{
  "affected": [
    {
      "ecosystem_specific": {
        "fix": "bump",
        "range_state": "fixed",
        "resource": "nltk",
        "resource_purl": "pkg:pypi/nltk@3.10.3",
        "upstream_fixed_in": "3.10.0"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Homebrew",
        "name": "acronym",
        "purl": "pkg:brew/acronym"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "2.0.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "2.0.0_4"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "confidence": "high",
    "source": "matched",
    "strategy": "registry",
    "upstream_evidence": [
      {
        "ecosystem": "PyPI",
        "key": "pkg:pypi/nltk@3.10.3",
        "name": "nltk",
        "resource": "nltk",
        "strategy": "registry",
        "subject_version": "3.10.3"
      }
    ]
  },
  "details": "### Summary\n\nThere\u0027s a logic bug in `FileSystemPathPointer.open()` inside `nltk/data.py`\nthat makes the sandbox check permanently inert. The guard condition is always\n`False` \u2014 meaning any file the process can read is accessible by passing a\n`file://` URL to `nltk.data.load()`.\n\n---\n\n### Details\n\nIn `nltk/data.py`, `FileSystemPathPointer.open()` was patched at some point\nwith a comment saying \"SECURITY PATCH ENFORCING SANDBOX\", but the check\ndoesn\u0027t work:\n```python\ndef open(self, encoding=None):\n    path = os.path.normpath(self._path)\n\n    # Block raw absolute reads such as \"/\" \"C:\\\\Windows\" etc.\n    if os.path.isabs(path) and path != os.path.normpath(self._path):\n        raise ValueError(f\"Direct absolute file access blocked: {path}\")\n\n    stream = open(self._path, \"rb\")\n```\n\n`path` is set to `os.path.normpath(self._path)` on line 1, then compared\nagainst `os.path.normpath(self._path)` again in the condition. They are\nalways equal. The `ValueError` never fires.\n\nOn top of that, `__init__` already calls `os.path.abspath()` before storing\n`self._path`, so it\u0027s normalized before `open()` is even called. Running\n`normpath` on it again changes nothing.\n\nThe `stream = open(self._path, \"rb\")` line is always reached regardless of\nwhat path was passed in.\n\n---\n\n### PoC\n\nTested on Python 3.11, NLTK 3.9.1, Ubuntu 22.04.\n```python\nimport nltk\nfrom nltk.data import FileSystemPathPointer\n\n# direct construction\nptr = FileSystemPathPointer(\"/etc/passwd\")\nwith ptr.open() as f:\n    print(f.read(300))\n\n# via load() using file:// URL\ndata = nltk.data.load(\"file:///etc/passwd\", format=\"raw\")\nprint(data[:300])\n```\n\nBoth print file contents. No exception is raised.\n\n---\n\n### Impact\n\nAny app that lets users influence the string passed to `nltk.data.load()` or\n`nltk.data.find()` is exposed \u2014 web APIs, notebook servers, multi-tenant\npipelines. An attacker can read any file the process user has access to:\n`/etc/passwd`, `.env` files, private keys, `~/.aws/credentials`, etc.\n\n## Suggested Fix\n\n**File:** `nltk/data.py` \u2014 `FileSystemPathPointer.open()` (lines 378\u2013390)\n\n### What\u0027s wrong\n\nLine 387 compares `normpath(self._path)` against itself \u2014 always equal,\nso the `ValueError` never fires. The check is dead code.\n`__init__` already calls `abspath()` on construction, so re-running\n`normpath` inside `open()` changes nothing either.\n\n---\n\n### Fix\n\nValidate against the actual list of permitted data directories instead:\n```python\ndef open(self, encoding=None):\n    import nltk.data as _d\n    allowed = [os.path.abspath(p) for p in _d.path if p]\n    if allowed and not any(\n        os.path.commonpath([self._path, r]) == r for r in allowed\n    ):\n        raise ValueError(\n            f\"Access outside nltk_data blocked: {self._path!r}\"\n        )\n    stream = open(self._path, \"rb\")\n    if encoding is not None:\n        stream = SeekableUnicodeStreamReader(stream, encoding)\n    return stream\n```\n\n---\n\n### Why `commonpath` not `startswith`\n\n`startswith` is bypassable by a path that shares a prefix:\n```\n/tmp/nltk_data_evil\".startswith(\"/tmp/nltk_data\") \u2192 True  \u2717\ncommonpath([\"/tmp/nltk_data_evil\", \"/tmp/nltk_data\"]) \u2192 \"/tmp\"  \u2713\n```\n\n---\n\n### Diff\n```diff\n-    path = os.path.normpath(self._path)\n-    if os.path.isabs(path) and path != os.path.normpath(self._path):\n-        raise ValueError(f\"Direct absolute file access blocked: {path}\")\n-\n+    import nltk.data as _d\n+    allowed = [os.path.abspath(p) for p in _d.path if p]\n+    if allowed and not any(\n+        os.path.commonpath([self._path, r]) == r for r in allowed\n+    ):\n+        raise ValueError(f\"Access outside nltk_data blocked: {self._path!r}\")\n     stream = open(self._path, \"rb\")\n```",
  "id": "BREW-acronym-CVE-2026-65915",
  "modified": "2026-09-17T18:47:55Z",
