CVE-2025-4565 (GCVE-0-2025-4565)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-06-16 14:50 – Updated: 2025-06-16 15:39
VLAI
Title
Unbounded recursion in Python Protobuf
Summary
Any project that uses Protobuf Pure-Python backend to parse untrusted Protocol Buffers data containing an arbitrary number of recursive groups, recursive messages or a series of SGROUP tags can be corrupted by exceeding the Python recursion limit. This can result in a Denial of service by crashing the application with a RecursionError. We recommend upgrading to version =>6.31.1 or beyond commit 17838beda2943d08b8a9d4df5b68f5f04f26d901
Severity
8.2 (High)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
protocolbuffers Python-Protobuf Affected: 0 , < 4.25.8 (semver)
Affected: 0 , < 5.29.5 (semver)
Affected: 0 , < 6.31.1 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2025-05-12 22:00
Credits
Alexis Challande - Trail of Bits Ecosystem Security Team
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

{
  "containers": {
    "adp": [
      {
        "metrics": [
          {
            "other": {
              "content": {
                "id": "CVE-2025-4565",
                "options": [
                  {
                    "Exploitation": "none"
                  },
                  {
                    "Automatable": "yes"
                  },
                  {
                    "Technical Impact": "partial"
                  }
                ],
                "role": "CISA Coordinator",
                "timestamp": "2025-06-16T15:38:57.654894Z",
                "version": "2.0.3"
              },
              "type": "ssvc"
            }
          }
        ],
        "providerMetadata": {
          "dateUpdated": "2025-06-16T15:39:18.263Z",
          "orgId": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
          "shortName": "CISA-ADP"
        },
        "title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment"
      }
    ],
    "cna": {
      "affected": [
        {
          "collectionURL": "https://github.com/protocolbuffers/protobuf/",
          "defaultStatus": "unaffected",
          "packageName": "protobuf",
          "product": "Python-Protobuf",
          "programFiles": [
            "python/google/protobuf/internal/decoder.py"
          ],
          "repo": "https://github.com/protocolbuffers/protobuf/",
          "vendor": "protocolbuffers",
          "versions": [
            {
              "lessThan": "4.25.8",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "0",
              "versionType": "semver"
            },
            {
              "lessThan": "5.29.5",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "0",
              "versionType": "semver"
            },
            {
              "lessThan": "6.31.1",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "0",
              "versionType": "semver"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "collectionURL": "https://pypi.org/project/protobuf/",
          "defaultStatus": "unaffected",
          "product": "Python-Protobuf",
          "repo": "https://pypi.org/project/protobuf/",
          "vendor": "protocolbuffers",
          "versions": [
            {
              "lessThan": "4.25.8",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "0",
              "versionType": "semver"
            },
            {
              "lessThan": "5.29.5",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "0",
              "versionType": "semver"
            },
            {
              "lessThan": "6.31.1",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "0",
              "versionType": "semver"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "credits": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "type": "finder",
          "value": "Alexis Challande - Trail of Bits Ecosystem Security Team"
        }
      ],
      "datePublic": "2025-05-12T22:00:00.000Z",
