

MCPVault is a lightweight Model Context Protocol server for safe access to files in an Obsidian vault. Prior to 0.11.5, PathFilter in src/pathfilter.ts uses root-anchored deny-list patterns, so nested .git, .obsidian, and node_modules path segments do not match the restriction and pass both isAllowed() and isAllowedForListing(). An attacker who influences a path selected by an AI agent can traverse nested repository or Obsidian metadata, read remote URLs or embedded tokens, or cause nested node_modules content to pollute the listAllTags index. This issue is fixed in version 0.11.5.

Severity

6.9 (Medium)


                        
                          CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:P/VC:H/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N

SSVC

Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial

CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)

Decision recorded 2026-09-16 14:01 UTC

CWE

CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
CWE-538 - Insertion of Sensitive Information into Externally-Accessible File or Directory

Assigner

GitHub_M CNA under the mitre root

CNA scorecard C 72/100 over 7886 records in the last 180 days details

References

4 references

URL	Tags
https://github.com/bitbonsai/mcpvault/security/ad…	x_refsource_CONFIRM
https://github.com/bitbonsai/mcpvault/issues/128	x_refsource_MISC
https://github.com/bitbonsai/mcpvault/commit/0adb…	x_refsource_MISC
https://github.com/bitbonsai/mcpvault/commit/8795…	x_refsource_MISC

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version
bitbonsai	mcpvault	Affected: < 0.11.5

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

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Mitigation MIT-5.1

Implementation

Strategy: Input Validation

Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
When validating filenames, use stringent allowlists that limit the character set to be used. If feasible, only allow a single "." character in the filename to avoid weaknesses such as CWE-23, and exclude directory separators such as "/" to avoid CWE-36. Use a list of allowable file extensions, which will help to avoid CWE-434.
Do not rely exclusively on a filtering mechanism that removes potentially dangerous characters. This is equivalent to a denylist, which may be incomplete (CWE-184). For example, filtering "/" is insufficient protection if the filesystem also supports the use of "\" as a directory separator. Another possible error could occur when the filtering is applied in a way that still produces dangerous data (CWE-182). For example, if "../" sequences are removed from the ".../...//" string in a sequential fashion, two instances of "../" would be removed from the original string, but the remaining characters would still form the "../" string.

Mitigation MIT-15

Architecture and Design

For any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.

Mitigation MIT-20.1

Implementation

Strategy: Input Validation

Inputs should be decoded and canonicalized to the application's current internal representation before being validated (CWE-180). Make sure that the application does not decode the same input twice (CWE-174). Such errors could be used to bypass allowlist validation schemes by introducing dangerous inputs after they have been checked.
Use a built-in path canonicalization function (such as realpath() in C) that produces the canonical version of the pathname, which effectively removes ".." sequences and symbolic links (CWE-23, CWE-59). This includes:
realpath() in C
getCanonicalPath() in Java
GetFullPath() in ASP.NET
realpath() or abs_path() in Perl
realpath() in PHP

Mitigation MIT-4

Architecture and Design

Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks

Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid [REF-1482].

Mitigation MIT-29

Operation

Strategy: Firewall

Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].

Mitigation MIT-17

Architecture and Design Operation

Strategy: Environment Hardening

Run your code using the lowest privileges that are required to accomplish the necessary tasks [REF-76]. If possible, create isolated accounts with limited privileges that are only used for a single task. That way, a successful attack will not immediately give the attacker access to the rest of the software or its environment. For example, database applications rarely need to run as the database administrator, especially in day-to-day operations.

Mitigation MIT-21.1

Architecture and Design

Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion

When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
For example, ID 1 could map to "inbox.txt" and ID 2 could map to "profile.txt". Features such as the ESAPI AccessReferenceMap [REF-185] provide this capability.

Mitigation MIT-22

Architecture and Design Operation

Strategy: Sandbox or Jail

Run the code in a "jail" or similar sandbox environment that enforces strict boundaries between the process and the operating system. This may effectively restrict which files can be accessed in a particular directory or which commands can be executed by the software.
OS-level examples include the Unix chroot jail, AppArmor, and SELinux. In general, managed code may provide some protection. For example, java.io.FilePermission in the Java SecurityManager allows the software to specify restrictions on file operations.
This may not be a feasible solution, and it only limits the impact to the operating system; the rest of the application may still be subject to compromise.
Be careful to avoid CWE-243 and other weaknesses related to jails.