  "published": "2026-09-02T08:43:54Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/nltk/nltk/security/advisories/GHSA-72r2-7mfr-5xr9"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-65915"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/nltk/nltk/pull/3522"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/nltk/nltk/commit/69db9911fdba914ceeaca7aec6e892d1b14586a9"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/nltk/nltk"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/pypa/advisory-database/tree/main/vulns/nltk/PYSEC-2026-3731.yaml"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://huntr.com/bounties/a510de7b-ffaf-4a83-9bf8-fa7e63f4bd2d"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/nltk-before-arbitrary-file-read-via-filesystempathpointer"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.7.3",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "NLTK: FileSystemPathPointer.open() sandbox check is dead code \u2014 arbitrary file read via file:// protocol",
  "upstream": [
    "PYSEC-2026-3731",
    "CVE-2026-65915",
    "GHSA-72r2-7mfr-5xr9"
  ]
}

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "ecosystem_specific": {
        "fix": "bump",
        "range_state": "fixed",
        "resource": "nltk",
        "resource_purl": "pkg:pypi/nltk@3.10.3",
        "upstream_fixed_in": "3.10.0"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Homebrew",
        "name": "gptline",
        "purl": "pkg:brew/gptline"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "1.0.8"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "1.0.8_22"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "confidence": "high",
    "source": "matched",
    "strategy": "registry",
    "upstream_evidence": [
      {
        "ecosystem": "PyPI",
        "key": "pkg:pypi/nltk@3.10.3",
        "name": "nltk",
        "resource": "nltk",
        "strategy": "registry",
        "subject_version": "3.10.3"
      }
    ]
  },
  "details": "### Summary\n\nThere\u0027s a logic bug in `FileSystemPathPointer.open()` inside `nltk/data.py`\nthat makes the sandbox check permanently inert. The guard condition is always\n`False` \u2014 meaning any file the process can read is accessible by passing a\n`file://` URL to `nltk.data.load()`.\n\n---\n\n### Details\n\nIn `nltk/data.py`, `FileSystemPathPointer.open()` was patched at some point\nwith a comment saying \"SECURITY PATCH ENFORCING SANDBOX\", but the check\ndoesn\u0027t work:\n```python\ndef open(self, encoding=None):\n    path = os.path.normpath(self._path)\n\n    # Block raw absolute reads such as \"/\" \"C:\\\\Windows\" etc.\n    if os.path.isabs(path) and path != os.path.normpath(self._path):\n        raise ValueError(f\"Direct absolute file access blocked: {path}\")\n\n    stream = open(self._path, \"rb\")\n```\n\n`path` is set to `os.path.normpath(self._path)` on line 1, then compared\nagainst `os.path.normpath(self._path)` again in the condition. They are\nalways equal. The `ValueError` never fires.\n\nOn top of that, `__init__` already calls `os.path.abspath()` before storing\n`self._path`, so it\u0027s normalized before `open()` is even called. Running\n`normpath` on it again changes nothing.\n\nThe `stream = open(self._path, \"rb\")` line is always reached regardless of\nwhat path was passed in.\n\n---\n\n### PoC\n\nTested on Python 3.11, NLTK 3.9.1, Ubuntu 22.04.\n```python\nimport nltk\nfrom nltk.data import FileSystemPathPointer\n\n# direct construction\nptr = FileSystemPathPointer(\"/etc/passwd\")\nwith ptr.open() as f:\n    print(f.read(300))\n\n# via load() using file:// URL\ndata = nltk.data.load(\"file:///etc/passwd\", format=\"raw\")\nprint(data[:300])\n```\n\nBoth print file contents. No exception is raised.\n\n---\n\n### Impact\n\nAny app that lets users influence the string passed to `nltk.data.load()` or\n`nltk.data.find()` is exposed \u2014 web APIs, notebook servers, multi-tenant\npipelines. An attacker can read any file the process user has access to:\n`/etc/passwd`, `.env` files, private keys, `~/.aws/credentials`, etc.\n\n## Suggested Fix\n\n**File:** `nltk/data.py` \u2014 `FileSystemPathPointer.open()` (lines 378\u2013390)\n\n### What\u0027s wrong\n\nLine 387 compares `normpath(self._path)` against itself \u2014 always equal,\nso the `ValueError` never fires. The check is dead code.\n`__init__` already calls `abspath()` on construction, so re-running\n`normpath` inside `open()` changes nothing either.