CWE-125
AllowedOut-of-bounds Read
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The product reads data past the end, or before the beginning, of the intended buffer.
11339 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-V3QR-7HM5-5R4J
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-04-01 00:30 – Updated: 2025-11-03 21:33A buffer overflow issue was addressed with improved memory handling. This issue is fixed in macOS Ventura 13.7.5, macOS Sequoia 15.4, macOS Sonoma 14.7.5. An app may be able to execute arbitrary code with kernel privileges.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-24228"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-03-31T23:15:20Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A buffer overflow issue was addressed with improved memory handling. This issue is fixed in macOS Ventura 13.7.5, macOS Sequoia 15.4, macOS Sonoma 14.7.5. An app may be able to execute arbitrary code with kernel privileges.",
"id": "GHSA-v3qr-7hm5-5r4j",
"modified": "2025-11-03T21:33:19Z",
"published": "2025-04-01T00:30:38Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-24228"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/122373"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/122374"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/122375"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2025/Apr/10"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2025/Apr/8"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2025/Apr/9"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-V3RR-CMXC-FGWV
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:22 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:22VMware ESXi (6.7 before ESXi670-201903001, 6.5 before ESXi650-201903001, 6.0 before ESXi600-201903001), Workstation (15.x before 15.0.4, 14.x before 14.1.7), Fusion (11.x before 11.0.3, 10.x before 10.1.6) contain an out-of-bounds read/write vulnerability in the virtual USB 1.1 UHCI (Universal Host Controller Interface). Exploitation of this issue requires an attacker to have access to a virtual machine with a virtual USB controller present. This issue may allow a guest to execute code on the host.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2019-5518"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2019-04-01T21:30:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "VMware ESXi (6.7 before ESXi670-201903001, 6.5 before ESXi650-201903001, 6.0 before ESXi600-201903001), Workstation (15.x before 15.0.4, 14.x before 14.1.7), Fusion (11.x before 11.0.3, 10.x before 10.1.6) contain an out-of-bounds read/write vulnerability in the virtual USB 1.1 UHCI (Universal Host Controller Interface). Exploitation of this issue requires an attacker to have access to a virtual machine with a virtual USB controller present. This issue may allow a guest to execute code on the host.",
"id": "GHSA-v3rr-cmxc-fgwv",
"modified": "2022-05-13T01:22:31Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T01:22:31Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-5518"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.vmware.com/security/advisories/VMSA-2019-0005.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.zerodayinitiative.com/advisories/ZDI-19-421"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://packetstormsecurity.com/files/152290/VMware-Security-Advisory-2019-0005.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/107541"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:P/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-V3RX-XWP8-9PX7
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-12 18:30 – Updated: 2026-05-12 18:30Illustrator versions 29.8.6, 30.3 and earlier are affected by an out-of-bounds read vulnerability that could lead to disclosure of sensitive memory. An attacker could leverage this vulnerability to disclose sensitive information. Exploitation of this issue requires user interaction in that a victim must open a malicious file.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-34663"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-05-12T18:17:11Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Illustrator versions 29.8.6, 30.3 and earlier are affected by an out-of-bounds read vulnerability that could lead to disclosure of sensitive memory. An attacker could leverage this vulnerability to disclose sensitive information. Exploitation of this issue requires user interaction in that a victim must open a malicious file.",
"id": "GHSA-v3rx-xwp8-9px7",
"modified": "2026-05-12T18:30:43Z",
"published": "2026-05-12T18:30:43Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-34663"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://helpx.adobe.com/security/products/illustrator/apsb26-51.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-V3V7-3VRH-65V3
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-03-18 21:31 – Updated: 2025-03-18 21:31In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
ubifs: Fix read out-of-bounds in ubifs_wbuf_write_nolock()
Function ubifs_wbuf_write_nolock() may access buf out of bounds in following process:
ubifs_wbuf_write_nolock(): aligned_len = ALIGN(len, 8); // Assume len = 4089, aligned_len = 4096 if (aligned_len <= wbuf->avail) ... // Not satisfy if (wbuf->used) { ubifs_leb_write() // Fill some data in avail wbuf len -= wbuf->avail; // len is still not 8-bytes aligned aligned_len -= wbuf->avail; } n = aligned_len >> c->max_write_shift; if (n) { n <<= c->max_write_shift; err = ubifs_leb_write(c, wbuf->lnum, buf + written, wbuf->offs, n); // n > len, read out of bounds less than 8(n-len) bytes }
, which can be catched by KASAN: ========================================================= BUG: KASAN: slab-out-of-bounds in ecc_sw_hamming_calculate+0x1dc/0x7d0 Read of size 4 at addr ffff888105594ff8 by task kworker/u8:4/128 Workqueue: writeback wb_workfn (flush-ubifs_0_0) Call Trace: kasan_report.cold+0x81/0x165 nand_write_page_swecc+0xa9/0x160 ubifs_leb_write+0xf2/0x1b0 [ubifs] ubifs_wbuf_write_nolock+0x421/0x12c0 [ubifs] write_head+0xdc/0x1c0 [ubifs] ubifs_jnl_write_inode+0x627/0x960 [ubifs] wb_workfn+0x8af/0xb80
Function ubifs_wbuf_write_nolock() accepts that parameter 'len' is not 8 bytes aligned, the 'len' represents the true length of buf (which is allocated in 'ubifs_jnl_xxx', eg. ubifs_jnl_write_inode), so ubifs_wbuf_write_nolock() must handle the length read from 'buf' carefully to write leb safely.
