Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-125

Allowed

Out-of-bounds Read

Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft

The product reads data past the end, or before the beginning, of the intended buffer.

11341 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-VP4X-J24M-6JJQ

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2021-12-15 00:01 – Updated: 2021-12-15 00:01
VLAI
Details

A vulnerability has been identified in JT Utilities (All versions < V13.1.1.0), JTTK (All versions < V11.1.1.0). JTTK library in affected products is vulnerable to an out of bounds read past the end of an allocated buffer when parsing specially crafted JT files. An attacker could leverage this vulnerability to leak information in the context of the current process. (ZDI-CAN-14841)

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2021-44431"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-125"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2021-12-14T12:15:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "A vulnerability has been identified in JT Utilities (All versions \u003c V13.1.1.0), JTTK (All versions \u003c V11.1.1.0). JTTK library in affected products is vulnerable to an out of bounds read past the end of an allocated buffer when parsing specially crafted JT files. An attacker could leverage this vulnerability to leak information in the context of the current process. (ZDI-CAN-14841)",
  "id": "GHSA-vp4x-j24m-6jjq",
  "modified": "2021-12-15T00:01:14Z",
  "published": "2021-12-15T00:01:14Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-44431"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/pdf/ssa-802578.pdf"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-VP6Q-XGM8-4VHW

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-10-21 18:30 – Updated: 2025-10-21 18:30
VLAI
Details

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:

module: fix [e_shstrndx].sh_size=0 OOB access

It is trivial to craft a module to trigger OOB access in this line:

if (info->secstrings[strhdr->sh_size - 1] != '\0') {

BUG: unable to handle page fault for address: ffffc90000aa0fff PGD 100000067 P4D 100000067 PUD 100066067 PMD 10436f067 PTE 0 Oops: 0000 [#1] PREEMPT SMP PTI CPU: 7 PID: 1215 Comm: insmod Not tainted 5.18.0-rc5-00007-g9bf578647087-dirty #10 Hardware name: QEMU Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996), BIOS 1.14.0-4.fc34 04/01/2014 RIP: 0010:load_module+0x19b/0x2391

[rebased patch onto modules-next]

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2022-49444"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-125"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-02-26T07:01:20Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nmodule: fix [e_shstrndx].sh_size=0 OOB access\n\nIt is trivial to craft a module to trigger OOB access in this line:\n\n\tif (info-\u003esecstrings[strhdr-\u003esh_size - 1] != \u0027\\0\u0027) {\n\nBUG: unable to handle page fault for address: ffffc90000aa0fff\nPGD 100000067 P4D 100000067 PUD 100066067 PMD 10436f067 PTE 0\nOops: 0000 [#1] PREEMPT SMP PTI\nCPU: 7 PID: 1215 Comm: insmod Not tainted 5.18.0-rc5-00007-g9bf578647087-dirty #10\nHardware name: QEMU Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996), BIOS 1.14.0-4.fc34 04/01/2014\nRIP: 0010:load_module+0x19b/0x2391\n\n[rebased patch onto modules-next]",
  "id": "GHSA-vp6q-xgm8-4vhw",
  "modified": "2025-10-21T18:30:29Z",
  "published": "2025-10-21T18:30:29Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-49444"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/09cb6663618a74fe5572a4931ecbf098832e79ec"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/391e982bfa632b8315235d8be9c0a81374c6a19c"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/45a76414b6d8b8b39c23fea53b9d20e831ae72a0"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/921630e2e5124a04158129a8f22f4b425e61a858"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-VP8C-MM4J-2G97

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-03-27 18:31 – Updated: 2026-03-27 18:31
VLAI
Details

Wazuh authd contains a heap-buffer overflow vulnerability that allows attackers to cause memory corruption and malformed heap data by sending specially crafted input. Attackers can exploit this vulnerability to trigger a denial of service condition, resulting in low availability impact to the authentication daemon.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-7340"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-125"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-03-27T16:16:20Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Wazuh authd contains a heap-buffer overflow vulnerability that allows attackers to cause memory corruption and malformed heap data by sending specially crafted input. Attackers can exploit this vulnerability to trigger a denial of service condition, resulting in low availability impact to the authentication daemon.",
  "id": "GHSA-vp8c-mm4j-2g97",
  "modified": "2026-03-27T18:31:26Z",
  "published": "2026-03-27T18:31:26Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/wazuh/wazuh/security/advisories/GHSA-grjq-p5fg-m24r"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-7340"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/heap-buffer-overflow-in-wazuh-authd"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:P/VC:N/VI:N/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-VPCG-R56G-2QV7

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:10 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:10
VLAI
Details

