CWE-125
AllowedOut-of-bounds Read
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The product reads data past the end, or before the beginning, of the intended buffer.
11369 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-G9XM-7538-MQ8W
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-10-17 17:12 – Updated: 2024-10-23 17:39Impact
An out-of-bounds read was found in Exiv2 version v0.28.1. The vulnerable function, QuickTimeVideo::NikonTagsDecoder, was new in v0.28.0 (see https://github.com/Exiv2/exiv2/pull/2337), so Exiv2 versions before v0.28 are not affected. Exiv2 is a command-line utility and C++ library for reading, writing, deleting, and modifying the metadata of image files. The out-of-bounds read is triggered when Exiv2 is used to read the metadata of a crafted video file.
Patches
The bug is fixed in version v0.28.2.
For more information
Please see our security policy for information about Exiv2 security.
Credit
This bug was found by OSS-Fuzz.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "exiv2"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0.16.0"
},
{
"fixed": "0.16.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-24826"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2024-10-17T17:12:21Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2024-02-12T23:15:08Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "### Impact\nAn out-of-bounds read was found in Exiv2 version v0.28.1. The vulnerable function, `QuickTimeVideo::NikonTagsDecoder`, was new in v0.28.0 (see https://github.com/Exiv2/exiv2/pull/2337), so Exiv2 versions before v0.28 are _not_ affected. Exiv2 is a command-line utility and C++ library for reading, writing, deleting, and modifying the metadata of image files. The out-of-bounds read is triggered when Exiv2 is used to read the metadata of a crafted video file.\n\n### Patches\nThe bug is fixed in version v0.28.2.\n\n### For more information\nPlease see our [security policy](https://github.com/Exiv2/exiv2/security/policy) for information about Exiv2 security.\n\n### Credit\nThis bug was found by [OSS-Fuzz](https://github.com/google/oss-fuzz).",
"id": "GHSA-g9xm-7538-mq8w",
"modified": "2024-10-23T17:39:53Z",
"published": "2024-10-17T17:12:21Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Exiv2/exiv2/security/advisories/GHSA-g9xm-7538-mq8w"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-24826"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Exiv2/exiv2/pull/2337"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/Exiv2/exiv2"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/pypa/advisory-database/tree/main/vulns/exiv2/PYSEC-2024-106.yaml"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Exiv2 has an out-of-bounds read in QuickTimeVideo::NikonTagsDecoder"
}
GHSA-G9XM-7C5J-7CX6
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-01 03:31 – Updated: 2026-04-14 18:30Buffer Over-read vulnerability in RTI Connext Professional (Core Libraries) allows Overread Buffers.This issue affects Connext Professional: from 7.4.0 before 7.7.0, from 7.0.0 before 7.3.1.1, from 6.1.0 before 6.1., from 6.0.0 before 6.0., from 5.3.0 before 5.3., from 4.3x before 5.2..
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-2394"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125",
"CWE-126"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-04-01T01:16:40Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Buffer Over-read vulnerability in RTI Connext Professional (Core Libraries) allows Overread Buffers.This issue affects Connext Professional: from 7.4.0 before 7.7.0, from 7.0.0 before 7.3.1.1, from 6.1.0 before 6.1.*, from 6.0.0 before 6.0.*, from 5.3.0 before 5.3.*, from 4.3x before 5.2.*.",
"id": "GHSA-g9xm-7c5j-7cx6",
"modified": "2026-04-14T18:30:27Z",
"published": "2026-04-01T03:31:40Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-2394"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.rti.com/vulnerabilities/#cve-2026-2394"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:N/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-G9XQ-VWMW-HPRM
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-02-06 06:30 – Updated: 2024-02-06 06:30Information disclosure in Modem while processing SIB5.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-33058"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125",
"CWE-126"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-02-06T06:15:59Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Information disclosure in Modem while processing SIB5.",
"id": "GHSA-g9xq-vwmw-hprm",
"modified": "2024-02-06T06:30:31Z",
"published": "2024-02-06T06:30:31Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-33058"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.qualcomm.com/company/product-security/bulletins/february-2024-bulletin"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-GC3M-RHHG-QFW6
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-01 15:30 – Updated: 2026-05-03 09:33In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
vt: discard stale unicode buffer on alt screen exit after resize
When enter_alt_screen() saves vc_uni_lines into vc_saved_uni_lines and sets vc_uni_lines to NULL, a subsequent console resize via vc_do_resize() skips reallocating the unicode buffer because vc_uni_lines is NULL. However, vc_saved_uni_lines still points to the old buffer allocated for the original dimensions.
