CWE-125
AllowedOut-of-bounds Read
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The product reads data past the end, or before the beginning, of the intended buffer.
11488 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-56F4-GQ77-GRMV
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-03-24 21:30 – Updated: 2023-03-28 21:30In multiple locations of p2p_iface.cpp, there is a possible out of bounds read due to a missing bounds check. This could lead to local information disclosure with System execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.Product: AndroidVersions: Android-13Android ID: A-262236005
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-20970"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-03-24T20:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "In multiple locations of p2p_iface.cpp, there is a possible out of bounds read due to a missing bounds check. This could lead to local information disclosure with System execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.Product: AndroidVersions: Android-13Android ID: A-262236005",
"id": "GHSA-56f4-gq77-grmv",
"modified": "2023-03-28T21:30:20Z",
"published": "2023-03-24T21:30:50Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-20970"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://source.android.com/security/bulletin/pixel/2023-03-01"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-56F7-MW56-5449
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-06-22 21:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 05:01TP-Link TL-WR940N V2/V4/V6, TL-WR841N V8, TL-WR941ND V5, and TL-WR740N V1/V2 were discovered to contain a buffer read out-of-bounds via the component /userRpm/VirtualServerRpm. This vulnerability allows attackers to cause a Denial of Service (DoS) via a crafted GET request.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-36356"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-06-22T20:15:09Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "TP-Link TL-WR940N V2/V4/V6, TL-WR841N V8, TL-WR941ND V5, and TL-WR740N V1/V2 were discovered to contain a buffer read out-of-bounds via the component /userRpm/VirtualServerRpm. This vulnerability allows attackers to cause a Denial of Service (DoS) via a crafted GET request.",
"id": "GHSA-56f7-mw56-5449",
"modified": "2024-04-04T05:01:50Z",
"published": "2023-06-22T21:30:49Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-36356"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/a101e-IoTvul/iotvul/blob/main/tp-link/4/TL-WR941ND_TL-WR940N_TL-WR740N_userRpm_VirtualServerRpm.md"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-56HX-R887-5W6H
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-01 09:31 – Updated: 2026-04-18 09:30In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
apparmor: fix side-effect bug in match_char() macro usage
The match_char() macro evaluates its character parameter multiple times when traversing differential encoding chains. When invoked with *str++, the string pointer advances on each iteration of the inner do-while loop, causing the DFA to check different characters at each iteration and therefore skip input characters. This results in out-of-bounds reads when the pointer advances past the input buffer boundary.
[ 94.984676] ================================================================== [ 94.985301] BUG: KASAN: slab-out-of-bounds in aa_dfa_match+0x5ae/0x760 [ 94.985655] Read of size 1 at addr ffff888100342000 by task file/976
[ 94.986319] CPU: 7 UID: 1000 PID: 976 Comm: file Not tainted 6.19.0-rc7-next-20260127 #1 PREEMPT(lazy) [ 94.986322] Hardware name: QEMU Standard PC (Q35 + ICH9, 2009), BIOS 1.16.3-debian-1.16.3-2 04/01/2014 [ 94.986329] Call Trace: [ 94.986341] [ 94.986347] dump_stack_lvl+0x5e/0x80 [ 94.986374] print_report+0xc8/0x270 [ 94.986384] ? aa_dfa_match+0x5ae/0x760 [ 94.986388] kasan_report+0x118/0x150 [ 94.986401] ? aa_dfa_match+0x5ae/0x760 [ 94.986405] aa_dfa_match+0x5ae/0x760 [ 94.986408] __aa_path_perm+0x131/0x400 [ 94.986418] aa_path_perm+0x219/0x2f0 [ 94.986424] apparmor_file_open+0x345/0x570 [ 94.986431] security_file_open+0x5c/0x140 [ 94.986442] do_dentry_open+0x2f6/0x1120 [ 94.986450] vfs_open+0x38/0x2b0 [ 94.986453] ? may_open+0x1e2/0x2b0 [ 94.986466] path_openat+0x231b/0x2b30 [ 94.986469] ? __x64_sys_openat+0xf8/0x130 [ 94.986477] do_file_open+0x19d/0x360 [ 94.986487] do_sys_openat2+0x98/0x100 [ 94.986491] __x64_sys_openat+0xf8/0x130 [ 94.986499] do_syscall_64+0x8e/0x660 [ 94.986515] ? count_memcg_events+0x15f/0x3c0 [ 94.986526] ? srso_alias_return_thunk+0x5/0xfbef5 [ 94.986540] ? handle_mm_fault+0x1639/0x1ef0 [ 94.986551] ? vma_start_read+0xf0/0x320 [ 94.986558] ? srso_alias_return_thunk+0x5/0xfbef5 [ 94.986561] ? srso_alias_return_thunk+0x5/0xfbef5 [ 94.986563] ? fpregs_assert_state_consistent+0x50/0xe0 [ 94.986572] ? srso_alias_return_thunk+0x5/0xfbef5 [ 94.986574] ? arch_exit_to_user_mode_prepare+0x9/0xb0 [ 94.986587] ? srso_alias_return_thunk+0x5/0xfbef5 [ 94.986588] ? irqentry_exit+0x3c/0x590 [ 94.986595] entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x76/0x7e [ 94.986597] RIP: 0033:0x7fda4a79c3ea
Fix by extracting the character value before invoking match_char, ensuring single evaluation per outer loop.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-23406"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-04-01T09:16:16Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\napparmor: fix side-effect bug in match_char() macro usage\n\nThe match_char() macro evaluates its character parameter multiple\ntimes when traversing differential encoding chains. When invoked\nwith *str++, the string pointer advances on each iteration of the\ninner do-while loop, causing the DFA to check different characters\nat each iteration and therefore skip input characters.\nThis results in out-of-bounds reads when the pointer advances past\nthe input buffer boundary.\n\n[ 94.984676] ==================================================================\n[ 94.985301] BUG: KASAN: slab-out-of-bounds in aa_dfa_match+0x5ae/0x760\n[ 94.985655] Read of size 1 at addr ffff888100342000 by task file/976\n\n[ 94.986319] CPU: 7 UID: 1000 PID: 976 Comm: file Not tainted 6.19.0-rc7-next-20260127 #1 PREEMPT(lazy)\n[ 94.986322] Hardware name: QEMU Standard PC (Q35 + ICH9, 2009), BIOS 1.16.3-debian-1.16.3-2 04/01/2014\n[ 94.986329] Call Trace:\n[ 94.986341] \u003cTASK\u003e\n[ 94.986347] dump_stack_lvl+0x5e/0x80\n[ 94.986374] print_report+0xc8/0x270\n[ 94.986384] ? aa_dfa_match+0x5ae/0x760\n[ 94.986388] kasan_report+0x118/0x150\n[ 94.986401] ? aa_dfa_match+0x5ae/0x760\n[ 94.986405] aa_dfa_match+0x5ae/0x760\n[ 94.986408] __aa_path_perm+0x131/0x400\n[ 94.986418] aa_path_perm+0x219/0x2f0\n[ 94.986424] apparmor_file_open+0x345/0x570\n[ 94.986431] security_file_open+0x5c/0x140\n[ 94.986442] do_dentry_open+0x2f6/0x1120\n[ 94.986450] vfs_open+0x38/0x2b0\n[ 94.986453] ? may_open+0x1e2/0x2b0\n[ 94.986466] path_openat+0x231b/0x2b30\n[ 94.986469] ? __x64_sys_openat+0xf8/0x130\n[ 94.986477] do_file_open+0x19d/0x360\n[ 94.986487] do_sys_openat2+0x98/0x100\n[ 94.986491] __x64_sys_openat+0xf8/0x130\n[ 94.986499] do_syscall_64+0x8e/0x660\n[ 94.986515] ? count_memcg_events+0x15f/0x3c0\n[ 94.986526] ? srso_alias_return_thunk+0x5/0xfbef5\n[ 94.986540] ? handle_mm_fault+0x1639/0x1ef0\n[ 94.986551] ? vma_start_read+0xf0/0x320\n[ 94.986558] ? srso_alias_return_thunk+0x5/0xfbef5\n[ 94.986561] ? srso_alias_return_thunk+0x5/0xfbef5\n[ 94.986563] ? fpregs_assert_state_consistent+0x50/0xe0\n[ 94.986572] ? srso_alias_return_thunk+0x5/0xfbef5\n[ 94.986574] ? arch_exit_to_user_mode_prepare+0x9/0xb0\n[ 94.986587] ? srso_alias_return_thunk+0x5/0xfbef5\n[ 94.986588] ? irqentry_exit+0x3c/0x590\n[ 94.986595] entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x76/0x7e\n[ 94.986597] RIP: 0033:0x7fda4a79c3ea\n\nFix by extracting the character value before invoking match_char,\nensuring single evaluation per outer loop.",
"id": "GHSA-56hx-r887-5w6h",
"modified": "2026-04-18T09:30:19Z",
"published": "2026-04-01T09:31:27Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-23406"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/0510d1ba0976f97f521feb2b75b0572ea5df3ceb"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/1fc94f16098213d01e56c97feed9b3ecf0147a37"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/383b7270faf42564f133134c2fc3c24bbae52615"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/5a184f7cbdeaad17e16dedf3c17d0cd622edfed8"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/8756b68edae37ff546c02091989a4ceab3f20abd"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/b73c1dff8a9d7eeaebabf8097a5b2de192f40913"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/c7dc56d8b37eda1396feeec3ab1c7ecee5eae31b"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/f16f2e5936c0f5f0d11fdf10d2be3e47e7108e42"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-56PP-MFQP-9WVV