      "descriptions": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "supportingMedia": [
            {
              "base64": false,
              "type": "text/html",
              "value": "\u003cspan style=\"background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"\u003eAny project that uses \u003c/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProtobuf Pure-Python backend\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;to parse untrusted Protocol Buffers data containing an arbitrary number of recursive \u003c/span\u003e\u003ccode\u003egroup\u003c/code\u003e\u003cspan style=\"background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"\u003es, recursive \u003c/span\u003e\u003ccode\u003emessage\u003c/code\u003e\u003cspan style=\"background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"\u003es or a series of \u003c/span\u003e\u003ccode\u003eSGROUP\u003c/code\u003e\u003cspan style=\"background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;tags can be corrupted by exceeding the Python recursion limit. This can result in a Denial of service by crashing the application with a RecursionError. We recommend upgrading to version =\u0026gt;6.31.1 or beyond commit\u0026nbsp;17838beda2943d08b8a9d4df5b68f5f04f26d901\u003c/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e"
            }
          ],
          "value": "Any project that uses Protobuf Pure-Python backend\u00a0to parse untrusted Protocol Buffers data containing an arbitrary number of recursive groups, recursive messages or a series of SGROUP\u00a0tags can be corrupted by exceeding the Python recursion limit. This can result in a Denial of service by crashing the application with a RecursionError. We recommend upgrading to version =\u003e6.31.1 or beyond commit\u00a017838beda2943d08b8a9d4df5b68f5f04f26d901"
        }
      ],
      "impacts": [
        {
          "capecId": "CAPEC-130",
          "descriptions": [
            {
              "lang": "en",
              "value": "CAPEC-130 Excessive Allocation"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "metrics": [
        {
          "cvssV4_0": {
            "Automatable": "NOT_DEFINED",
            "Recovery": "NOT_DEFINED",
            "Safety": "NOT_DEFINED",
            "attackComplexity": "LOW",
            "attackRequirements": "PRESENT",
            "attackVector": "NETWORK",
            "baseScore": 8.2,
            "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
            "privilegesRequired": "NONE",
            "providerUrgency": "NOT_DEFINED",
            "subAvailabilityImpact": "NONE",
            "subConfidentialityImpact": "NONE",
            "subIntegrityImpact": "NONE",
            "userInteraction": "NONE",
            "valueDensity": "NOT_DEFINED",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
            "version": "4.0",
            "vulnAvailabilityImpact": "HIGH",
            "vulnConfidentialityImpact": "NONE",
            "vulnIntegrityImpact": "NONE",
            "vulnerabilityResponseEffort": "NOT_DEFINED"
          },
          "format": "CVSS",
          "scenarios": [
            {
              "lang": "en",
              "value": "GENERAL"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "problemTypes": [
        {
          "descriptions": [
            {
              "cweId": "CWE-674",
              "description": "CWE-674 Uncontrolled Recursion",
              "lang": "en",
              "type": "CWE"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "providerMetadata": {
        "dateUpdated": "2025-06-16T14:50:40.906Z",
        "orgId": "14ed7db2-1595-443d-9d34-6215bf890778",
        "shortName": "Google"
      },
      "references": [
        {
          "url": "https://github.com/protocolbuffers/protobuf/commit/17838beda2943d08b8a9d4df5b68f5f04f26d901"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "discovery": "EXTERNAL"
      },
      "title": "Unbounded recursion in Python Protobuf",
      "x_generator": {
        "engine": "Vulnogram 0.2.0"
