Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-116
Allowed-with-ReviewImproper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft
The product prepares a structured message for communication with another component, but encoding or escaping of the data is either missing or done incorrectly. As a result, the intended structure of the message is not preserved.
694 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2026-66486 (GCVE-0-2026-66486)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-10 10:25 – Updated: 2026-08-10 10:35 X_Open Source
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Improper Output Encoding in GNU cpio
Summary
GNU cpio is vulnerable to improper encoding or escaping of output in its archive member listing functionality. When listing archive members via cpio -it, member names are printed directly to output without quoting or escaping. An attacker can craft a cpio archive containing member names with embedded newline characters or ANSI escape sequences, causing forged listing entries or terminal control sequence injection when the listing is displayed.
This issue has been fixed in commit 2ff9600c9ef32e88759843cdbde74c8db5ae9b30
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-10 10:34 UTC
CWE
- CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://cert.pl/en/posts/2026/08/CVE-2026-66484 | third-party-advisory |
| https://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/cpio.git | product |
Impacted products
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CVE-2026-65085 (GCVE-0-2026-65085)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-25 20:15 – Updated: 2026-08-26 18:14
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
NVIDIA OpenShell for Linux contains a vulnerability in its inference proxy, where an attacker could cause an improper encoding or escaping of output. A successful exploit of this vulnerability might lead to information disclosure and data tampering.
Severity
5.2 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-26 18:08 UTC
CWE
- CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Assigner
References
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CVE-2026-64647 (GCVE-0-2026-64647)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-27 19:11 – Updated: 2026-07-27 19:27
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Next.js: Response Body Cache Confusion with Invalid UTF-8 Request Bodies
Summary
Next.js is a React framework for building full-stack web applications. In versions 12.0.0 through 15.5.20 and 16.0.0 through 16.2.10, a server-side fetch with a request body may return a cached response body from a different request to the same URL but different body. Confidential data in the POST's response body would then leak to unauthorized requests. Though the request itself will not be deduped. This is only an issue when receiving request bodies with a content type charset other than UTF-8. For example, the UTF-16 byte sequences for 삃삃 and 섄섄 in the request body would share the same cache. This issue has been fixed in versions 15.5.21 and 16.2.11.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-27 19:27 UTC
CWE
- CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/vercel/next.js/security/adviso… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/vercel/next.js/pull/96008 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/vercel/next.js/commit/025bf4a5… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/vercel/next.js/releases/tag/v15.5.21 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/vercel/next.js/releases/tag/v16.2.11 | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
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CVE-2026-63466 (GCVE-0-2026-63466)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-21 18:21 – Updated: 2026-08-21 21:43
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Unleash: Global Mustache.escape override disables HTML escaping process-wide, enabling Slack/Teams link-injection via unrestricted username
Summary
Unleash is an open-source feature management platform. Prior to 8.0.3, FeatureEventFormatterMd.format in src/lib/addons/feature-event-formatter-md.ts assigns Mustache.escape to an identity function before rendering action and path templates. Because Mustache.escape is process-wide, the assignment disables escaping for subsequent Mustache.render calls in email-service.ts, webhook.ts, datadog.ts, and new-relic.ts. An editor-level user can place Slack or Microsoft Teams link syntax in an unrestricted username, trigger a feature event, and inject an attacker-labeled link into a trusted outbound notification channel, while other Mustache sinks remain unescaped until restart. This issue is fixed in version 8.0.3.