Fetch a reproducer in [Link].
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-47636"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-02-26T06:37:05Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nubifs: Fix read out-of-bounds in ubifs_wbuf_write_nolock()\n\nFunction ubifs_wbuf_write_nolock() may access buf out of bounds in\nfollowing process:\n\nubifs_wbuf_write_nolock():\n aligned_len = ALIGN(len, 8); // Assume len = 4089, aligned_len = 4096\n if (aligned_len \u003c= wbuf-\u003eavail) ... // Not satisfy\n if (wbuf-\u003eused) {\n ubifs_leb_write() // Fill some data in avail wbuf\n len -= wbuf-\u003eavail; // len is still not 8-bytes aligned\n aligned_len -= wbuf-\u003eavail;\n }\n n = aligned_len \u003e\u003e c-\u003emax_write_shift;\n if (n) {\n n \u003c\u003c= c-\u003emax_write_shift;\n err = ubifs_leb_write(c, wbuf-\u003elnum, buf + written,\n wbuf-\u003eoffs, n);\n // n \u003e len, read out of bounds less than 8(n-len) bytes\n }\n\n, which can be catched by KASAN:\n =========================================================\n BUG: KASAN: slab-out-of-bounds in ecc_sw_hamming_calculate+0x1dc/0x7d0\n Read of size 4 at addr ffff888105594ff8 by task kworker/u8:4/128\n Workqueue: writeback wb_workfn (flush-ubifs_0_0)\n Call Trace:\n kasan_report.cold+0x81/0x165\n nand_write_page_swecc+0xa9/0x160\n ubifs_leb_write+0xf2/0x1b0 [ubifs]\n ubifs_wbuf_write_nolock+0x421/0x12c0 [ubifs]\n write_head+0xdc/0x1c0 [ubifs]\n ubifs_jnl_write_inode+0x627/0x960 [ubifs]\n wb_workfn+0x8af/0xb80\n\nFunction ubifs_wbuf_write_nolock() accepts that parameter \u0027len\u0027 is not 8\nbytes aligned, the \u0027len\u0027 represents the true length of buf (which is\nallocated in \u0027ubifs_jnl_xxx\u0027, eg. ubifs_jnl_write_inode), so\nubifs_wbuf_write_nolock() must handle the length read from \u0027buf\u0027 carefully\nto write leb safely.\n\nFetch a reproducer in [Link].",
"id": "GHSA-v3v7-3vrh-65v3",
"modified": "2025-03-18T21:31:58Z",
"published": "2025-03-18T21:31:58Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-47636"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/07a209fadee7b53b46858538e1177597273862e4"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/3b7fb89135a20587d57f8877c02e25003e9edbdf"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/4f2262a334641e05f645364d5ade1f565c85f20b"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/5343575aa11c5d7044107d59d43f84aec01312b0"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/a7054aaf1909cf40489c0ec1b728fdcf79c751a6"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/b80ccbec0e4804436c382d7dd60e943c386ed83a"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/e09fa5318d51f522e1af4fbaf8f74999355980c8"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-V3VC-H2XW-3928
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:33 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:33LAquis SCADA Versions 4.1.0.3870 and prior has several out-of-bounds read vulnerabilities, which may allow remote code execution.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2018-17895"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2018-10-17T02:29:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "LAquis SCADA Versions 4.1.0.3870 and prior has several out-of-bounds read vulnerabilities, which may allow remote code execution.",
"id": "GHSA-v3vc-h2xw-3928",
"modified": "2022-05-13T01:33:48Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T01:33:48Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-17895"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://ics-cert.us-cert.gov/advisories/ICSA-18-289-01"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://laquisscada.com/instale1.php"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/105719"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-V3XC-V7V7-J3M4
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 02:39 – Updated: 2022-05-17 02:39The lame_init_params function in lame.c in libmp3lame.a in LAME 3.99.5 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (invalid read and application crash) via a crafted audio file with a negative sample rate.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2015-9099"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2017-06-25T19:29:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The lame_init_params function in lame.c in libmp3lame.a in LAME 3.99.5 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (invalid read and application crash) via a crafted audio file with a negative sample rate.",
"id": "GHSA-v3xc-v7v7-j3m4",
"modified": "2022-05-17T02:39:40Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T02:39:40Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2015-9099"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=775959"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/99279"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-V3XQ-3G8R-MXMF
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-09-11 15:31 – Updated: 2024-04-04 07:35Adobe Acrobat Reader versions 2019.010.20098 and earlier are affected by an out-of-bounds read vulnerability that could lead to disclosure of sensitive memory. An attacker could leverage this vulnerability to bypass mitigations such as ASLR. Exploitation of this issue requires user interaction in that a victim must open a malicious file.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2019-7819"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-09-11T14:15:08Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Adobe Acrobat Reader versions 2019.010.20098 and earlier are affected by an out-of-bounds read vulnerability that could lead to disclosure of sensitive memory. An attacker could leverage this vulnerability to bypass mitigations such as ASLR. Exploitation of this issue requires user interaction in that a victim must open a malicious file.",