\n\n---\n\n### Fix\n\nValidate against the actual list of permitted data directories instead:\n```python\ndef open(self, encoding=None):\n    import nltk.data as _d\n    allowed = [os.path.abspath(p) for p in _d.path if p]\n    if allowed and not any(\n        os.path.commonpath([self._path, r]) == r for r in allowed\n    ):\n        raise ValueError(\n            f\"Access outside nltk_data blocked: {self._path!r}\"\n        )\n    stream = open(self._path, \"rb\")\n    if encoding is not None:\n        stream = SeekableUnicodeStreamReader(stream, encoding)\n    return stream\n```\n\n---\n\n### Why `commonpath` not `startswith`\n\n`startswith` is bypassable by a path that shares a prefix:\n```\n/tmp/nltk_data_evil\".startswith(\"/tmp/nltk_data\") \u2192 True  \u2717\ncommonpath([\"/tmp/nltk_data_evil\", \"/tmp/nltk_data\"]) \u2192 \"/tmp\"  \u2713\n```\n\n---\n\n### Diff\n```diff\n-    path = os.path.normpath(self._path)\n-    if os.path.isabs(path) and path != os.path.normpath(self._path):\n-        raise ValueError(f\"Direct absolute file access blocked: {path}\")\n-\n+    import nltk.data as _d\n+    allowed = [os.path.abspath(p) for p in _d.path if p]\n+    if allowed and not any(\n+        os.path.commonpath([self._path, r]) == r for r in allowed\n+    ):\n+        raise ValueError(f\"Access outside nltk_data blocked: {self._path!r}\")\n     stream = open(self._path, \"rb\")\n```",
  "id": "BREW-gptline-CVE-2026-65915",
  "modified": "2026-09-17T19:32:01Z",
  "published": "2026-09-02T09:04:32Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/nltk/nltk/security/advisories/GHSA-72r2-7mfr-5xr9"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-65915"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/nltk/nltk/pull/3522"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/nltk/nltk/commit/69db9911fdba914ceeaca7aec6e892d1b14586a9"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/nltk/nltk"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/pypa/advisory-database/tree/main/vulns/nltk/PYSEC-2026-3731.yaml"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://huntr.com/bounties/a510de7b-ffaf-4a83-9bf8-fa7e63f4bd2d"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/nltk-before-arbitrary-file-read-via-filesystempathpointer"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.7.3",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "NLTK: FileSystemPathPointer.open() sandbox check is dead code \u2014 arbitrary file read via file:// protocol",
  "upstream": [
    "PYSEC-2026-3731",
    "CVE-2026-65915",
    "GHSA-72r2-7mfr-5xr9"
  ]
}

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "ecosystem_specific": {
        "fix": "bump",
        "range_state": "fixed",
        "resource": "nltk",
        "resource_purl": "pkg:pypi/nltk@3.10.3",
        "upstream_fixed_in": "3.10.0"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Homebrew",
        "name": "safety",
        "purl": "pkg:brew/safety"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "3.3.1"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "3.8.1_1"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "confidence": "high",
    "source": "matched",
    "strategy": "registry",
    "upstream_evidence": [
      {
        "ecosystem": "PyPI",
        "key": "pkg:pypi/nltk@3.10.3",
        "name": "nltk",
        "resource": "nltk",
        "strategy": "registry",
        "subject_version": "3.10.3"
      }
    ]
  },
  "details": "### Summary\n\nThere\u0027s a logic bug in `FileSystemPathPointer.open()` inside `nltk/data.py`\nthat makes the sandbox check permanently inert. The guard condition is always\n`False` \u2014 meaning any file the process can read is accessible by passing a\n`file://` URL to `nltk.data.load()`.\n\n---\n\n### Details\n\nIn `nltk/data.py`, `FileSystemPathPointer.open()` was patched at some point\nwith a comment saying \"SECURITY PATCH ENFORCING SANDBOX\", but the check\ndoesn\u0027t work:\n```python\ndef open(self, encoding=None):\n    path = os.path.normpath(self._path)\n\n    # Block raw absolute reads such as \"/\" \"C:\\\\Windows\" etc.\n    if os.path.isabs(path) and path != os.path.normpath(self._path):\n        raise ValueError(f\"Direct absolute file access blocked: {path}\")\n\n    stream = open(self._path, \"rb\")\n```\n\n`path` is set to `os.path.normpath(self._path)` on line 1, then compared\nagainst `os.path.normpath(self._path)` again in the condition. They are\nalways equal. The `ValueError` never fires.\n\nOn top of that, `__init__` already calls `os.path.abspath()` before storing\n`self._path`, so it\u0027s normalized before `open()` is even called. Running\n`normpath` on it again changes nothing.\n\nThe `stream = open(self._path, \"rb\")` line is always reached regardless of\nwhat path was passed in.\n\n---\n\n### PoC\n\nTested on Python 3.11, NLTK 3.9.1, Ubuntu 22.04.\n```python\nimport nltk\nfrom nltk.data import FileSystemPathPointer\n\n# direct construction\nptr = FileSystemPathPointer(\"/etc/passwd\")\nwith ptr.open() as f:\n    print(f.read(300))\n\n# via load() using file:// URL\ndata = nltk.data.load(\"file:///etc/passwd\", format=\"raw\")\nprint(data[:300])\n```\n\nBoth print file contents. No exception is raised.