Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-116
Allowed-with-ReviewImproper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft
The product prepares a structured message for communication with another component, but encoding or escaping of the data is either missing or done incorrectly. As a result, the intended structure of the message is not preserved.
694 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2026-61399 (GCVE-0-2026-61399)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-21 08:25 – Updated: 2026-08-24 17:04
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Apache CloudStack: Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) Vulnerability in Lock User Function in UI
Summary
Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output vulnerability in Apache CloudStack's UI while using Lock User Functionality.
This issue affects Apache CloudStack: from 4.20.0.0 through 4.20.3.0 and from 4.21.0.0 through 4.22.1.0.
Users are recommended to upgrade to version 4.20.3.1 or 4.22.1.1 or later, which fixes the issue.
Severity
4.8 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-24 17:04 UTC
CWE
- CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://lists.apache.org/thread/g6cwddtjrwbh1d56w… | vendor-advisory |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Apache Software Foundation | Apache CloudStack |
Affected:
4.20.0.0 , ≤ 4.20.3.0
(semver)
Affected: 4.21.0.0 , ≤ 4.22.1.0 (semver) |
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CVE-2026-61398 (GCVE-0-2026-61398)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-21 08:25 – Updated: 2026-08-25 19:21
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Apache CloudStack: Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) Vulnerability in Instance Reset Password Function in UI
Summary
Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output vulnerability in Apache CloudStack's UI while using Instance Reset Password functionality.
This issue affects Apache CloudStack: from 4.15.1.0 through 4.20.3.0 and from 4.21.0.0 through 4.22.1.0.
Users are recommended to upgrade to version 4.20.3.1 or 4.22.1.1 or later, which fixes the issue.
Severity
9.1 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-25 19:20 UTC
CWE
- CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://lists.apache.org/thread/g6cwddtjrwbh1d56w… | vendor-advisory |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Apache Software Foundation | Apache CloudStack |
Affected:
4.15.1.0 , ≤ 4.20.3.0
(semver)
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CVE-2026-59895 (GCVE-0-2026-59895)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-08 16:09 – Updated: 2026-07-08 19:41
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Hono: Server-Side XSS via JSX Escaping Bypass in cx() Utility
Summary
Hono is a Web application framework that provides support for any JavaScript runtime. From 4.0.0 before 4.12.27, cx() in hono/css composes class names from plain strings but marks the result as already escaped without HTML-escaping the input, allowing untrusted className values used in a JSX class attribute during server-side rendering to break out of the attribute and inject arbitrary markup. This issue is fixed in version 4.12.27.
Severity
6.1 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-08 17:50 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/honojs/hono/security/advisorie… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/honojs/hono/commit/cd3f6f7194f… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/honojs/hono/releases/tag/v4.12.27 | x_refsource_MISC |
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CVE-2026-59833 (GCVE-0-2026-59833)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-09 22:17 – Updated: 2026-07-10 14:17
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
SiYuan: Stored XSS to RCE in SiYuan via a per-attribute URL-scheme sanitizer gap in Lute (form action / SVG xlink:href)
Summary
SiYuan is an open-source personal knowledge management system. Prior to 3.7.1, SiYuan renders note and package content to HTML through the Lute engine with sanitization enabled, but Lute's dangerous javascript scheme block does not check form action or SVG xlink:href attributes, allowing stored cross-site scripting in document export-preview and Bazaar package README render paths that can execute OS commands in the Electron desktop renderer. This issue is fixed in versions 3.7.1.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-10 14:15 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/siyuan-note/siyuan/security/ad… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/siyuan-note/siyuan/commit/ebe2… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/siyuan-note/siyuan/releases/ta… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| siyuan-note | siyuan |
Affected:
< 3.7.1
|
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CVE-2026-59727 (GCVE-0-2026-59727)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-27 19:42 – Updated: 2026-07-28 15:20
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Astro: Cross-site scripting via unescaped transition:* directive values on hydrated islands
Summary
Astro is a web framework for content-driven websites. In versions 3.10.0 through 7.0.3, when a transition:persist, transition:scope, or transition:persist-props directive is applied to a client-hydrated (client:*) component, Astro copied the directive value onto the rendered <astro-island> element without HTML-escaping it. If a developer reflects attacker-controlled input into one of these directives, an attacker can break out of the attribute and inject arbitrary HTML/JavaScript into the server-rendered output, resulting in reflected cross-site scripting (XSS). Exploitation requires the application developer to have written a non-idiomatic pattern — passing untrusted, request-derived input directly into a transition directive. Astro applications that do not route untrusted input into these directives are unaffected. This issue has been fixed in version 7.0.4.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-28 15:08 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/withastro/astro/security/advis… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/withastro/astro/pull/17212 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/withastro/astro/commit/7ba0bb1… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/withastro/astro/releases/tag/a… | x_refsource_MISC |
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CVE-2026-58487 (GCVE-0-2026-58487)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-13 21:59 – Updated: 2026-07-15 14:28