      }
    }
  },
  "cveMetadata": {
    "assignerOrgId": "14ed7db2-1595-443d-9d34-6215bf890778",
    "assignerShortName": "Google",
    "cveId": "CVE-2025-4565",
    "datePublished": "2025-06-16T14:50:40.906Z",
    "dateReserved": "2025-05-12T05:48:12.941Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2025-06-16T15:39:18.263Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.1",
  "vulnerability-lookup:meta": {
    "epss": {
      "cve": "CVE-2025-4565",
      "date": "2026-06-04",
      "epss": "0.00016",
      "percentile": "0.0385"
    },
    "nvd": "{\"cve\":{\"id\":\"CVE-2025-4565\",\"sourceIdentifier\":\"cve-coordination@google.com\",\"published\":\"2025-06-16T15:15:24.990\",\"lastModified\":\"2025-08-14T17:05:37.770\",\"vulnStatus\":\"Analyzed\",\"cveTags\":[],\"descriptions\":[{\"lang\":\"en\",\"value\":\"Any project that uses Protobuf Pure-Python backend\u00a0to parse untrusted Protocol Buffers data containing an arbitrary number of recursive groups, recursive messages or a series of SGROUP\u00a0tags can be corrupted by exceeding the Python recursion limit. This can result in a Denial of service by crashing the application with a RecursionError. We recommend upgrading to version =\u003e6.31.1 or beyond commit\u00a017838beda2943d08b8a9d4df5b68f5f04f26d901\"},{\"lang\":\"es\",\"value\":\"Cualquier proyecto que utilice el backend Protobuf Pure-Python para analizar datos de Protocol Buffers no confiables que contengan un n\u00famero arbitrario de grupos recursivos, mensajes recursivos o una serie de etiquetas SGROUP puede corromperse al exceder el l\u00edmite de recursi\u00f3n de Python. Esto puede provocar una denegaci\u00f3n de servicio (DSP) que bloquea la aplicaci\u00f3n con un RecursionError. Recomendamos actualizar a la versi\u00f3n 6.31.1 o posterior (commit 17838beda2943d08b8a9d4df5b68f5f04f26d901).\"}],\"metrics\":{\"cvssMetricV40\":[{\"source\":\"cve-coordination@google.com\",\"type\":\"Secondary\",\"cvssData\":{\"version\":\"4.0\",\"vectorString\":\"CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X\",\"baseScore\":8.2,\"baseSeverity\":\"HIGH\",\"attackVector\":\"NETWORK\",\"attackComplexity\":\"LOW\",\"attackRequirements\":\"PRESENT\",\"privilegesRequired\":\"NONE\",\"userInteraction\":\"NONE\",\"vulnConfidentialityImpact\":\"NONE\",\"vulnIntegrityImpact\":\"NONE\",\"vulnAvailabilityImpact\":\"HIGH\",\"subConfidentialityImpact\":\"NONE\",\"subIntegrityImpact\":\"NONE\",\"subAvailabilityImpact\":\"NONE\",\"exploitMaturity\":\"NOT_DEFINED\",\"confidentialityRequirement\":\"NOT_DEFINED\",\"integrityRequirement\":\"NOT_DEFINED\",\"availabilityRequirement\":\"NOT_DEFINED\",\"modifiedAttackVector\":\"NOT_DEFINED\",\"modifiedAttackComplexity\":\"NOT_DEFINED\",\"modifiedAttackRequirements\":\"NOT_DEFINED\",\"modifiedPrivilegesRequired\":\"NOT_DEFINED\",\"modifiedUserInteraction\":\"NOT_DEFINED\",\"modifiedVulnConfidentialityImpact\":\"NOT_DEFINED\",\"modifiedVulnIntegrityImpact\":\"NOT_DEFINED\",\"modifiedVulnAvailabilityImpact\":\"NOT_DEFINED\",\"modifiedSubConfidentialityImpact\":\"NOT_DEFINED\",\"modifiedSubIntegrityImpact\":\"NOT_DEFINED\",\"modifiedSubAvailabilityImpact\":\"NOT_DEFINED\",\"Safety\":\"NOT_DEFINED\",\"Automatable\":\"NOT_DEFINED\",\"Recovery\":\"NOT_DEFINED\",\"valueDensity\":\"NOT_DEFINED\",\"vulnerabilityResponseEffort\":\"NOT_DEFINED\",\"providerUrgency\":\"NOT_DEFINED\"}}],\"cvssMetricV31\":[{\"source\":\"nvd@nist.gov\",\"type\":\"Primary\",\"cvssData\":{\"version\":\"3.1\",\"vectorString\":\"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L\",\"baseScore\":5.3,\"baseSeverity\":\"MEDIUM\",\"attackVector\":\"NETWORK\",\"attackComplexity\":\"LOW\",\"privilegesRequired\":\"NONE\",\"userInteraction\":\"NONE\",\"scope\":\"UNCHANGED\",\"confidentialityImpact\":\"NONE\",\"integrityImpact\":\"NONE\",\"availabilityImpact\":\"LOW\"},\"exploitabilityScore\":3.9,\"impactScore\":1.4}]},\"weaknesses\":[{\"source\":\"cve-coordination@google.com\",\"type\":\"Secondary\",\"description\":[{\"lang\":\