MagickCore/property.c in ImageMagick before 7.0.2-1 allows remote attackers to obtain sensitive memory information via vectors involving the q variable, which triggers an out-of-bounds read.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2016-5842"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-125"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2016-12-13T15:59:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "MagickCore/property.c in ImageMagick before 7.0.2-1 allows remote attackers to obtain sensitive memory information via vectors involving the q variable, which triggers an out-of-bounds read.",
  "id": "GHSA-vpcg-r56g-2qv7",
  "modified": "2022-05-13T01:10:29Z",
  "published": "2022-05-13T01:10:29Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2016-5842"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/ImageMagick/ImageMagick/commit/d8ab7f046587f2e9f734b687ba7e6e10147c294b"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/ImageMagick/ImageMagick/commits/7.0.2-1"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://security.gentoo.org/glsa/201611-21"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2016/06/23/1"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2016/06/25/3"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/topics/security/bulletinjul2016-3090568.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/91394"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-VPFR-XW26-Q4M8

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-01-09 12:30 – Updated: 2024-01-09 12:30
VLAI
Details

A vulnerability has been identified in Solid Edge SE2023 (All versions < V223.0 Update 10). The affected applications contain an out of bounds read past the end of an allocated structure while parsing specially crafted PAR files. This could allow an attacker to execute code in the context of the current process.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-49126"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-125"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-01-09T10:15:17Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "A vulnerability has been identified in Solid Edge SE2023 (All versions \u003c V223.0 Update 10). The affected applications contain an out of bounds read past the end of an allocated structure while parsing specially crafted PAR files. This could allow an attacker to execute code in the context of the current process.",
  "id": "GHSA-vpfr-xw26-q4m8",
  "modified": "2024-01-09T12:30:35Z",
  "published": "2024-01-09T12:30:35Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-49126"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/pdf/ssa-589891.pdf"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-VPG3-WXV6-FM2J

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-01-06 12:30 – Updated: 2025-01-06 12:30
VLAI
Details

information disclosure while invoking the mailbox read API.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-43063"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-125",
      "CWE-126"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-01-06T11:15:08Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "information disclosure while invoking the mailbox read API.",
  "id": "GHSA-vpg3-wxv6-fm2j",
  "modified": "2025-01-06T12:30:33Z",
  "published": "2025-01-06T12:30:33Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-43063"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://docs.qualcomm.com/product/publicresources/securitybulletin/january-2025-bulletin.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-VPG4-MFVR-XC5C

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 03:27 – Updated: 2022-05-14 03:27
VLAI
Details

An issue was discovered in Oniguruma 6.2.0, as used in Oniguruma-mod in Ruby through 2.4.1 and mbstring in PHP through 7.1.5. A stack out-of-bounds read occurs in mbc_enc_len() during regular expression searching. Invalid handling of reg->dmin in forward_search_range() could result in an invalid pointer dereference, as an out-of-bounds read from a stack buffer.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2017-9227"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-125"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2017-05-24T15:29:00Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "An issue was discovered in Oniguruma 6.2.0, as used in Oniguruma-mod in Ruby through 2.4.1 and mbstring in PHP through 7.1.5. A stack out-of-bounds read occurs in mbc_enc_len() during regular expression searching. Invalid handling of reg-\u003edmin in forward_search_range() could result in an invalid pointer dereference, as an out-of-bounds read from a stack buffer.",
  "id": "GHSA-vpg4-mfvr-xc5c",
  "modified": "2022-05-14T03:27:13Z",
  "published": "2022-05-14T03:27:13Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-9227"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/kkos/oniguruma/issues/58"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/kkos/oniguruma/commit/9690d3ab1f9bcd2db8cbe1fe3ee4a5da606b8814"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2018:1296"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/100538"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-VPG8-9WJJ-75X2

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-05 00:31 – Updated: 2026-06-06 06:30
VLAI
Details

Out of bounds read in ANGLE in Google Chrome prior to 149.0.7827.53 allowed a remote attacker to perform an out of bounds memory read via a crafted HTML page. (Chromium security severity: Medium)

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-11111"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-125"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-06-04T23:17:16Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Out of bounds read in ANGLE in Google Chrome prior to 149.0.7827.53 allowed a remote attacker to perform an out of bounds memory read via a crafted HTML page. (Chromium security severity: Medium)",
  "id": "GHSA-vpg8-9wjj-75x2",
  "modified": "2026-06-06T06:30:28Z",
  "published": "2026-06-05T00:31:47Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-11111"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://chromereleases.googleblog.com/2026/06/stable-channel-update-for-desktop.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://issues.chromium.org/issues/500530720"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-VPGG-8CCQ-GWHG

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-03-25 09:32 – Updated: 2024-11-05 18:31
VLAI
Details

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:

i2c: i801: Don't generate an interrupt on bus reset

Now that the i2c-i801 driver supports interrupts, setting the KILL bit in a attempt to recover from a timed out transaction triggers an interrupt. Unfortunately, the interrupt handler (i801_isr) is not prepared for this situation and will try to process the interrupt as if it was signaling the end of a successful transaction. In the case of a block transaction, this can result in an out-of-range memory access.