"id": "GHSA-v3xq-3g8r-mxmf",
"modified": "2024-04-04T07:35:09Z",
"published": "2023-09-11T15:31:01Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-7819"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://helpx.adobe.com/security/products/acrobat/apsb19-17.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-V42F-JWG7-7Q69
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-07-02 00:31 – Updated: 2026-07-02 00:31Out of bounds read in Dawn in Google Chrome prior to 150.0.7871.46 allowed a remote attacker to potentially perform a sandbox escape via a crafted HTML page. (Chromium security severity: Low)
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-14416"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-07-01T23:16:50Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "Out of bounds read in Dawn in Google Chrome prior to 150.0.7871.46 allowed a remote attacker to potentially perform a sandbox escape via a crafted HTML page. (Chromium security severity: Low)",
"id": "GHSA-v42f-jwg7-7q69",
"modified": "2026-07-02T00:31:42Z",
"published": "2026-07-02T00:31:42Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-14416"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://chromereleases.googleblog.com/2026/06/stable-channel-update-for-desktop_0175352312.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://issues.chromium.org/issues/515428315"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-V42J-9RHF-8967
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 03:08 – Updated: 2022-05-14 03:08The mg_handle_cgi function in mongoose.c in Mongoose 6.11 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (heap-based buffer over-read and application crash, or NULL pointer dereference) via an HTTP request, related to the mbuf_insert function.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2018-10945"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2018-06-19T21:29:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "The mg_handle_cgi function in mongoose.c in Mongoose 6.11 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (heap-based buffer over-read and application crash, or NULL pointer dereference) via an HTTP request, related to the mbuf_insert function.",
"id": "GHSA-v42j-9rhf-8967",
"modified": "2022-05-14T03:08:35Z",
"published": "2022-05-14T03:08:35Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-10945"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://blog.hac425.top/2018/05/16/CVE-2018-10945-mongoose.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-V43G-XQQR-J4R8
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-04-16 15:34 – Updated: 2026-07-14 15:31In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
net: dsa: sja1105: fix kasan out-of-bounds warning in sja1105_table_delete_entry()
There are actually 2 problems: - deleting the last element doesn't require the memmove of elements [i + 1, end) over it. Actually, element i+1 is out of bounds. - The memmove itself should move size - i - 1 elements, because the last element is out of bounds.
The out-of-bounds element still remains out of bounds after being accessed, so the problem is only that we touch it, not that it becomes in active use. But I suppose it can lead to issues if the out-of-bounds element is part of an unmapped page.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-22107"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-04-16T15:16:04Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nnet: dsa: sja1105: fix kasan out-of-bounds warning in sja1105_table_delete_entry()\n\nThere are actually 2 problems:\n- deleting the last element doesn\u0027t require the memmove of elements\n [i + 1, end) over it. Actually, element i+1 is out of bounds.\n- The memmove itself should move size - i - 1 elements, because the last\n element is out of bounds.\n\nThe out-of-bounds element still remains out of bounds after being\naccessed, so the problem is only that we touch it, not that it becomes\nin active use. But I suppose it can lead to issues if the out-of-bounds\nelement is part of an unmapped page.",
"id": "GHSA-v43g-xqqr-j4r8",
"modified": "2026-07-14T15:31:21Z",
"published": "2025-04-16T15:34:44Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-22107"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/html/ssa-019113.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/031e00249e9e6bee72ba66701c8f83b45fc4b8a2"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/4584486cfcca24b7b586da3377eb3cffd48669ec"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/59b97641de03c081f26b3a8876628c765b5faa25"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/5f2b28b79d2d1946ee36ad8b3dc0066f73c90481"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/b52153da1f42e2f4d6259257a7ba027331671a93"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/f117d0467215d7f1d445ae16d2c799637e63dc6c"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/f85b9bfb08ba2b642d1810c6c4ae1e7b46f1776a"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- To reduce the likelihood of introducing an out-of-bounds read, ensure that you validate and ensure correct calculations for any length argument, buffer size calculation, or offset. Be especially careful of relying on a sentinel (i.e. special character such as NUL) in untrusted inputs.
Mitigation
Strategy: Language Selection
Use a language that provides appropriate memory abstractions.
CAPEC-540: Overread Buffers
An adversary attacks a target by providing input that causes an application to read beyond the boundary of a defined buffer. This typically occurs when a value influencing where to start or stop reading is set to reflect positions outside of the valid memory location of the buffer. This type of attack may result in exposure of sensitive information, a system crash, or arbitrary code execution.