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
HedgeDoc: Stored HTML injection via email local-part
Summary
HedgeDoc is an open source, real-time, collaborative, markdown notes application. Prior to version 1.11.0, due to unsafe handling of the local-part of registered email addresses, HedgeDoc was vulnerable to stored HTML Injection through its publish and slide views. An attacker could register a specially crafted email address and inject arbitrary HTML into pages viewed by other users. HedgeDoc accepted RFC 5321 quoted-string local-parts in email addresses during registration. The local-part was then reused as the user's display name without escaping and rendered into HTML in multiple places, including publish and slide views as well as the collaborative editor. An attacker could break out of an HTML attribute and inject arbitrary markup into the page. While the deployed Content-Security-Policy prevented straightforward inline JavaScript execution, the injected HTML was still sufficient to alter page content and embed attacker-controlled resources such as cross-origin iframes. This issue was fixed in version 1.11.0.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-15 14:27 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/hedgedoc/hedgedoc/security/adv… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
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CVE-2026-56379 (GCVE-0-2026-56379)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-23 12:13 – Updated: 2026-07-15 00:42
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
ImageMagick - Command Injection via SVG Decoder
Summary
ImageMagick before 7.1.2-15 and 6.9.13-40 contains a command injection vulnerability in the SVG decoder that allows attackers to inject arbitrary MVG drawing commands. Attackers can craft malicious SVG files with injected Magick Vector Graphics commands that execute during rendering.
Severity
8.1 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-06-23 13:58 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
6 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/ImageMagick/ImageMagick/securi… | vendor-advisory |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/imagemagick-… | third-party-advisory |
| https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-56379 | vdb-entryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2491700 | issue-trackingx_refsource_REDHAT |
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| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:32961 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
Impacted products
4 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| ImageMagick | ImageMagick |
Affected:
0 , < 7.1.2-15
(semver)
Unaffected: 7.1.2-15 (semver) |
|
| ImageMagick | ImageMagick |
Affected:
0 , < 6.9.13-40
(semver)
Unaffected: 6.9.13-40 (semver) |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 Extended Lifecycle Support |
Unaffected:
0:6.9.10.68-17.el7_9 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/o:redhat:rhel_els:7 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 |
cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:6
|
Date Public
2026-02-23 00:00
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CVE-2026-55891 (GCVE-0-2026-55891)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-28 20:23 – Updated: 2026-08-31 18:47
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
PrivateBin: Reflected JSON injection in backend responses via unescaped REQUEST_URI
Summary
PrivateBin is an online pastebin where the server has zero knowledge of pasted data. Prior to 2.0.5, Request::getRequestUri() in lib/Request.php passes $_SERVER['REQUEST_URI'] through FILTER_SANITIZE_URL, which does not remove quotation marks, angle brackets, or apostrophes, and Controller::_init() stores the attacker-controlled value in Controller::$_urlBase. Controller::_jsonld() in lib/Controller.php then uses str_replace() to insert that value without JSON escaping into js/types.jsonld, js/paste.jsonld, and the other JSON-LD templates used by /?jsonld= and /?pasteid. A raw quotation mark delivered by an HTTP client, proxy, or structured-data crawler that does not normalize the request target can break out of the JSON string and inject arbitrary key-value data into a CORS-open application/ld+json response. The jsonld branch in Controller::__construct() returns before _setCacheHeaders(), so the response also lacks X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff, Content Security Policy, X-Frame-Options, and Referrer-Policy. Direct script execution was not demonstrated, but manipulated responses can affect structured-data consumers or combine with less strict clients. This issue is fixed in version 2.0.5.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-31 18:47 UTC
CWE
- CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/PrivateBin/PrivateBin/security… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/PrivateBin/PrivateBin/commit/1… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/PrivateBin/PrivateBin/releases… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| PrivateBin | PrivateBin |
Affected:
< 2.0.5
|
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CVE-2026-55859 (GCVE-0-2026-55859)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-28 22:48 – Updated: 2026-08-31 18:53
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
MariaDB Connector/R2DBC: Inappropriate Encoding for Output Context and Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output in org.mariadb:r2dbc-mariadb
Summary
MariaDB Connector/R2DBC is a non-blocking MariaDB and MySQL client implemented in Java. Prior to 1.4.1, org.mariadb:r2dbc-mariadb encodes and decodes all character data under the assumption that the connection character set is UTF-8. A server can announce a mid-session change to character_set_client through the OK-packet session-state-tracking mechanism, including through SET NAMES executed by a stored routine or trigger, server configuration, or a hostile or man-in-the-middle server. If the new character set is not UTF-8, the driver continues to exchange UTF-8 while the server interprets the same bytes under a different encoding, causing silent data corruption and a client/server charset-confusion mismatch that can defeat byte-wise quoting or escaping. The fix accepts only utf8, utf8mb3, or utf8mb4 after initialization; any other value raises R2dbcNonTransientResourceException with SQLState 08000 and closes the connection. This issue is fixed in version 1.4.1.