"en\",\"value\":\"CWE-674\"}]}],\"configurations\":[{\"nodes\":[{\"operator\":\"OR\",\"negate\":false,\"cpeMatch\":[{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"versionEndExcluding\":\"4.25.8\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"9CE770F3-A719-45B8-83F5-3AAC15F92BAB\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"versionStartIncluding\":\"5.26.0\",\"versionEndExcluding\":\"5.29.5\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"4665132F-1171-4C9B-929C-A17B18C48346\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:a:google:protobuf-python:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"versionStartIncluding\":\"6.30.0\",\"versionEndExcluding\":\"6.31.1\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"4DE9676C-D5FF-4775-95B6-254BBE420757\"}]}]}],\"references\":[{\"url\":\"https://github.com/protocolbuffers/protobuf/commit/17838beda2943d08b8a9d4df5b68f5f04f26d901\",\"source\":\"cve-coordination@google.com\",\"tags\":[\"Patch\"]}]}}",
    "vulnrichment": {
      "containers": "{\"adp\": [{\"title\": \"CISA ADP Vulnrichment\", \"metrics\": [{\"other\": {\"type\": \"ssvc\", \"content\": {\"id\": \"CVE-2025-4565\", \"role\": \"CISA Coordinator\", \"options\": [{\"Exploitation\": \"none\"}, {\"Automatable\": \"yes\"}, {\"Technical Impact\": \"partial\"}], \"version\": \"2.0.3\", \"timestamp\": \"2025-06-16T15:38:57.654894Z\"}}}], \"providerMetadata\": {\"orgId\": \"134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0\", \"shortName\": \"CISA-ADP\", \"dateUpdated\": \"2025-06-16T15:39:02.497Z\"}}], \"cna\": {\"title\": \"Unbounded recursion in Python Protobuf\", \"source\": {\"discovery\": \"EXTERNAL\"}, \"credits\": [{\"lang\": \"en\", \"type\": \"finder\", \"value\": \"Alexis Challande - Trail of Bits Ecosystem Security Team\"}], \"impacts\": [{\"capecId\": \"CAPEC-130\", \"descriptions\": [{\"lang\": \"en\", \"value\": \"CAPEC-130 Excessive Allocation\"}]}], \"metrics\": [{\"format\": \"CVSS\", \"cvssV4_0\": {\"Safety\": \"NOT_DEFINED\", \"version\": \"4.0\", \"Recovery\": \"NOT_DEFINED\", \"baseScore\": 8.2, \"Automatable\": \"NOT_DEFINED\", \"attackVector\": \"NETWORK\", \"baseSeverity\": \"HIGH\", \"valueDensity\": \"NOT_DEFINED\", \"vectorString\": \"CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N\", \"providerUrgency\": \"NOT_DEFINED\", \"userInteraction\": \"NONE\", \"attackComplexity\": \"LOW\", \"attackRequirements\": \"PRESENT\", \"privilegesRequired\": \"NONE\", \"subIntegrityImpact\": \"NONE\", \"vulnIntegrityImpact\": \"NONE\", \"subAvailabilityImpact\": \"NONE\", \"vulnAvailabilityImpact\": \"HIGH\", \"subConfidentialityImpact\": \"NONE\", \"vulnConfidentialityImpact\": \"NONE\", \"vulnerabilityResponseEffort\": \"NOT_DEFINED\"}, \"scenarios\": [{\"lang\": \"en\", \"value\": \"GENERAL\"}]}], \"affected\": [{\"repo\": \"https://github.com/protocolbuffers/protobuf/\", \"vendor\": \"protocolbuffers\", \"product\": \"Python-Protobuf\", \"versions\": [{\"status\": \"affected\", \"version\": \"0\", \"lessThan\": \"4.25.8\", \"versionType\": \"semver\"}, {\"status\": \"affected\", \"version\": \"0\", \"lessThan\": \"5.29.5\", \"versionType\": \"semver\"}, {\"status\": \"affected\", \"version\": \"0\", \"lessThan\": \"6.31.1\", \"versionType\": \"semver\"}], \"packageName\": \"protobuf\", \"programFiles\": [\"python/google/protobuf/internal/decoder.py\"], \"collectionURL\": \"https://github.com/protocolbuffers/protobuf/\", \"defaultStatus\": \"unaffected\"}, {\"repo\": \"https://pypi.org/project/protobuf/\", \"vendor\": \"protocolbuffers\", \"product\": \"Python-Protobuf\", \"versions\": [{\"status\": \"affected\", \"version\": \"0\", \"lessThan\": \"4.25.8\", \"versionType\": \"semver\"}, {\"status\": \"affected\", \"version\": \"0\", \"lessThan\": \"5.29.5\", \"versionType\": \"semver\"}, {\"status\": \"affected\", \"version\": \"0\", \"lessThan\": \"6.31.1\", \"versionType\": \"semver\"}], \"collectionURL\": \"https://pypi.org/project/protobuf/\", \"defaultStatus\": \"unaffected\"}], \"datePublic\": \"2025-05-12T22:00:00.000Z\", \"references\": [{\"url\": \"https://github.com/protocolbuffers/protobuf/commit/17838beda2943d08b8a9d4df5b68f5f04f26d901\"}], \"x_generator\": {\"engine\": \"Vulnogram 