\n\n---\n\n### Impact\n\nAny app that lets users influence the string passed to `nltk.data.load()` or\n`nltk.data.find()` is exposed \u2014 web APIs, notebook servers, multi-tenant\npipelines. An attacker can read any file the process user has access to:\n`/etc/passwd`, `.env` files, private keys, `~/.aws/credentials`, etc.\n\n## Suggested Fix\n\n**File:** `nltk/data.py` \u2014 `FileSystemPathPointer.open()` (lines 378\u2013390)\n\n### What\u0027s wrong\n\nLine 387 compares `normpath(self._path)` against itself \u2014 always equal,\nso the `ValueError` never fires. The check is dead code.\n`__init__` already calls `abspath()` on construction, so re-running\n`normpath` inside `open()` changes nothing either.\n\n---\n\n### Fix\n\nValidate against the actual list of permitted data directories instead:\n```python\ndef open(self, encoding=None):\n    import nltk.data as _d\n    allowed = [os.path.abspath(p) for p in _d.path if p]\n    if allowed and not any(\n        os.path.commonpath([self._path, r]) == r for r in allowed\n    ):\n        raise ValueError(\n            f\"Access outside nltk_data blocked: {self._path!r}\"\n        )\n    stream = open(self._path, \"rb\")\n    if encoding is not None:\n        stream = SeekableUnicodeStreamReader(stream, encoding)\n    return stream\n```\n\n---\n\n### Why `commonpath` not `startswith`\n\n`startswith` is bypassable by a path that shares a prefix:\n```\n/tmp/nltk_data_evil\".startswith(\"/tmp/nltk_data\") \u2192 True  \u2717\ncommonpath([\"/tmp/nltk_data_evil\", \"/tmp/nltk_data\"]) \u2192 \"/tmp\"  \u2713\n```\n\n---\n\n### Diff\n```diff\n-    path = os.path.normpath(self._path)\n-    if os.path.isabs(path) and path != os.path.normpath(self._path):\n-        raise ValueError(f\"Direct absolute file access blocked: {path}\")\n-\n+    import nltk.data as _d\n+    allowed = [os.path.abspath(p) for p in _d.path if p]\n+    if allowed and not any(\n+        os.path.commonpath([self._path, r]) == r for r in allowed\n+    ):\n+        raise ValueError(f\"Access outside nltk_data blocked: {self._path!r}\")\n     stream = open(self._path, \"rb\")\n```",
  "id": "BREW-safety-CVE-2026-65915",
  "modified": "2026-09-17T17:35:56Z",
  "published": "2026-09-02T09:53:14Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/nltk/nltk/security/advisories/GHSA-72r2-7mfr-5xr9"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-65915"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/nltk/nltk/pull/3522"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/nltk/nltk/commit/69db9911fdba914ceeaca7aec6e892d1b14586a9"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/nltk/nltk"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/pypa/advisory-database/tree/main/vulns/nltk/PYSEC-2026-3731.yaml"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://huntr.com/bounties/a510de7b-ffaf-4a83-9bf8-fa7e63f4bd2d"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/nltk-before-arbitrary-file-read-via-filesystempathpointer"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.7.3",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "NLTK: FileSystemPathPointer.open() sandbox check is dead code \u2014 arbitrary file read via file:// protocol",
  "upstream": [
    "PYSEC-2026-3731",
    "CVE-2026-65915",
    "GHSA-72r2-7mfr-5xr9"
  ]
}

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "affectedData": [
        {
          "defaultStatus": "unaffected",
          "packageURL": "pkg:pypi/nltk",
          "product": "nltk",
          "vendor": "nltk",
          "versions": [
            {
              "lessThan": "3.10.0",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "0",
              "versionType": "semver"
            },
            {
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "3.10.0",
              "versionType": "semver"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "source": "disclosure@vulncheck.com"
    }
  ],
  "configurations": [
    {
      "nodes": [
        {
          "cpeMatch": [
            {
              "criteria": "cpe:2.3:a:nltk:nltk:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
              "matchCriteriaId": "653A48E1-BCC5-4342-B5DF-E8D71A83BCB9",
              "versionEndExcluding": "3.10.0",
              "vulnerable": true
            }
          ],
          "negate": false,
          "operator": "OR"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "cveTags": [],
  "descriptions": [
    {
      "lang": "en",
      "value": "NLTK versions before 3.10.0 contain a logic bug in FileSystemPathPointer.open() where the sandbox validation check compares a normalized path against itself, making the security check permanently inert. Attackers can pass file:// URLs to nltk.data.load() to read arbitrary files accessible to the process user, including credentials and configuration files."