Severity
5.9 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-31 15:21 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/mariadb-corporation/mariadb-co… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/mariadb-corporation/mariadb-co… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/mariadb-corporation/mariadb-co… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://jira.mariadb.org/browse/R2DBC-124 | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| mariadb-corporation | mariadb-connector-r2dbc |
Affected:
< 1.4.1
|
|
| org.mariadb | r2dbc-mariadb |
Affected:
< 1.4.1
|
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CVE-2026-55855 (GCVE-0-2026-55855)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-28 22:06 – Updated: 2026-08-31 14:01
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
MariaDB Connector/Node.js: Possible SQL injection in Buffer parameter escaping under big5/gbk/sjis/cp932/gb18030 client charsets
Summary
MariaDB Connector/Node.js is used to connect applications developed on Node.js to MariaDB and MySQL databases. Prior to 3.2.4, 3.3.3, 3.4.6, and 3.5.3, MariaDB Connector/Node.js permits SQL injection when attacker-controlled Buffer parameters are escaped client-side under the big5, gbk, sjis, cp932, or gb18030 client character sets. PacketOutputStream.writeBufferEscape in lib/io/packet-output-stream.js escaped bytes without the charset-aware getMbRecognizer logic in lib/misc/charset-mb.js. The server SQL lexer runs my_ismbchar before escape processing, so an attacker-controlled lead byte can consume the inserted 0x5C backslash as a multibyte trail byte and leave the following 0x27 quote unescaped, terminating the string literal and allowing arbitrary SQL. The default utf8mb4 character set and parameters sent through the execute binary prepared-statement path are not affected. Successful exploitation can expose or modify data available to the database account. This issue is fixed in versions 3.2.4, 3.3.3, 3.4.6, and 3.5.3.
Severity
6.5 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-31 14:01 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
10 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/mariadb-corporation/mariadb-co… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/mariadb-corporation/mariadb-co… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/mariadb-corporation/mariadb-co… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/mariadb-corporation/mariadb-co… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/mariadb-corporation/mariadb-co… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/mariadb-corporation/mariadb-co… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/mariadb-corporation/mariadb-co… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/mariadb-corporation/mariadb-co… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/mariadb-corporation/mariadb-co… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://jira.mariadb.org/browse/CONJS-350 | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| mariadb-corporation | mariadb-connector-nodejs |
Affected:
< 3.2.4
Affected: >= 3.3.0, < 3.3.3 Affected: >= 3.4.0, < 3.4.6 Affected: >= 3.5.0, < 3.5.3 |
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"name": "https://github.com/mariadb-corporation/mariadb-connector-nodejs/releases/tag/3.2.4",
"tags": [
"x_refsource_MISC"
],
"url": "https://github.com/mariadb-corporation/mariadb-connector-nodejs/releases/tag/3.2.4"
},
{
"name": "https://github.com/mariadb-corporation/mariadb-connector-nodejs/releases/tag/3.3.3",
"tags": [
"x_refsource_MISC"
],
"url": "https://github.com/mariadb-corporation/mariadb-connector-nodejs/releases/tag/3.3.3"
},
{
"name": "https://github.com/mariadb-corporation/mariadb-connector-nodejs/releases/tag/3.4.6",
"tags": [
"x_refsource_MISC"
],
"url": "https://github.com/mariadb-corporation/mariadb-connector-nodejs/releases/tag/3.4.6"
},
{
"name": "https://github.com/mariadb-corporation/mariadb-connector-nodejs/releases/tag/3.5.3",
"tags": [
"x_refsource_MISC"
],
"url": "https://github.com/mariadb-corporation/mariadb-connector-nodejs/releases/tag/3.5.3"
},
{
"name": "https://jira.mariadb.org/browse/CONJS-350",
"tags": [
"x_refsource_MISC"
],
"url": "https://jira.mariadb.org/browse/CONJS-350"
}
],
"source": {
"advisory": "GHSA-g5xc-5w98-jfvm",
"discovery": "UNKNOWN"
},
"title": "MariaDB Connector/Node.js: Possible SQL injection in Buffer parameter escaping under big5/gbk/sjis/cp932/gb18030 client charsets"
}
},
"cveMetadata": {
"assignerOrgId": "a0819718-46f1-4df5-94e2-005712e83aaa",
"assignerShortName": "GitHub_M",
"cveId": "CVE-2026-55855",
"datePublished": "2026-08-28T22:06:42.810Z",
"dateReserved": "2026-06-17T16:44:40.995Z",
"dateUpdated": "2026-08-31T14:01:23.908Z",
"state": "PUBLISHED"
},
"dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
"dataVersion": "5.2"
}
Mitigation MIT-4.3
Architecture and Design
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
- Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
- For example, consider using the ESAPI Encoding control [REF-45] or a similar tool, library, or framework. These will help the programmer encode outputs in a manner less prone to error.