Mitigation MIT-34

Architecture and Design Operation

Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction

Store library, include, and utility files outside of the web document root, if possible. Otherwise, store them in a separate directory and use the web server's access control capabilities to prevent attackers from directly requesting them. One common practice is to define a fixed constant in each calling program, then check for the existence of the constant in the library/include file; if the constant does not exist, then the file was directly requested, and it can exit immediately.
This significantly reduces the chance of an attacker being able to bypass any protection mechanisms that are in the base program but not in the include files. It will also reduce the attack surface.

Mitigation MIT-39

Implementation

Ensure that error messages only contain minimal details that are useful to the intended audience and no one else. The messages need to strike the balance between being too cryptic (which can confuse users) or being too detailed (which may reveal more than intended). The messages should not reveal the methods that were used to determine the error. Attackers can use detailed information to refine or optimize their original attack, thereby increasing their chances of success.
If errors must be captured in some detail, record them in log messages, but consider what could occur if the log messages can be viewed by attackers. Highly sensitive information such as passwords should never be saved to log files.
Avoid inconsistent messaging that might accidentally tip off an attacker about internal state, such as whether a user account exists or not.
In the context of path traversal, error messages which disclose path information can help attackers craft the appropriate attack strings to move through the file system hierarchy.

Mitigation MIT-16

Operation Implementation

Strategy: Environment Hardening

When using PHP, configure the application so that it does not use register_globals. During implementation, develop the application so that it does not rely on this feature, but be wary of implementing a register_globals emulation that is subject to weaknesses such as CWE-95, CWE-621, and similar issues.

CAPEC-126: Path Traversal

An adversary uses path manipulation methods to exploit insufficient input validation of a target to obtain access to data that should be not be retrievable by ordinary well-formed requests. A typical variety of this attack involves specifying a path to a desired file together with dot-dot-slash characters, resulting in the file access API or function traversing out of the intended directory structure and into the root file system. By replacing or modifying the expected path information the access function or API retrieves the file desired by the attacker. These attacks either involve the attacker providing a complete path to a targeted file or using control characters (e.g. path separators (/ or \) and/or dots (.)) to reach desired directories or files.

CAPEC-64: Using Slashes and URL Encoding Combined to Bypass Validation Logic

This attack targets the encoding of the URL combined with the encoding of the slash characters. An attacker can take advantage of the multiple ways of encoding a URL and abuse the interpretation of the URL. A URL may contain special character that need special syntax handling in order to be interpreted. Special characters are represented using a percentage character followed by two digits representing the octet code of the original character (%HEX-CODE). For instance US-ASCII space character would be represented with %20. This is often referred as escaped ending or percent-encoding. Since the server decodes the URL from the requests, it may restrict the access to some URL paths by validating and filtering out the URL requests it received. An attacker will try to craft an URL with a sequence of special characters which once interpreted by the server will be equivalent to a forbidden URL. It can be difficult to protect against this attack since the URL can contain other format of encoding such as UTF-8 encoding, Unicode-encoding, etc.

CAPEC-76: Manipulating Web Input to File System Calls

An attacker manipulates inputs to the target software which the target software passes to file system calls in the OS. The goal is to gain access to, and perhaps modify, areas of the file system that the target software did not intend to be accessible.

CAPEC-78: Using Escaped Slashes in Alternate Encoding

This attack targets the use of the backslash in alternate encoding. An adversary can provide a backslash as a leading character and causes a parser to believe that the next character is special. This is called an escape. By using that trick, the adversary tries to exploit alternate ways to encode the same character which leads to filter problems and opens avenues to attack.

CAPEC-79: Using Slashes in Alternate Encoding

This attack targets the encoding of the Slash characters. An adversary would try to exploit common filtering problems related to the use of the slashes characters to gain access to resources on the target host. Directory-driven systems, such as file systems and databases, typically use the slash character to indicate traversal between directories or other container components. For murky historical reasons, PCs (and, as a result, Microsoft OSs) choose to use a backslash, whereas the UNIX world typically makes use of the forward slash. The schizophrenic result is that many MS-based systems are required to understand both forms of the slash. This gives the adversary many opportunities to discover and abuse a number of common filtering problems. The goal of this pattern is to discover server software that only applies filters to one version, but not the other.

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