    },
    {
      "lang": "es",
      "value": "Las versiones de NLTK anteriores a la 3.10.0 contienen un error l\u00f3gico en FileSystemPathPointer.open() donde la comprobaci\u00f3n de validaci\u00f3n del sandbox compara una ruta normalizada consigo misma, haciendo que la comprobaci\u00f3n de seguridad sea permanentemente inerte. Los atacantes pueden pasar URL de tipo file: // a nltk.data.load() para leer archivos arbitrarios accesibles para el usuario del proceso, incluyendo credenciales y archivos de configuraci\u00f3n."
    }
  ],
  "id": "CVE-2026-65915",
  "lastModified": "2026-10-14T13:10:00.187",
  "metrics": {
    "cvssMetricV31": [
      {
        "cvssData": {
          "attackComplexity": "LOW",
          "attackVector": "NETWORK",
          "availabilityImpact": "NONE",
          "baseScore": 6.5,
          "baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
          "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH",
          "integrityImpact": "NONE",
          "privilegesRequired": "LOW",
          "scope": "UNCHANGED",
          "userInteraction": "NONE",
          "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
          "version": "3.1"
        },
        "exploitabilityScore": 2.8,
        "impactScore": 3.6,
        "source": "disclosure@vulncheck.com",
        "type": "Secondary"
      }
    ],
    "cvssMetricV40": [
      {
        "cvssData": {
          "Automatable": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "Recovery": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "Safety": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "attackComplexity": "LOW",
          "attackRequirements": "NONE",
          "attackVector": "NETWORK",
          "availabilityRequirement": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "baseScore": 7.1,
          "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
          "confidentialityRequirement": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "exploitMaturity": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "integrityRequirement": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "modifiedAttackComplexity": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "modifiedAttackRequirements": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "modifiedAttackVector": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "modifiedPrivilegesRequired": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "modifiedSubAvailabilityImpact": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "modifiedSubConfidentialityImpact": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "modifiedSubIntegrityImpact": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "modifiedUserInteraction": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "modifiedVulnAvailabilityImpact": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "modifiedVulnConfidentialityImpact": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "modifiedVulnIntegrityImpact": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "privilegesRequired": "LOW",
          "providerUrgency": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "subAvailabilityImpact": "NONE",
          "subConfidentialityImpact": "NONE",
          "subIntegrityImpact": "NONE",
          "userInteraction": "NONE",
          "valueDensity": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "vectorString": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
          "version": "4.0",
          "vulnAvailabilityImpact": "NONE",
          "vulnConfidentialityImpact": "HIGH",
          "vulnIntegrityImpact": "NONE",
          "vulnerabilityResponseEffort": "NOT_DEFINED"
        },
        "source": "disclosure@vulncheck.com",
        "type": "Secondary"
      }
    ],
    "ssvcV203": [
      {
        "source": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
        "ssvcData": {
          "id": "CVE-2026-65915",
          "options": [
            {
              "exploitation": "poc"
            },
            {
              "automatable": "no"
            },
            {
              "technicalImpact": "partial"
            }
          ],
          "role": "CISA Coordinator",
          "timestamp": "2026-08-24T19:20:34.826563Z",
          "version": "2.0.3"
        }
      }
    ]
  },
  "published": "2026-08-22T15:16:19.500",
  "references": [
    {
      "source": "disclosure@vulncheck.com",
      "tags": [
        "Exploit",
        "Vendor Advisory"
      ],
      "url": "https://github.com/nltk/nltk/security/advisories/GHSA-72r2-7mfr-5xr9"
    },
    {
      "source": "disclosure@vulncheck.com",
      "tags": [
        "Third Party Advisory"
      ],
      "url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/nltk-before-arbitrary-file-read-via-filesystempathpointer"
    },
    {
      "source": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
      "tags": [
        "Exploit",
        "Vendor Advisory"
      ],
      "url": "https://github.com/nltk/nltk/security/advisories/GHSA-72r2-7mfr-5xr9"
    }
  ],
  "sourceIdentifier": "disclosure@vulncheck.com",
  "vulnStatus": "Analyzed",
  "weaknesses": [
    {
      "description": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "CWE-284"
        }
