Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-125

Allowed

Out-of-bounds Read

Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft

The product reads data past the end, or before the beginning, of the intended buffer.

11525 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-7XQ8-98GV-5G29

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:12 – Updated: 2022-05-24 19:12
VLAI
Details

A code execution vulnerability exists in the Nef polygon-parsing functionality of CGAL libcgal CGAL-5.1.1. An oob read vulnerability exists in Nef_S2/SNC_io_parser.h SNC_io_parser::read_sface() store_sm_boundary_item() Edge_of.A specially crafted malformed file can lead to an out-of-bounds read and type confusion, which could lead to code execution. An attacker can provide malicious input to trigger this vulnerability.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2020-35633"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-125",
      "CWE-129"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2021-08-30T18:15:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "A code execution vulnerability exists in the Nef polygon-parsing functionality of CGAL libcgal CGAL-5.1.1. An oob read vulnerability exists in Nef_S2/SNC_io_parser.h SNC_io_parser\u003cEW\u003e::read_sface() store_sm_boundary_item() Edge_of.A specially crafted malformed file can lead to an out-of-bounds read and type confusion, which could lead to code execution. An attacker can provide malicious input to trigger this vulnerability.",
  "id": "GHSA-7xq8-98gv-5g29",
  "modified": "2022-05-24T19:12:30Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T19:12:30Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-35633"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2022/12/msg00011.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://security.gentoo.org/glsa/202305-34"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://talosintelligence.com/vulnerability_reports/TALOS-2020-1225"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-7XRR-3X3H-9HF4

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-11-15 06:30 – Updated: 2023-11-22 00:30
VLAI
Details

Out-of-bounds read vulnerability exists in V-Server V4.0.18.0 and earlier and V-Server Lite V4.0.18.0 and earlier. If a user opens a specially crafted VPR file, information may be disclosed and/or arbitrary code may be executed.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-47585"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-125"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-11-15T06:15:28Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Out-of-bounds read vulnerability exists in V-Server V4.0.18.0 and earlier and V-Server Lite V4.0.18.0 and earlier. If a user opens a specially crafted VPR file, information may be disclosed and/or arbitrary code may be executed.",
  "id": "GHSA-7xrr-3x3h-9hf4",
  "modified": "2023-11-22T00:30:19Z",
  "published": "2023-11-15T06:30:29Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-47585"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://hakko-elec.co.jp/site/download/03tellus_inf/index.php"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://jvn.jp/en/vu/JVNVU93840158"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://monitouch.fujielectric.com/site/download-e/03tellus_inf/index.php"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-7XVJ-M9X7-QGXQ

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-07-24 09:32 – Updated: 2026-07-24 09:32
VLAI
Details

GNU coreutils uniq is vulnerable to an out‑of‑bounds read due to incorrect handling of multibyte input when the -w (--check-chars) option is used. The find_field() function miscalculates the byte length of characters by repeatedly processing a fixed pointer instead of advancing through the input, resulting in an inflated length value. This incorrect length is later used in a memcmp operation, causing reads beyond the allocated buffer when processing crafted multibyte input.

When running GNU coreutils uniq with attacker-provided arguments, this behavior leads to a crash and potential adjacent heap memory exposure.

This issue has been fixed in the commit d64e35a8a4c0e4608321433e0d84d917e4e36371.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-56391"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-125"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-07-24T09:16:25Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "GNU coreutils uniq is vulnerable to an out\u2011of\u2011bounds read due to incorrect handling of multibyte input when the -w (--check-chars) option is used. The find_field() function miscalculates the byte length of characters by repeatedly processing a fixed pointer instead of advancing through the input, resulting in an inflated length value. \nThis incorrect length is later used in a memcmp operation, causing reads beyond the allocated buffer when processing crafted multibyte input.\n\nWhen running GNU coreutils uniq with attacker-provided arguments, this behavior leads to a crash and potential adjacent heap memory exposure.\n\n\nThis issue has been fixed in the commit d64e35a8a4c0e4608321433e0d84d917e4e36371.",
  "id": "GHSA-7xvj-m9x7-qgxq",
  "modified": "2026-07-24T09:32:16Z",
  "published": "2026-07-24T09:32:16Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-56391"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://cert.pl/en/posts/2026/07/CVE-2026-56391"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/coreutils.git"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/coreutils.git/commit/?id=d64e35a8a4c0e4608321433e0d84d917e4e36371"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:A/VC:L/VI:N/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-7XWW-2M9X-7CJH

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-06-26 21:31 – Updated: 2025-06-26 21:31
VLAI
Details

PDF-XChange Editor U3D File Parsing Out-Of-Bounds Read Information Disclosure Vulnerability. This vulnerability allows remote attackers to disclose sensitive information on affected installations of PDF-XChange Editor. User interaction is required to exploit this vulnerability in that the target must visit a malicious page or open a malicious file.