Severity
4.1 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-21 20:58 UTC
CWE
- CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/Unleash/unleash/security/advis… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/Unleash/unleash/commit/002012c… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/Unleash/unleash/releases/tag/v8.0.3 | x_refsource_MISC |
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CVE-2026-63397 (GCVE-0-2026-63397)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-16 19:14 – Updated: 2026-07-21 17:08
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
remorses/genql code injection
Summary
remorses/genql before version 6.3.4 allows an authenticated attacker with control of the GraphQL schema that is passed to genql to inject arbitrary JavaScript or TypeScript. The malicious code is injected into the generated schema.ts file and executes when the genql client is bundled and imported.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · cisa-cg (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-14 17:29 UTC
CWE
- CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/remorses/genql/releases/tag/%4… | patch |
| https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-63397 | vdb-entry |
| https://github.com/remorses/genql | product |
| https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cisagov/CSAF/de… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
Date Public
2026-06-11 00:00
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CVE-2026-62682 (GCVE-0-2026-62682)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-19 17:40 – Updated: 2026-08-19 18:19
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Orval: RCE via servers[].url -> unescaped request-URL template literal (with getBaseUrlFromSpecification)
Summary
Orval generates type-safe JavaScript clients in TypeScript from OpenAPI v3 and Swagger v2 specifications. Prior to 8.21.0, an unescaped backtick in servers[0].url is emitted into request URL template literals generated when output.baseUrl.getBaseUrlFromSpecification is enabled without safe encoding. This permits attacker-controlled JavaScript to be evaluated when a generated request or URL-builder function is called, resulting in code execution in the developer, CI, test, or application environment. The affected code is packages/core/src/getters/route.ts function getFullRoute. This issue is fixed in version 8.21.0.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-19 18:18 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/orval-labs/orval/security/advi… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/orval-labs/orval/pull/3692 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/orval-labs/orval/commit/8ef1bf… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/orval-labs/orval/releases/tag/… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| orval-labs | orval |
Affected:
< 8.21.0
|
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CVE-2026-62681 (GCVE-0-2026-62681)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-19 17:31 – Updated: 2026-08-21 19:42
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Orval: RCE via OpenAPI path -> unescaped request-URL template literal (backtick breakout)
Summary
Orval generates type-safe JavaScript clients in TypeScript from OpenAPI v3 and Swagger v2 specifications. Prior to 8.21.0, an unescaped backtick in an OpenAPI path is emitted into request URL template literals generated for axios, fetch, react-query, and SWR clients without safe encoding. This permits attacker-controlled JavaScript to be evaluated when a generated request, URL-builder, or query-key function is called, resulting in code execution in the developer, CI, test, or application environment. The affected code is packages/core/src/getters/route.ts and route generation consumers. This issue is fixed in version 8.21.0.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-21 19:41 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/orval-labs/orval/security/advi… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/orval-labs/orval/pull/3692 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/orval-labs/orval/commit/8ef1bf… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/orval-labs/orval/releases/tag/… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| orval-labs | orval |
Affected:
< 8.21.0
|
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CVE-2026-62184 (GCVE-0-2026-62184)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-13 21:30 – Updated: 2026-07-15 18:45 X_Open Source
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
luci-app-banip Log Monitor IP Extraction Bypass
Summary
luci-app-banip contains a log parsing vulnerability where the awk-based parser extracts the first IPv4 address from log lines regardless of field position, allowing attackers to inject arbitrary IPs via attacker-controlled fields like usernames. An unauthenticated remote attacker can inject an IP address into the login username field, causing banIP to block the wrong target while the real attacker remains unblocked.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-15 18:45 UTC
CWE
- CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/openwrt/luci/security/advisori… | vendor-advisory |
| https://github.com/openwrt/luci/commit/d9bbc372e2… | patch |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/luci-app-ban… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| openwrt | luci-app-banip |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 0.11.1
(semver)
Unaffected: d9bbc372e29618a8807b693a1ccf6d0e42cd196c (git) |
Date Public
2026-06-28 00:00
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CVE-2026-61824 (GCVE-0-2026-61824)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-21 20:12 – Updated: 2026-08-24 19:48
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Defuddle: XSS via unescaped attribute interpolation in site extractors
Summary
Defuddle cleans up HTML pages. Prior to 0.19.1, site extractors interpolate page-derived image alt and src values, og:image values, and video descriptions into HTML strings without context-appropriate escaping, and buildExtractorResponse() returns this contentHtml without the main pipeline's DOM-based sanitization. The affected paths include src/extractors/x-article.ts, src/extractors/substack.ts, and src/extractors/youtube.ts. A malicious page or attacker-controlled content on a matching domain can inject event-handler attributes or javascript URLs that execute when a victim or downstream application renders the extracted HTML. This issue is fixed in version 0.19.1.