This condition was reproduced several times by syzbot: https://syzkaller.appspot.com/bug?extid=ed71512d469895b5b34e https://syzkaller.appspot.com/bug?extid=8c8dedc0ba9e03f6c79e https://syzkaller.appspot.com/bug?extid=c8ff0b6d6c73d81b610e https://syzkaller.appspot.com/bug?extid=33f6c360821c399d69eb https://syzkaller.appspot.com/bug?extid=be15dc0b1933f04b043a https://syzkaller.appspot.com/bug?extid=b4d3fd1dfd53e90afd79

So disable interrupts while trying to reset the bus. Interrupts will be enabled again for the following transaction.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2021-47153"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-125"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-03-25T09:15:09Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\ni2c: i801: Don\u0027t generate an interrupt on bus reset\n\nNow that the i2c-i801 driver supports interrupts, setting the KILL bit\nin a attempt to recover from a timed out transaction triggers an\ninterrupt. Unfortunately, the interrupt handler (i801_isr) is not\nprepared for this situation and will try to process the interrupt as\nif it was signaling the end of a successful transaction. In the case\nof a block transaction, this can result in an out-of-range memory\naccess.\n\nThis condition was reproduced several times by syzbot:\nhttps://syzkaller.appspot.com/bug?extid=ed71512d469895b5b34e\nhttps://syzkaller.appspot.com/bug?extid=8c8dedc0ba9e03f6c79e\nhttps://syzkaller.appspot.com/bug?extid=c8ff0b6d6c73d81b610e\nhttps://syzkaller.appspot.com/bug?extid=33f6c360821c399d69eb\nhttps://syzkaller.appspot.com/bug?extid=be15dc0b1933f04b043a\nhttps://syzkaller.appspot.com/bug?extid=b4d3fd1dfd53e90afd79\n\nSo disable interrupts while trying to reset the bus. Interrupts will\nbe enabled again for the following transaction.",
  "id": "GHSA-vpgg-8ccq-gwhg",
  "modified": "2024-11-05T18:31:58Z",
  "published": "2024-03-25T09:32:35Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-47153"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/04cc05e3716ae31b17ecdab7bc55c8170def1b8b"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/09c9e79f4c10cfb6b9e0e1b4dd355232e4b5a3b3"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/1f583d3813f204449037cd2acbfc09168171362a"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/b523feb7e8e44652f92f3babb953a976e7ccbbef"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/c70e1ba2e7e65255a0ce004f531dd90dada97a8c"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/dfa8929e117b0228a7765f5c3f5988a4a028f3c6"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/e4d8716c3dcec47f1557024add24e1f3c09eb24b"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/f9469082126cebb7337db3992d143f5e4edfe629"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-VPH8-G3V4-RQ6W

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 02:18 – Updated: 2022-05-14 02:18
VLAI
Details

Adobe Flash Player 30.0.0.134 and earlier have an out-of-bounds read vulnerability. Successful exploitation could lead to information disclosure.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2018-12826"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-125"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2018-08-29T13:29:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Adobe Flash Player 30.0.0.134 and earlier have an out-of-bounds read vulnerability. Successful exploitation could lead to information disclosure.",
  "id": "GHSA-vph8-g3v4-rq6w",
  "modified": "2022-05-14T02:18:41Z",
  "published": "2022-05-14T02:18:41Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-12826"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2018:2435"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://helpx.adobe.com/security/products/flash-player/apsb18-25.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/105066"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securitytracker.com/id/1041448"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

Mitigation MIT-5
Implementation

Strategy: Input Validation

  • Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
  • When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
  • Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
  • To reduce the likelihood of introducing an out-of-bounds read, ensure that you validate and ensure correct calculations for any length argument, buffer size calculation, or offset. Be especially careful of relying on a sentinel (i.e. special character such as NUL) in untrusted inputs.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Language Selection

Use a language that provides appropriate memory abstractions.

CAPEC-540: Overread Buffers

An adversary attacks a target by providing input that causes an application to read beyond the boundary of a defined buffer. This typically occurs when a value influencing where to start or stop reading is set to reflect positions outside of the valid memory location of the buffer. This type of attack may result in exposure of sensitive information, a system crash, or arbitrary code execution.