When leave_alt_screen() later restores vc_saved_uni_lines, the buffer dimensions no longer match vc_rows/vc_cols. Any operation that iterates over the unicode buffer using the current dimensions (e.g. csi_J clearing the screen) will access memory out of bounds, causing a kernel oops:
BUG: unable to handle page fault for address: 0x0000002000000020 RIP: 0010:csi_J+0x133/0x2d0
The faulting address 0x0000002000000020 is two adjacent u32 space characters (0x20) interpreted as a pointer, read from the row data area past the end of the 25-entry pointer array in a buffer allocated for 80x25 but accessed with 240x67 dimensions.
Fix this by checking whether the console dimensions changed while in the alternate screen. If they did, free the stale saved buffer instead of restoring it. The unicode screen will be lazily rebuilt via vc_uniscr_check() when next needed.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-31742"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-05-01T15:16:36Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nvt: discard stale unicode buffer on alt screen exit after resize\n\nWhen enter_alt_screen() saves vc_uni_lines into vc_saved_uni_lines and\nsets vc_uni_lines to NULL, a subsequent console resize via vc_do_resize()\nskips reallocating the unicode buffer because vc_uni_lines is NULL.\nHowever, vc_saved_uni_lines still points to the old buffer allocated for\nthe original dimensions.\n\nWhen leave_alt_screen() later restores vc_saved_uni_lines, the buffer\ndimensions no longer match vc_rows/vc_cols. Any operation that iterates\nover the unicode buffer using the current dimensions (e.g. csi_J clearing\nthe screen) will access memory out of bounds, causing a kernel oops:\n\n BUG: unable to handle page fault for address: 0x0000002000000020\n RIP: 0010:csi_J+0x133/0x2d0\n\nThe faulting address 0x0000002000000020 is two adjacent u32 space\ncharacters (0x20) interpreted as a pointer, read from the row data area\npast the end of the 25-entry pointer array in a buffer allocated for\n80x25 but accessed with 240x67 dimensions.\n\nFix this by checking whether the console dimensions changed while in the\nalternate screen. If they did, free the stale saved buffer instead of\nrestoring it. The unicode screen will be lazily rebuilt via\nvc_uniscr_check() when next needed.",
"id": "GHSA-gc3m-rhhg-qfw6",
"modified": "2026-05-03T09:33:10Z",
"published": "2026-05-01T15:30:34Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-31742"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/40014493cece72a0be5672cd86763e53fb3ec613"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/428fdf55301e6c8fa5a36b426240797b1cf86570"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/891d790fdb5c96c6e1d2841e06ee6c360f2d1288"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-GC52-2H3F-7MVF
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:04 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:04do_core_note in readelf.c in libmagic.a in file 5.35 has an out-of-bounds read because memcpy is misused.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2019-8906"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2019-02-18T17:29:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "do_core_note in readelf.c in libmagic.a in file 5.35 has an out-of-bounds read because memcpy is misused.",
"id": "GHSA-gc52-2h3f-7mvf",
"modified": "2022-05-13T01:04:41Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T01:04:41Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-8906"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/file/file/commit/2858eaf99f6cc5aae129bcbf1e24ad160240185f"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugs.astron.com/view.php?id=64"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/kb/HT209599"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/kb/HT209600"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/kb/HT209601"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/kb/HT209602"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://usn.ubuntu.com/3911-1"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2019-03/msg00027.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2019-04/msg00053.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-GC72-PC9P-M8WC
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-11-09 12:30 – Updated: 2025-11-04 00:32In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
netdevsim: Add trailing zero to terminate the string in nsim_nexthop_bucket_activity_write()
This was found by a static analyzer. We should not forget the trailing zero after copy_from_user() if we will further do some string operations, sscanf() in this case. Adding a trailing zero will ensure that the function performs properly.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-50259"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-11-09T11:15:11Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nnetdevsim: Add trailing zero to terminate the string in nsim_nexthop_bucket_activity_write()\n\nThis was found by a static analyzer.\nWe should not forget the trailing zero after copy_from_user()\nif we will further do some string operations, sscanf() in this\ncase. Adding a trailing zero will ensure that the function\nperforms properly.",
"id": "GHSA-gc72-pc9p-m8wc",
"modified": "2025-11-04T00:32:02Z",
"published": "2024-11-09T12:30:49Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-50259"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/27bd7a742e171362c9eb52ad5d1d71d3321f949f"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/4ce1f56a1eaced2523329bef800d004e30f2f76c"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/6a604877160fe5ab2e1985d5ce1ba6a61abe0693"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/bcba86e03b3aac361ea671672cf48eed11f9011c"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/c2150f666c6fc301d5d1643ed0f92251f1a0ff0d"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2025/01/msg00001.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-GC9C-5CVM-JFHX
