CVE-2025-31651 (GCVE-0-2025-31651)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-04-28 19:17 – Updated: 2026-02-26 18:27
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Apache Tomcat: Bypass of rules in Rewrite Valve
Summary
Improper Neutralization of Escape, Meta, or Control Sequences vulnerability in Apache Tomcat. For a subset of unlikely rewrite rule configurations, it was possible
for a specially crafted request to bypass some rewrite rules. If those
rewrite rules effectively enforced security constraints, those
constraints could be bypassed.
This issue affects Apache Tomcat: from 11.0.0-M1 through 11.0.5, from 10.1.0-M1 through 10.1.39, from 9.0.0.M1 through 9.0.102.
The following versions were EOL at the time the CVE was created but are
known to be affected: 8.5.0 though 8.5.100. Other, older, EOL versions
may also be affected.
Users are recommended to upgrade to version [FIXED_VERSION], which fixes the issue.
Severity
9.8 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-07-30 03:55 UTC
CWE
- CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Assigner
References
3 references
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | CPE status | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Apache Software Foundation | Apache Tomcat |
Affected:
11.0.0-M1 , ≤ 11.0.5
(semver)
Affected: 10.1.0-M1 , ≤ 10.1.39 (semver) Affected: 9.0.0.M1 , ≤ 9.0.102 (semver) Affected: 8.5.0 , ≤ 8.5.100 (semver) Unknown: 8.0.0.RC1 , < 8.5.0 (semver) Unknown: 10.0.0-M1 , ≤ 10.0.27 (semver) |
guessed |
{
"containers": {
"adp": [
{
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2025-11-03T19:53:12.871Z",
"orgId": "af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108",
"shortName": "CVE"
},
"references": [
{
"url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2025/04/28/3"
},
{
"url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2025/07/msg00009.html"
}
],
"title": "CVE Program Container"
},
{
"metrics": [
{
"cvssV3_1": {
"attackComplexity": "LOW",
"attackVector": "NETWORK",
"availabilityImpact": "HIGH",
"baseScore": 9.8,
"baseSeverity": "CRITICAL",
"confidentialityImpact": "HIGH",
"integrityImpact": "HIGH",
"privilegesRequired": "NONE",
"scope": "UNCHANGED",
"userInteraction": "NONE",
"vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"version": "3.1"
}
},
{
"other": {
"content": {
"id": "CVE-2025-31651",
"options": [
{
"Exploitation": "none"
},
{
"Automatable": "yes"
},
{
"Technical Impact": "total"
}
],
"role": "CISA Coordinator",
"timestamp": "2025-07-30T03:55:44.862157Z",
"version": "2.0.3"
},
"type": "ssvc"
}
}
],
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2026-02-26T18:27:59.801Z",
"orgId": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
"shortName": "CISA-ADP"
},
"title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment"
}
],
"cna": {
"affected": [
{
"defaultStatus": "unaffected",
"product": "Apache Tomcat",
"vendor": "Apache Software Foundation",
"versions": [
{
"lessThanOrEqual": "11.0.5",
"status": "affected",
"version": "11.0.0-M1",
"versionType": "semver"
},
{
"lessThanOrEqual": "10.1.39",
"status": "affected",
"version": "10.1.0-M1",
"versionType": "semver"
},
{
"lessThanOrEqual": "9.0.102",
"status": "affected",
"version": "9.0.0.M1",
"versionType": "semver"
},
{
"lessThanOrEqual": "8.5.100",
"status": "affected",
"version": "8.5.0",
"versionType": "semver"
},
{
"lessThan": "8.5.0",
"status": "unknown",
"version": "8.0.0.RC1",
"versionType": "semver"
},
{
"lessThanOrEqual": "10.0.27",
"status": "unknown",
"version": "10.0.0-M1",
"versionType": "semver"
}
]
}
],
"credits": [
{
"lang": "en",
"type": "finder",
"value": "COSCO Shipping Lines DIC"
}
],
"descriptions": [
{
"lang": "en",
"supportingMedia": [
{
"base64": false,
"type": "text/html",
"value": "\u003cp\u003eImproper Neutralization of Escape, Meta, or Control Sequences vulnerability in Apache Tomcat.\u0026nbsp;For a subset of unlikely rewrite rule configurations, it was possible \nfor a specially crafted request to bypass some rewrite rules. If those \nrewrite rules effectively enforced security constraints, those \nconstraints could be bypassed.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis issue affects Apache Tomcat: from 11.0.0-M1 through 11.0.5, from 10.1.0-M1 through 10.1.39, from 9.0.0.M1 through 9.0.102.\u003cbr\u003eThe following versions were EOL at the time the CVE was created but are \nknown to be affected: 8.5.0 though 8.5.100. Other, older, EOL versions \nmay also be affected.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eUsers are recommended to upgrade to version [FIXED_VERSION], which fixes the issue.\u003c/p\u003e"
}
],
"value": "Improper Neutralization of Escape, Meta, or Control Sequences vulnerability in Apache Tomcat.\u00a0For a subset of unlikely rewrite rule configurations, it was possible \nfor a specially crafted request to bypass some rewrite rules. If those \nrewrite rules effectively enforced security constraints, those \nconstraints could be bypassed.\n\nThis issue affects Apache Tomcat: from 11.0.0-M1 through 11.0.5, from 10.1.0-M1 through 10.1.39, from 9.0.0.M1 through 9.0.102.\nThe following versions were EOL at the time the CVE was created but are \nknown to be affected: 8.5.0 though 8.5.100. Other, older, EOL versions \nmay also be affected.\n\n\nUsers are recommended to upgrade to version [FIXED_VERSION], which fixes the issue."