      ],
      "source": "disclosure@vulncheck.com",
      "type": "Secondary"
    }
  ]
}

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 3.9.3"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "PyPI",
        "name": "nltk"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "3.10.0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-65915"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-284"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-09-08T15:27:12Z",
    "nvd_published_at": null,
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "### Summary\n\nThere\u0027s a logic bug in `FileSystemPathPointer.open()` inside `nltk/data.py`\nthat makes the sandbox check permanently inert. The guard condition is always\n`False` \u2014 meaning any file the process can read is accessible by passing a\n`file://` URL to `nltk.data.load()`.\n\n---\n\n### Details\n\nIn `nltk/data.py`, `FileSystemPathPointer.open()` was patched at some point\nwith a comment saying \"SECURITY PATCH ENFORCING SANDBOX\", but the check\ndoesn\u0027t work:\n```python\ndef open(self, encoding=None):\n    path = os.path.normpath(self._path)\n\n    # Block raw absolute reads such as \"/\" \"C:\\\\Windows\" etc.\n    if os.path.isabs(path) and path != os.path.normpath(self._path):\n        raise ValueError(f\"Direct absolute file access blocked: {path}\")\n\n    stream = open(self._path, \"rb\")\n```\n\n`path` is set to `os.path.normpath(self._path)` on line 1, then compared\nagainst `os.path.normpath(self._path)` again in the condition. They are\nalways equal. The `ValueError` never fires.\n\nOn top of that, `__init__` already calls `os.path.abspath()` before storing\n`self._path`, so it\u0027s normalized before `open()` is even called. Running\n`normpath` on it again changes nothing.\n\nThe `stream = open(self._path, \"rb\")` line is always reached regardless of\nwhat path was passed in.\n\n---\n\n### PoC\n\nTested on Python 3.11, NLTK 3.9.1, Ubuntu 22.04.\n```python\nimport nltk\nfrom nltk.data import FileSystemPathPointer\n\n# direct construction\nptr = FileSystemPathPointer(\"/etc/passwd\")\nwith ptr.open() as f:\n    print(f.read(300))\n\n# via load() using file:// URL\ndata = nltk.data.load(\"file:///etc/passwd\", format=\"raw\")\nprint(data[:300])\n```\n\nBoth print file contents. No exception is raised.\n\n---\n\n### Impact\n\nAny app that lets users influence the string passed to `nltk.data.load()` or\n`nltk.data.find()` is exposed \u2014 web APIs, notebook servers, multi-tenant\npipelines. An attacker can read any file the process user has access to:\n`/etc/passwd`, `.env` files, private keys, `~/.aws/credentials`, etc.\n\n## Suggested Fix\n\n**File:** `nltk/data.py` \u2014 `FileSystemPathPointer.open()` (lines 378\u2013390)\n\n### What\u0027s wrong\n\nLine 387 compares `normpath(self._path)` against itself \u2014 always equal,\nso the `ValueError` never fires. The check is dead code.\n`__init__` already calls `abspath()` on construction, so re-running\n`normpath` inside `open()` changes nothing either.\n\n---\n\n### Fix\n\nValidate against the actual list of permitted data directories instead:\n```python\ndef open(self, encoding=None):\n    import nltk.data as _d\n    allowed = [os.path.abspath(p) for p in _d.path if p]\n    if allowed and not any(\n        os.path.commonpath([self._path, r]) == r for r in allowed\n    ):\n        raise ValueError(\n            f\"Access outside nltk_data blocked: {self._path!r}\"\n        )\n    stream = open(self._path, \"rb\")\n    if encoding is not None:\n        stream = SeekableUnicodeStreamReader(stream, encoding)\n    return stream\n```\n\n---\n\n### Why `commonpath` not `startswith`\n\n`startswith` is bypassable by a path that shares a prefix:\n```\n/tmp/nltk_data_evil\".startswith(\"/tmp/nltk_data\") \u2192 True  \u2717\ncommonpath([\"/tmp/nltk_data_evil\", \"/tmp/nltk_data\"]) \u2192 \"/tmp\"  \u2713\n```\n\n---\n\n### Diff\n```diff\n-    path = os.path.normpath(self._path)\n-    if os.path.isabs(path) and path != os.path.normpath(self._path):\n-        raise ValueError(f\"Direct absolute file access blocked: {path}\")\n-\n+    import nltk.data as _d\n+    allowed = [os.path.abspath(p) for p in _d.path if p]\n+    if allowed and not any(\n+        os.path.commonpath([self._path, r]) == r for r in allowed\n+    ):\n+        raise ValueError(f\"Access outside nltk_data blocked: {self._path!r}\")\n     stream = open(self._path, \"rb\")\n```",
  "id": "GHSA-72r2-7mfr-5xr9",
  "modified": "2026-09-08T15:27:12Z",
  "published": "2026-09-08T15:27:12Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/nltk/nltk/security/advisories/GHSA-72r2-7mfr-5xr9"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-65915"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/nltk/nltk/pull/3522"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/nltk/nltk/commit/69db9911fdba914ceeaca7aec6e892d1b14586a9"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/nltk/nltk"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/pypa/advisory-database/tree/main/vulns/nltk/PYSEC-2026-3731.yaml"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://huntr.com/bounties/a510de7b-ffaf-4a83-9bf8-fa7e63f4bd2d"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/nltk-before-arbitrary-file-read-via-filesystempathpointer"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "NLTK: FileSystemPathPointer.open() sandbox check is dead code \u2014 arbitrary file read via file:// protocol"