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-01-18 21:30 – Updated: 2023-01-18 21:30Adobe Acrobat Reader versions 22.003.20282 (and earlier), 22.003.20281 (and earlier) and 20.005.30418 (and earlier) are affected by an out-of-bounds read vulnerability that could lead to disclosure of sensitive memory. An attacker could leverage this vulnerability to bypass mitigations such as ASLR. Exploitation of this issue requires user interaction in that a victim must open a malicious file.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-21613"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-01-18T19:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Adobe Acrobat Reader versions 22.003.20282 (and earlier), 22.003.20281 (and earlier) and 20.005.30418 (and earlier) are affected by an out-of-bounds read vulnerability that could lead to disclosure of sensitive memory. An attacker could leverage this vulnerability to bypass mitigations such as ASLR. Exploitation of this issue requires user interaction in that a victim must open a malicious file.",
"id": "GHSA-56pp-mfqp-9wvv",
"modified": "2023-01-18T21:30:22Z",
"published": "2023-01-18T21:30:22Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-21613"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://helpx.adobe.com/security/products/acrobat/apsb23-01.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-56QJ-6G3M-JPHJ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-12-06 09:30 – Updated: 2022-12-08 06:30In wlan driver, there is a possible missing bounds check, This could lead to local denial of service in wlan services.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-42781"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125",
"CWE-126"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-12-06T07:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "In wlan driver, there is a possible missing bounds check, This could lead to local denial of service in wlan services.",
"id": "GHSA-56qj-6g3m-jphj",
"modified": "2022-12-08T06:30:30Z",
"published": "2022-12-06T09:30:23Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-42781"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.unisoc.com/en_us/secy/announcementDetail/1599588060988411006"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-56QP-2V3F-6V3Q
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-10-08 18:33 – Updated: 2024-10-08 18:33Windows Network Address Translation (NAT) Denial of Service Vulnerability
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-43562"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-10-08T18:15:23Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Windows Network Address Translation (NAT) Denial of Service Vulnerability",
"id": "GHSA-56qp-2v3f-6v3q",
"modified": "2024-10-08T18:33:16Z",
"published": "2024-10-08T18:33:16Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-43562"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2024-43562"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-56W7-CQ75-4RVW
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 03:05 – Updated: 2025-04-20 03:48The usb_get_bos_descriptor function in drivers/usb/core/config.c in the Linux kernel before 4.13.10 allows local users to cause a denial of service (out-of-bounds read and system crash) or possibly have unspecified other impact via a crafted USB device.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2017-16535"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2017-11-04T01:29:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "The usb_get_bos_descriptor function in drivers/usb/core/config.c in the Linux kernel before 4.13.10 allows local users to cause a denial of service (out-of-bounds read and system crash) or possibly have unspecified other impact via a crafted USB device.",
"id": "GHSA-56w7-cq75-4rvw",
"modified": "2025-04-20T03:48:03Z",