}
],
"metrics": [
{
"other": {
"content": {
"text": "low"
},
"type": "Textual description of severity"
}
}
],
"problemTypes": [
{
"descriptions": [
{
"cweId": "CWE-116",
"description": "CWE-116 Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output",
"lang": "en",
"type": "CWE"
}
]
}
],
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2025-10-29T11:46:27.496Z",
"orgId": "f0158376-9dc2-43b6-827c-5f631a4d8d09",
"shortName": "apache"
},
"references": [
{
"tags": [
"vendor-advisory"
],
"url": "https://lists.apache.org/list.html?announce@tomcat.apache.org"
}
],
"source": {
"discovery": "EXTERNAL"
},
"title": "Apache Tomcat: Bypass of rules in Rewrite Valve",
"x_generator": {
"engine": "Vulnogram 0.2.0"
}
}
},
"cveMetadata": {
"assignerOrgId": "f0158376-9dc2-43b6-827c-5f631a4d8d09",
"assignerShortName": "apache",
"cveId": "CVE-2025-31651",
"datePublished": "2025-04-28T19:17:21.721Z",
"dateReserved": "2025-03-31T12:25:25.164Z",
"dateUpdated": "2026-02-26T18:27:59.801Z",
"state": "PUBLISHED"
},
"dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
"dataVersion": "5.2",
"vulnerability-lookup:meta": {
"epss": {
"cve": "CVE-2025-31651",
"date": "2026-09-14",
"epss": "0.04047",
"percentile": "0.90056"
},
"nvd": "{\"cve\":{\"id\":\"CVE-2025-31651\",\"sourceIdentifier\":\"security@apache.org\",\"published\":\"2025-04-28T20:15:20.783\",\"lastModified\":\"2026-06-17T09:10:44.123\",\"vulnStatus\":\"Modified\",\"cveTags\":[],\"descriptions\":[{\"lang\":\"en\",\"value\":\"Improper Neutralization of Escape, Meta, or Control Sequences vulnerability in Apache Tomcat.\u00a0For a subset of unlikely rewrite rule configurations, it was possible \\nfor a specially crafted request to bypass some rewrite rules. If those \\nrewrite rules effectively enforced security constraints, those \\nconstraints could be bypassed.\\n\\nThis issue affects Apache Tomcat: from 11.0.0-M1 through 11.0.5, from 10.1.0-M1 through 10.1.39, from 9.0.0.M1 through 9.0.102.\\nThe following versions were EOL at the time the CVE was created but are \\nknown to be affected: 8.5.0 though 8.5.100. Other, older, EOL versions \\nmay also be affected.\\n\\n\\nUsers are recommended to upgrade to version [FIXED_VERSION], which fixes the issue.\"},{\"lang\":\"es\",\"value\":\"Vulnerabilidad de neutralizaci\u00f3n incorrecta de secuencias de escape, metadatos o de control en Apache Tomcat. En un subconjunto de configuraciones improbables de reglas de reescritura, una solicitud especialmente manipulada pod\u00eda eludir algunas reglas de reescritura. Si dichas reglas aplicaban restricciones de seguridad de forma eficaz, estas pod\u00edan eludirse. Este problema afecta a Apache Tomcat: de la 11.0.0-M1 a la 11.0.5, de la 10.1.0-M1 a la 10.1.39 y de la 9.0.0.M1 a la 9.0.102. Se recomienda a los usuarios actualizar a la versi\u00f3n [FIXED_VERSION], que soluciona el problema.