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-01-09 09:30 – Updated: 2023-01-13 03:30Information disclosure due to buffer over-read in Bluetooth HOST while processing GetFolderItems and GetItemAttribute Cmds from peer device.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-33255"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125",
"CWE-787"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-01-09T08:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Information disclosure due to buffer over-read in Bluetooth HOST while processing GetFolderItems and GetItemAttribute Cmds from peer device.",
"id": "GHSA-gc9c-5cvm-jfhx",
"modified": "2023-01-13T03:30:17Z",
"published": "2023-01-09T09:30:25Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-33255"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.qualcomm.com/company/product-security/bulletins/january-2023-bulletin"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-GC9V-66VR-W74V
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-08-12 00:01 – Updated: 2022-08-14 00:00In LteRrcNrProAsnDecode of LteRrcNr_Codec.c, there is a possible out of bounds read due to a missing bounds check. This could lead to remote denial of service with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.Product: AndroidVersions: Android kernelAndroid ID: A-180956894References: N/A
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-20375"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-08-11T15:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "In LteRrcNrProAsnDecode of LteRrcNr_Codec.c, there is a possible out of bounds read due to a missing bounds check. This could lead to remote denial of service with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.Product: AndroidVersions: Android kernelAndroid ID: A-180956894References: N/A",
"id": "GHSA-gc9v-66vr-w74v",
"modified": "2022-08-14T00:00:22Z",
"published": "2022-08-12T00:01:22Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-20375"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://source.android.com/security/bulletin/pixel/2022-08-01"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-GCC9-WQF3-69QJ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-01-07 21:31 – Updated: 2026-01-08 18:30OpenLDAP Lightning Memory-Mapped Database (LMDB) mdb_load contains a heap buffer underflow vulnerability in the readline() function. When processing malformed input, an unsigned offset calculation can underflow a heap pointer, resulting in an out-of-bounds read of one byte before the allocated heap buffer. This may allow a local attacker to cause a denial of service and potentially disclose limited heap memory contents.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-22185"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-01-07T21:16:01Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "OpenLDAP Lightning Memory-Mapped Database (LMDB) mdb_load contains a heap buffer underflow vulnerability in the readline() function. When processing malformed input, an unsigned offset calculation can underflow a heap pointer, resulting in an out-of-bounds read of one byte before the allocated heap buffer. This may allow a local attacker to cause a denial of service and potentially disclose limited heap memory contents.",
"id": "GHSA-gcc9-wqf3-69qj",
"modified": "2026-01-08T18:30:43Z",
"published": "2026-01-07T21:31:56Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-22185"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugs.openldap.org/show_bug.cgi?id=10421"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2026/Jan/5"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2026/Jan/8"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.openldap.org"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/openldap-lmdb-mdb-load-heap-buffer-underflow-in-readline"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-GCCQ-GGC7-FWR6
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-09-18 09:30 – Updated: 2025-11-04 00:31In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
drm/amd/pm: fix the Out-of-bounds read warning
using index i - 1U may beyond element index for mc_data[] when i = 0.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-46731"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-09-18T07:15:04Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\ndrm/amd/pm: fix the Out-of-bounds read warning\n\nusing index i - 1U may beyond element index\nfor mc_data[] when i = 0.",
"id": "GHSA-gccq-ggc7-fwr6",
"modified": "2025-11-04T00:31:28Z",
"published": "2024-09-18T09:30:36Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-46731"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/12c6967428a099bbba9dfd247bb4322a984fcc0b"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/20c6373a6be93039f9d66029bb1e21038a060be1"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/3317966efcdc5101e93db21514b68917e7eb34ea"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/38e32a0d837443c91c4b615a067b976cfb925376"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/d83fb9f9f63e9a120bf405b078f829f0b2e58934"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/f1e261ced9bcad772a45a2fcdf413c3490e87299"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2024/10/msg00003.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2025/01/msg00001.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- To reduce the likelihood of introducing an out-of-bounds read, ensure that you validate and ensure correct calculations for any length argument, buffer size calculation, or offset. Be especially careful of relying on a sentinel (i.e. special character such as NUL) in untrusted inputs.
Mitigation
Strategy: Language Selection
Use a language that provides appropriate memory abstractions.
CAPEC-540: Overread Buffers
An adversary attacks a target by providing input that causes an application to read beyond the boundary of a defined buffer. This typically occurs when a value influencing where to start or stop reading is set to reflect positions outside of the valid memory location of the buffer. This type of attack may result in exposure of sensitive information, a system crash, or arbitrary code execution.