- Alternately, use built-in functions, but consider using wrappers in case those functions are discovered to have a vulnerability.
Mitigation MIT-27
Architecture and Design
Strategy: Parameterization
- If available, use structured mechanisms that automatically enforce the separation between data and code. These mechanisms may be able to provide the relevant quoting, encoding, and validation automatically, instead of relying on the developer to provide this capability at every point where output is generated.
- For example, stored procedures can enforce database query structure and reduce the likelihood of SQL injection.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
Implementation
Understand the context in which your data will be used and the encoding that will be expected. This is especially important when transmitting data between different components, or when generating outputs that can contain multiple encodings at the same time, such as web pages or multi-part mail messages. Study all expected communication protocols and data representations to determine the required encoding strategies.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
In some cases, input validation may be an important strategy when output encoding is not a complete solution. For example, you may be providing the same output that will be processed by multiple consumers that use different encodings or representations. In other cases, you may be required to allow user-supplied input to contain control information, such as limited HTML tags that support formatting in a wiki or bulletin board. When this type of requirement must be met, use an extremely strict allowlist to limit which control sequences can be used. Verify that the resulting syntactic structure is what you expect. Use your normal encoding methods for the remainder of the input.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
Use input validation as a defense-in-depth measure to reduce the likelihood of output encoding errors (see CWE-20).
Mitigation
Requirements
Fully specify which encodings are required by components that will be communicating with each other.
Mitigation
Implementation
When exchanging data between components, ensure that both components are using the same character encoding. Ensure that the proper encoding is applied at each interface. Explicitly set the encoding you are using whenever the protocol allows you to do so.
CAPEC-104: Cross Zone Scripting
An attacker is able to cause a victim to load content into their web-browser that bypasses security zone controls and gain access to increased privileges to execute scripting code or other web objects such as unsigned ActiveX controls or applets. This is a privilege elevation attack targeted at zone-based web-browser security.
CAPEC-73: User-Controlled Filename
An attack of this type involves an adversary inserting malicious characters (such as a XSS redirection) into a filename, directly or indirectly that is then used by the target software to generate HTML text or other potentially executable content. Many websites rely on user-generated content and dynamically build resources like files, filenames, and URL links directly from user supplied data. In this attack pattern, the attacker uploads code that can execute in the client browser and/or redirect the client browser to a site that the attacker owns. All XSS attack payload variants can be used to pass and exploit these vulnerabilities.
CAPEC-81: Web Server Logs Tampering
Web Logs Tampering attacks involve an attacker injecting, deleting or otherwise tampering with the contents of web logs typically for the purposes of masking other malicious behavior. Additionally, writing malicious data to log files may target jobs, filters, reports, and other agents that process the logs in an asynchronous attack pattern. This pattern of attack is similar to "Log Injection-Tampering-Forging" except that in this case, the attack is targeting the logs of the web server and not the application.
CAPEC-85: AJAX Footprinting
This attack utilizes the frequent client-server roundtrips in Ajax conversation to scan a system. While Ajax does not open up new vulnerabilities per se, it does optimize them from an attacker point of view. A common first step for an attacker is to footprint the target environment to understand what attacks will work. Since footprinting relies on enumeration, the conversational pattern of rapid, multiple requests and responses that are typical in Ajax applications enable an attacker to look for many vulnerabilities, well-known ports, network locations and so on. The knowledge gained through Ajax fingerprinting can be used to support other attacks, such as XSS.