The specific flaw exists within the parsing of U3D files. The issue results from the lack of proper validation of user-supplied data, which can result in a read past the end of an allocated object. An attacker can leverage this in conjunction with other vulnerabilities to execute arbitrary code in the context of the current process. Was ZDI-CAN-26671.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-6648"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-125"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-06-25T22:15:22Z",
    "severity": "LOW"
  },
  "details": "PDF-XChange Editor U3D File Parsing Out-Of-Bounds Read Information Disclosure Vulnerability. This vulnerability allows remote attackers to disclose sensitive information on affected installations of PDF-XChange Editor. User interaction is required to exploit this vulnerability in that the target must visit a malicious page or open a malicious file.\n\nThe specific flaw exists within the parsing of U3D files. The issue results from the lack of proper validation of user-supplied data, which can result in a read past the end of an allocated object. An attacker can leverage this in conjunction with other vulnerabilities to execute arbitrary code in the context of the current process. Was ZDI-CAN-26671.",
  "id": "GHSA-7xww-2m9x-7cjh",
  "modified": "2025-06-26T21:31:14Z",
  "published": "2025-06-26T21:31:14Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-6648"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.pdf-xchange.com/support/security-bulletins.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.zerodayinitiative.com/advisories/ZDI-25-433"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-7XXG-7678-587V

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:53 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:53
VLAI
Details

The JPXStream::readTilePartData function in JPXStream.cc in xpdf 4.00 allows attackers to launch denial of service (heap-based buffer over-read and application crash) via a specific pdf file, as demonstrated by pdftohtml.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2018-8106"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-125"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2018-03-14T03:29:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "The JPXStream::readTilePartData function in JPXStream.cc in xpdf 4.00 allows attackers to launch denial of service (heap-based buffer over-read and application crash) via a specific pdf file, as demonstrated by pdftohtml.",
  "id": "GHSA-7xxg-7678-587v",
  "modified": "2022-05-13T01:53:30Z",
  "published": "2022-05-13T01:53:30Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-8106"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://forum.xpdfreader.com/viewtopic.php?f=3\u0026t=652"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-7XXV-WPXJ-MX5V

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2019-12-02 18:03 – Updated: 2024-11-18 22:15
VLAI
Summary
typed-ast Out-of-bounds Read
Details

typed_ast 1.3.0 and 1.3.1 has an ast_for_arguments out-of-bounds read. An attacker with the ability to cause a Python interpreter to parse Python source (but not necessarily execute it) may be able to crash the interpreter process. This could be a concern, for example, in a web-based service that parses (but does not execute) Python code. (This issue also affected certain Python 3.8.0-alpha prereleases.)

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 1.3.1"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "PyPI",
        "name": "typed-ast"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "1.3.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "1.3.2"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2019-19275"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-125"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2019-11-27T02:25:57Z",
    "nvd_published_at": null,
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "typed_ast 1.3.0 and 1.3.1 has an ast_for_arguments out-of-bounds read. An attacker with the ability to cause a Python interpreter to parse Python source (but not necessarily execute it) may be able to crash the interpreter process. This could be a concern, for example, in a web-based service that parses (but does not execute) Python code. (This issue also affected certain Python 3.8.0-alpha prereleases.)",
  "id": "GHSA-7xxv-wpxj-mx5v",
  "modified": "2024-11-18T22:15:43Z",
  "published": "2019-12-02T18:03:09Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-19275"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/python/cpython/commit/a4d78362397fc3bced6ea80fbc7b5f4827aec55e"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/python/cpython/commit/dcfcd146f8e6fc5c2fc16a4c192a0c5f5ca8c53c"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/python/typed_ast/commit/156afcb26c198e162504a57caddfe0acd9ed7dce"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/python/typed_ast/commit/dc317ac9cff859aa84eeabe03fb5004982545b3b"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://bugs.python.org/issue36495"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-7xxv-wpxj-mx5v"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/pypa/advisory-database/tree/main/vulns/typed-ast/PYSEC-2019-131.yaml"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/python/typed_ast"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/LG5H4Q6LFVRX7SFXLBEJMNQFI4T5SCEA"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "typed-ast Out-of-bounds Read"
}

GHSA-8253-7FVW-X3GR

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-02-05 18:34 – Updated: 2025-02-05 18:34
VLAI
Details