}

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "PyPI",
        "name": "nltk"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "last_affected": "3.9.3"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-284"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-09-02T14:47:46Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-08-22T15:16:19Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "## Duplicate Advisory\n\nThis advisory has been withdrawn because it is a duplicate of\u00a0GHSA-72r2-7mfr-5xr9. This link is maintained to preserve external references.\n\n## Original Description\nNLTK versions before 3.10.0 contain a logic bug in FileSystemPathPointer.open() where the sandbox validation check compares a normalized path against itself, making the security check permanently inert. Attackers can pass file:// URLs to nltk.data.load() to read arbitrary files accessible to the process user, including credentials and configuration files.",
  "id": "GHSA-79ph-w9m5-4v5m",
  "modified": "2026-09-02T14:47:46Z",
  "published": "2026-08-22T15:31:03Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/nltk/nltk/security/advisories/GHSA-72r2-7mfr-5xr9"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-65915"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/nltk-before-arbitrary-file-read-via-filesystempathpointer"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Duplicate Advisory: FileSystemPathPointer.open() sandbox check is dead code \u2014 arbitrary file read via file:// protocol",
  "withdrawn": "2026-09-02T14:47:46Z"
}

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "ecosystem_specific": {},
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "PyPI",
        "name": "nltk",
        "purl": "pkg:pypi/nltk"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "3.10.0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ],
      "versions": [
        "0.8",
        "0.9",
        "0.9.3",
        "0.9.4",
        "0.9.5",
        "0.9.6",
        "0.9.7",
        "0.9.8",
        "0.9.9",
        "2.0.1",
        "2.0.1rc1",
        "2.0.1rc2-git",
        "2.0.1rc3",
        "2.0.1rc4",
        "2.0.2",
        "2.0.3",
        "2.0.4",
        "2.0.5",
        "2.0b4",
        "2.0b5",
        "2.0b6",
        "2.0b7",
        "2.0b8",
        "2.0b9",
        "3.0.0",
        "3.0.0b1",
        "3.0.0b2",
        "3.0.1",
        "3.0.2",
        "3.0.3",
        "3.0.4",
        "3.0.5",
        "3.1",
        "3.2",
        "3.2.1",
        "3.2.2",
        "3.2.3",
        "3.2.4",
        "3.2.5",
        "3.3",
        "3.4",
        "3.4.1",
        "3.4.2",
        "3.4.3",
        "3.4.4",
        "3.4.5",
        "3.5",
        "3.5b1",
        "3.6",
        "3.6.1",
        "3.6.2",
        "3.6.3",
        "3.6.4",
        "3.6.5",
        "3.6.6",
        "3.6.7",
        "3.7",
        "3.8",
        "3.8.1",
        "3.9",
        "3.9.1",
        "3.9.2",
        "3.9.3",
        "3.9.4",
        "3.9b1"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-65915",
    "GHSA-72r2-7mfr-5xr9"
  ],
  "details": "NLTK versions before 3.10.0 contain a logic bug in FileSystemPathPointer.open() where the sandbox validation check compares a normalized path against itself, making the security check permanently inert. Attackers can pass file:// URLs to nltk.data.load() to read arbitrary files accessible to the process user, including credentials and configuration files.",
  "id": "PYSEC-2026-3731",
  "modified": "2026-09-01T08:54:51.735365Z",
  "published": "2026-08-22T15:16:19.500Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/nltk-before-arbitrary-file-read-via-filesystempathpointer"
    },
    {
      "type": "EVIDENCE",
      "url": "https://github.com/nltk/nltk/security/advisories/GHSA-72r2-7mfr-5xr9"
    }
  ],
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "ecosystem_specific": {
        "binaries": [
          {
            "binary_name": "python-nltk",
            "binary_version": "2.0~b9-0ubuntu4.1~esm6"
          }
        ]
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Ubuntu:Pro:14.04:LTS",
        "name": "nltk",
        "purl": "pkg:deb/ubuntu/nltk@2.0~b9-0ubuntu4.1~esm6?arch=source\u0026distro=esm-infra-legacy/trusty"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ],
      "versions": [
        "2.0~b9-0ubuntu4",
        "2.0~b9-0ubuntu4.1~esm2",
        "2.0~b9-0ubuntu4.1~esm4",
        "2.0~b9-0ubuntu4.1~esm5",
        "2.0~b9-0ubuntu4.1~esm6"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ecosystem_specific": {
        "binaries": [
          {
            "binary_name": "python-nltk",
            "binary_version": "3.1-1ubuntu0.1+esm4"
          },
          {
            "binary_name": "python3-nltk",
            "binary_version": "3.1-1ubuntu0.1+esm4"
          }
        ]
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Ubuntu:Pro:16.04:LTS",
        "name": "nltk",