Severity
8.2 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-24 19:48 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/kepano/defuddle/security/advis… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/kepano/defuddle/pull/326 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/kepano/defuddle/commit/baf2eae… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/kepano/defuddle/releases/tag/0.19.1 | x_refsource_MISC |
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CVE-2026-61696 (GCVE-0-2026-61696)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-18 17:57 – Updated: 2026-08-18 18:15
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Forem: Stored XSS in Admin Abuse Report Rendering
Summary
Forem is open source software for building communities. In versions before commit 92eacd16a82cf9007ba8e16a2258b42e3b53ca9c, a malicious value submitted through feedback_message[message] is stored without sanitization and rendered in app/views/admin/feedback_messages/_feedback_message.html.erb through raw(feedback_message.message) when offender_id is present. Viewing the abuse report executes arbitrary JavaScript in an administrator's browser and may expose sensitive in-page data, abuse CSRF tokens, or perform administrative actions in the victim's session. The public FeedbackMessagesController accepts the report without authorization and previously permitted a submitted offender_id, making the vulnerable rendering path reachable by an unauthenticated attacker. This issue is fixed in commit 92eacd16a82cf9007ba8e16a2258b42e3b53ca9c
Severity
6.3 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-18 18:15 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/forem/forem/security/advisorie… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/forem/forem/commit/92eacd16a82… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
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Mitigation MIT-4.3
Architecture and Design
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
- Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
- For example, consider using the ESAPI Encoding control [REF-45] or a similar tool, library, or framework. These will help the programmer encode outputs in a manner less prone to error.
- Alternately, use built-in functions, but consider using wrappers in case those functions are discovered to have a vulnerability.
Mitigation MIT-27
Architecture and Design
Strategy: Parameterization
- If available, use structured mechanisms that automatically enforce the separation between data and code. These mechanisms may be able to provide the relevant quoting, encoding, and validation automatically, instead of relying on the developer to provide this capability at every point where output is generated.
- For example, stored procedures can enforce database query structure and reduce the likelihood of SQL injection.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
Implementation
Understand the context in which your data will be used and the encoding that will be expected. This is especially important when transmitting data between different components, or when generating outputs that can contain multiple encodings at the same time, such as web pages or multi-part mail messages. Study all expected communication protocols and data representations to determine the required encoding strategies.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
In some cases, input validation may be an important strategy when output encoding is not a complete solution. For example, you may be providing the same output that will be processed by multiple consumers that use different encodings or representations. In other cases, you may be required to allow user-supplied input to contain control information, such as limited HTML tags that support formatting in a wiki or bulletin board. When this type of requirement must be met, use an extremely strict allowlist to limit which control sequences can be used. Verify that the resulting syntactic structure is what you expect. Use your normal encoding methods for the remainder of the input.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
Use input validation as a defense-in-depth measure to reduce the likelihood of output encoding errors (see CWE-20).
Mitigation
Requirements
Fully specify which encodings are required by components that will be communicating with each other.
Mitigation
Implementation
When exchanging data between components, ensure that both components are using the same character encoding. Ensure that the proper encoding is applied at each interface. Explicitly set the encoding you are using whenever the protocol allows you to do so.
CAPEC-104: Cross Zone Scripting
An attacker is able to cause a victim to load content into their web-browser that bypasses security zone controls and gain access to increased privileges to execute scripting code or other web objects such as unsigned ActiveX controls or applets. This is a privilege elevation attack targeted at zone-based web-browser security.
CAPEC-73: User-Controlled Filename
An attack of this type involves an adversary inserting malicious characters (such as a XSS redirection) into a filename, directly or indirectly that is then used by the target software to generate HTML text or other potentially executable content. Many websites rely on user-generated content and dynamically build resources like files, filenames, and URL links directly from user supplied data. In this attack pattern, the attacker uploads code that can execute in the client browser and/or redirect the client browser to a site that the attacker owns. All XSS attack payload variants can be used to pass and exploit these vulnerabilities.
CAPEC-81: Web Server Logs Tampering
Web Logs Tampering attacks involve an attacker injecting, deleting or otherwise tampering with the contents of web logs typically for the purposes of masking other malicious behavior. Additionally, writing malicious data to log files may target jobs, filters, reports, and other agents that process the logs in an asynchronous attack pattern. This pattern of attack is similar to "Log Injection-Tampering-Forging" except that in this case, the attack is targeting the logs of the web server and not the application.
CAPEC-85: AJAX Footprinting
This attack utilizes the frequent client-server roundtrips in Ajax conversation to scan a system. While Ajax does not open up new vulnerabilities per se, it does optimize them from an attacker point of view. A common first step for an attacker is to footprint the target environment to understand what attacks will work. Since footprinting relies on enumeration, the conversational pattern of rapid, multiple requests and responses that are typical in Ajax applications enable an attacker to look for many vulnerabilities, well-known ports, network locations and so on. The knowledge gained through Ajax fingerprinting can be used to support other attacks, such as XSS.