When URL categorization is configured on a virtual server, undisclosed requests can cause TMM to terminate.  Note: Software versions which have reached End of Technical Support (EoTS) are not evaluated.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-24497"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-125"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-02-05T18:15:35Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "When URL categorization is configured on a virtual server, undisclosed requests can cause TMM to terminate.\u00a0 Note: Software versions which have reached End of Technical Support (EoTS) are not evaluated.",
  "id": "GHSA-8253-7fvw-x3gr",
  "modified": "2025-02-05T18:34:46Z",
  "published": "2025-02-05T18:34:46Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-24497"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://my.f5.com/manage/s/article/K000140920"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:L/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-8258-3QQ7-QH2G

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:50 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:50
VLAI
Details

In WAVM through 2018-07-26, a crafted file sent to the WebAssembly Virtual Machine may cause a denial of service (application crash) or possibly have unspecified other impact because of an IR::FunctionValidationContext::catch_all heap-based buffer over-read.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2018-16764"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-125"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2018-09-10T04:29:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "In WAVM through 2018-07-26, a crafted file sent to the WebAssembly Virtual Machine may cause a denial of service (application crash) or possibly have unspecified other impact because of an IR::FunctionValidationContext::catch_all heap-based buffer over-read.",
  "id": "GHSA-8258-3qq7-qh2g",
  "modified": "2022-05-13T01:50:27Z",
  "published": "2022-05-13T01:50:27Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-16764"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/AndrewScheidecker/WAVM/issues/93"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-825G-7FC6-X78H

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-02-10 18:30 – Updated: 2026-02-10 18:30
VLAI
Details

Out-of-bounds read for some TDX before version tdx module 1.5.24 within Ring 0: Hypervisor may allow an information disclosure. Authorized adversary with a privileged user combined with a low complexity attack may enable data exposure. This result may potentially occur via local access when attack requirements are present without special internal knowledge and requires no user interaction. The potential vulnerability may impact the confidentiality (high), integrity (none) and availability (none) of the vulnerable system, resulting in subsequent system confidentiality (none), integrity (none) and availability (none) impacts.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-32007"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-125"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-02-10T17:16:16Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Out-of-bounds read for some TDX before version tdx module 1.5.24 within Ring 0: Hypervisor may allow an information disclosure. Authorized adversary with a privileged user combined with a low complexity attack may enable data exposure. This result may potentially occur via local access when attack requirements are present without special internal knowledge and requires no user interaction. The potential vulnerability may impact the confidentiality (high), integrity (none) and availability (none) of the vulnerable system, resulting in subsequent system confidentiality (none), integrity (none) and availability (none) impacts.",
  "id": "GHSA-825g-7fc6-x78h",
  "modified": "2026-02-10T18:30:40Z",
  "published": "2026-02-10T18:30:40Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-32007"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://intel.com/content/www/us/en/security-center/advisory/intel-sa-01397.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:P/PR:H/UI:N/VC:H/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-826M-VC78-CG9H

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-02-03 06:30 – Updated: 2025-02-03 18:30
VLAI
Details

In DA, there is a possible out of bounds read due to a missing bounds check. This could lead to local information disclosure, if an attacker has physical access to the device, with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is needed for exploitation. Patch ID: ALPS09291146; Issue ID: MSV-2059.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-20640"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-125"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-02-03T04:15:09Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "In DA, there is a possible out of bounds read due to a missing bounds check. This could lead to local information disclosure, if an attacker has physical access to the device, with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is needed for exploitation. Patch ID: ALPS09291146; Issue ID: MSV-2059.",
  "id": "GHSA-826m-vc78-cg9h",
  "modified": "2025-02-03T18:30:41Z",
  "published": "2025-02-03T06:30:52Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-20640"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://corp.mediatek.com/product-security-bulletin/February-2025"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:P/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

Mitigation MIT-5
Implementation

Strategy: Input Validation

  • Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
  • When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
  • Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
  • To reduce the likelihood of introducing an out-of-bounds read, ensure that you validate and ensure correct calculations for any length argument, buffer size calculation, or offset. Be especially careful of relying on a sentinel (i.e. special character such as NUL) in untrusted inputs.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Language Selection

Use a language that provides appropriate memory abstractions.

CAPEC-540: Overread Buffers

An adversary attacks a target by providing input that causes an application to read beyond the boundary of a defined buffer. This typically occurs when a value influencing where to start or stop reading is set to reflect positions outside of the valid memory location of the buffer. This type of attack may result in exposure of sensitive information, a system crash, or arbitrary code execution.