        "purl": "pkg:deb/ubuntu/nltk@3.1-1ubuntu0.1+esm4?arch=source\u0026distro=esm-apps-legacy/xenial"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ],
      "versions": [
        "3.0.4-1",
        "3.0.5-1",
        "3.1-1",
        "3.1-1ubuntu0.1",
        "3.1-1ubuntu0.1+esm1",
        "3.1-1ubuntu0.1+esm2",
        "3.1-1ubuntu0.1+esm3",
        "3.1-1ubuntu0.1+esm4"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ecosystem_specific": {
        "binaries": [
          {
            "binary_name": "python-nltk",
            "binary_version": "3.2.5-1ubuntu0.1+esm4"
          },
          {
            "binary_name": "python3-nltk",
            "binary_version": "3.2.5-1ubuntu0.1+esm4"
          }
        ]
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Ubuntu:Pro:18.04:LTS",
        "name": "nltk",
        "purl": "pkg:deb/ubuntu/nltk@3.2.5-1ubuntu0.1+esm4?arch=source\u0026distro=esm-apps/bionic"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ],
      "versions": [
        "3.2.4-1",
        "3.2.5-1",
        "3.2.5-1ubuntu0.1",
        "3.2.5-1ubuntu0.1+esm1",
        "3.2.5-1ubuntu0.1+esm2",
        "3.2.5-1ubuntu0.1+esm3",
        "3.2.5-1ubuntu0.1+esm4"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ecosystem_specific": {
        "binaries": [
          {
            "binary_name": "python3-nltk",
            "binary_version": "3.4.5-2ubuntu0.1~esm4"
          }
        ]
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Ubuntu:Pro:20.04:LTS",
        "name": "nltk",
        "purl": "pkg:deb/ubuntu/nltk@3.4.5-2ubuntu0.1~esm4?arch=source\u0026distro=esm-apps/focal"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ],
      "versions": [
        "3.4.5-1",
        "3.4.5-2",
        "3.4.5-2ubuntu0.1~esm1",
        "3.4.5-2ubuntu0.1~esm2",
        "3.4.5-2ubuntu0.1~esm3",
        "3.4.5-2ubuntu0.1~esm4"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ecosystem_specific": {
        "binaries": [
          {
            "binary_name": "python3-nltk",
            "binary_version": "3.7-1ubuntu0.1~esm2"
          }
        ]
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Ubuntu:Pro:22.04:LTS",
        "name": "nltk",
        "purl": "pkg:deb/ubuntu/nltk@3.7-1ubuntu0.1~esm2?arch=source\u0026distro=esm-apps/jammy"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ],
      "versions": [
        "3.5-1",
        "3.6.5-1",
        "3.6.7-1",
        "3.7-1",
        "3.7-1ubuntu0.1~esm1",
        "3.7-1ubuntu0.1~esm2"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ecosystem_specific": {
        "binaries": [
          {
            "binary_name": "python3-nltk",
            "binary_version": "3.8.1-1ubuntu0.1~esm2"
          }
        ]
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Ubuntu:Pro:24.04:LTS",
        "name": "nltk",
        "purl": "pkg:deb/ubuntu/nltk@3.8.1-1ubuntu0.1~esm2?arch=source\u0026distro=esm-apps/noble"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ],
      "versions": [
        "3.8.1-1",
        "3.8.1-1ubuntu0.1~esm1",
        "3.8.1-1ubuntu0.1~esm2"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ecosystem_specific": {
        "binaries": [
          {
            "binary_name": "python3-nltk",
            "binary_version": "3.9.2-1ubuntu0.1~esm2"
          }
        ]
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Ubuntu:Pro:26.04:LTS",
        "name": "nltk",
        "purl": "pkg:deb/ubuntu/nltk@3.9.2-1ubuntu0.1~esm2?arch=source\u0026distro=esm-apps/resolute"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ],
      "versions": [
        "3.9.1-2",
        "3.9.1-2build1",
        "3.9.2-1",
        "3.9.2-1ubuntu0.1~esm1",
        "3.9.2-1ubuntu0.1~esm2"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [],
  "details": "NLTK versions before 3.10.0 contain a logic bug in FileSystemPathPointer.open() where the sandbox validation check compares a normalized path against itself, making the security check permanently inert. Attackers can pass file:// URLs to nltk.data.load() to read arbitrary files accessible to the process user, including credentials and configuration files.",
  "id": "UBUNTU-CVE-2026-65915",
  "modified": "2026-09-02T16:22:32Z",
  "published": "2026-08-22T15:16:00Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "REPORT",
      "url": "https://ubuntu.com/security/CVE-2026-65915"
    },
    {
      "type": "REPORT",
      "url": "https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-65915"
    },
    {
      "type": "REPORT",
      "url": "https://github.com/nltk/nltk/security/advisories/ghsa-72r2-7mfr-5xr9"
    },
    {
      "type": "REPORT",
      "url": "https://security-tracker.debian.org/tracker/cve-2026-65915"
    },
    {
      "type": "REPORT",
      "url": "https://github.com/cveproject/cvelistv5/tree/main/cves/2026/65xxx/cve-2026-65915.json"
    },
    {
      "type": "REPORT",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/cve-2026-65915"
    },
    {
      "type": "REPORT",
      "url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/nltk-before-arbitrary-file-read-via-filesystempathpointer"
    }
  ],
  "related": [],
  "schema_version": "1.7.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "medium",
      "type": "Ubuntu"
    }
  ],
  "upstream": [
    "CVE-2026-65915"
  ]
}