"published": "2022-05-14T03:05:20Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-16535"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/torvalds/linux/commit/1c0edc3633b56000e18d82fc241e3995ca18a69e"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://groups.google.com/d/msg/syzkaller/tzdz2fTB1K0/OvjIgLSTAgAJ"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2017/12/msg00004.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://usn.ubuntu.com/3754-1"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/102022"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:P/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-56W8-JPP8-HV9X
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-02-11 00:00 – Updated: 2022-02-12 00:00In camera driver, there is a possible out of bounds read due to an incorrect bounds check. This could lead to local information disclosure with System execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation. Patch ID: ALPS05862973; Issue ID: ALPS05862973.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-20033"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-02-09T23:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "In camera driver, there is a possible out of bounds read due to an incorrect bounds check. This could lead to local information disclosure with System execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation. Patch ID: ALPS05862973; Issue ID: ALPS05862973.",
"id": "GHSA-56w8-jpp8-hv9x",
"modified": "2022-02-12T00:00:52Z",
"published": "2022-02-11T00:00:53Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-20033"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://corp.mediatek.com/product-security-bulletin/February-2022"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-56X9-H8FR-M6MM
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-10-15 15:30 – Updated: 2025-10-15 15:30When a BIG-IP APM OAuth access profile (Resource Server or Resource Client) is configured on a virtual server, undisclosed traffic can cause the apmd process to terminate. Note: Software versions which have reached End of Technical Support (EoTS) are not evaluated.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-54854"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-10-15T14:15:50Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "When a BIG-IP APM OAuth access profile (Resource Server or Resource Client) is configured on a virtual server, undisclosed traffic can cause the apmd\u00a0process to terminate.\u00a0\u00a0Note: Software versions which have reached End of Technical Support (EoTS) are not evaluated.",
"id": "GHSA-56x9-h8fr-m6mm",
"modified": "2025-10-15T15:30:28Z",
"published": "2025-10-15T15:30:28Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-54854"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://my.f5.com/manage/s/article/K000156602"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-572J-C8JF-P9VV
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-04 18:30 – Updated: 2026-06-08 15:32bacnet_stack 1.3.1 contains an Out-of-bounds Read in bacnet_tag_number_decode which allows attackers to cause a denial of service.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-38570"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-06-04T16:16:35Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "bacnet_stack 1.3.1 contains an Out-of-bounds Read in bacnet_tag_number_decode which allows attackers to cause a denial of service.",
"id": "GHSA-572j-c8jf-p9vv",
"modified": "2026-06-08T15:32:43Z",
"published": "2026-06-04T18:30:31Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-38570"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/bacnet-stack/bacnet-stack/issues/1270"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/bacnet-stack/bacnet-stack"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- To reduce the likelihood of introducing an out-of-bounds read, ensure that you validate and ensure correct calculations for any length argument, buffer size calculation, or offset. Be especially careful of relying on a sentinel (i.e. special character such as NUL) in untrusted inputs.
Mitigation
Strategy: Language Selection
Use a language that provides appropriate memory abstractions.
CAPEC-540: Overread Buffers
An adversary attacks a target by providing input that causes an application to read beyond the boundary of a defined buffer. This typically occurs when a value influencing where to start or stop reading is set to reflect positions outside of the valid memory location of the buffer. This type of attack may result in exposure of sensitive information, a system crash, or arbitrary code execution.