0.2.0\"}, \"descriptions\": [{\"lang\": \"en\", \"value\": \"Any project that uses Protobuf Pure-Python backend\\u00a0to parse untrusted Protocol Buffers data containing an arbitrary number of recursive groups, recursive messages or a series of SGROUP\\u00a0tags can be corrupted by exceeding the Python recursion limit. This can result in a Denial of service by crashing the application with a RecursionError. We recommend upgrading to version =\u003e6.31.1 or beyond commit\\u00a017838beda2943d08b8a9d4df5b68f5f04f26d901\", \"supportingMedia\": [{\"type\": \"text/html\", \"value\": \"\u003cspan style=\\\"background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\\\"\u003eAny project that uses \u003c/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProtobuf Pure-Python backend\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cspan style=\\\"background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\\\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;to parse untrusted Protocol Buffers data containing an arbitrary number of recursive \u003c/span\u003e\u003ccode\u003egroup\u003c/code\u003e\u003cspan style=\\\"background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\\\"\u003es, recursive \u003c/span\u003e\u003ccode\u003emessage\u003c/code\u003e\u003cspan style=\\\"background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\\\"\u003es or a series of \u003c/span\u003e\u003ccode\u003eSGROUP\u003c/code\u003e\u003cspan style=\\\"background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\\\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;tags can be corrupted by exceeding the Python recursion limit. This can result in a Denial of service by crashing the application with a RecursionError. We recommend upgrading to version =\u0026gt;6.31.1 or beyond commit\u0026nbsp;17838beda2943d08b8a9d4df5b68f5f04f26d901\u003c/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\", \"base64\": false}]}], \"problemTypes\": [{\"descriptions\": [{\"lang\": \"en\", \"type\": \"CWE\", \"cweId\": \"CWE-674\", \"description\": \"CWE-674 Uncontrolled Recursion\"}]}], \"providerMetadata\": {\"orgId\": \"14ed7db2-1595-443d-9d34-6215bf890778\", \"shortName\": \"Google\", \"dateUpdated\": \"2025-06-16T14:50:40.906Z\"}}}",
      "cveMetadata": "{\"cveId\": \"CVE-2025-4565\", \"state\": \"PUBLISHED\", \"dateUpdated\": \"2025-06-16T15:39:18.263Z\", \"dateReserved\": \"2025-05-12T05:48:12.941Z\", \"assignerOrgId\": \"14ed7db2-1595-443d-9d34-6215bf890778\", \"datePublished\": \"2025-06-16T14:50:40.906Z\", \"assignerShortName\": \"Google\"}",
      "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
      "dataVersion": "5.1"
    }
  }
}


Log in or create an account to share your comment.




Tags
Taxonomy of the tags.





Forecast uses a logistic model when the trend is rising, or an exponential decay model when the trend is falling. Fitted via linearized least squares.

Sightings

Author Source Type Date Other

Nomenclature

  • Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or observed by the user.
  • Confirmed: The vulnerability has been validated from an analyst's perspective.
  • Published Proof of Concept: A public proof of concept is available for this vulnerability.
  • Exploited: The vulnerability was observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
  • Patched: The vulnerability was observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
  • Not exploited: The vulnerability was not observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
  • Not confirmed: The user expressed doubt about the validity of the vulnerability.
  • Not patched: The vulnerability was not observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.


Detection rules are retrieved from Rulezet.