\"}],\"affected\":[{\"source\":\"security@apache.org\",\"affectedData\":[{\"vendor\":\"Apache Software Foundation\",\"product\":\"Apache Tomcat\",\"defaultStatus\":\"unaffected\",\"versions\":[{\"version\":\"11.0.0-M1\",\"lessThanOrEqual\":\"11.0.5\",\"versionType\":\"semver\",\"status\":\"affected\"},{\"version\":\"10.1.0-M1\",\"lessThanOrEqual\":\"10.1.39\",\"versionType\":\"semver\",\"status\":\"affected\"},{\"version\":\"9.0.0.M1\",\"lessThanOrEqual\":\"9.0.102\",\"versionType\":\"semver\",\"status\":\"affected\"},{\"version\":\"8.5.0\",\"lessThanOrEqual\":\"8.5.100\",\"versionType\":\"semver\",\"status\":\"affected\"},{\"version\":\"8.0.0.RC1\",\"lessThan\":\"8.5.0\",\"versionType\":\"semver\",\"status\":\"unknown\"},{\"version\":\"10.0.0-M1\",\"lessThanOrEqual\":\"10.0.27\",\"versionType\":\"semver\",\"status\":\"unknown\"}]}]}],\"metrics\":{\"cvssMetricV31\":[{\"source\":\"nvd@nist.gov\",\"type\":\"Primary\",\"cvssData\":{\"version\":\"3.1\",\"vectorString\":\"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H\",\"baseScore\":9.8,\"baseSeverity\":\"CRITICAL\",\"attackVector\":\"NETWORK\",\"attackComplexity\":\"LOW\",\"privilegesRequired\":\"NONE\",\"userInteraction\":\"NONE\",\"scope\":\"UNCHANGED\",\"confidentialityImpact\":\"HIGH\",\"integrityImpact\":\"HIGH\",\"availabilityImpact\":\"HIGH\"},\"exploitabilityScore\":3.9,\"impactScore\":5.9},{\"source\":\"134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0\",\"type\":\"Secondary\",\"cvssData\":{\"version\":\"3.1\",\"vectorString\":\"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H\",\"baseScore\":9.8,\"baseSeverity\":\"CRITICAL\",\"attackVector\":\"NETWORK\",\"attackComplexity\":\"LOW\",\"privilegesRequired\":\"NONE\",\"userInteraction\":\"NONE\",\"scope\":\"UNCHANGED\",\"confidentialityImpact\":\"HIGH\",\"integrityImpact\":\"HIGH\",\"availabilityImpact\":\"HIGH\"},\"exploitabilityScore\":3.9,\"impactScore\":5.9}],\"ssvcV203\":[{\"source\":\"134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0\",\"ssvcData\":{\"timestamp\":\"2025-07-30T03:55:44.862157Z\",\"id\":\"CVE-2025-31651\",\"options\":[{\"exploitation\":\"none\"},{\"automatable\":\"yes\"},{\"technicalImpact\":\"total\"}],\"role\":\"CISA Coordinator\",\"version\":\"2.0.3\"}}]},\"weaknesses\":[{\"source\":\"security@apache.org\",\"type\":\"Secondary\",\"description\":[{\"lang\":\"en\",\"value\":\"CWE-116\"}]},{\"source\":\"nvd@nist.gov\",\"type\":\"Secondary\",\"description\":[{\"lang\":\"en\",\"value\":\"CWE-116\"}]}],\"configurations\":[{\"nodes\":[{\"operator\":\"OR\",\"negate\":false,\"cpeMatch\":[{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:a:apache:tomcat:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"versionStartIncluding\":\"9.0.0\",\"versionEndExcluding\":\"9.0.104\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"BB09D245-9455-444D-8265-743642DD53C9\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:a:apache:tomcat:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"versionStartIncluding\":\"10.1.0\",\"versionEndExcluding\":\"10.1.40\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"E5BD6C26-75CE-4DDC-BF4D-5A5187BD4CAF\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:a:apache:tomcat:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"versionStartIncluding\":\"11.0.0\",\"versionEndExcluding\":\"11.0.6\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"9331B3B3-C3C4-4D12-BE11-043F6614B2D3\"}]}]}],\"references\":[{\"url\":\"https://lists.apache.org/list.html?announce@tomcat.apache.org\",\"source\":\"security@apache.org\",\"tags\":[\"Mailing List\",\"Vendor Advisory\"]},{\"url\":\"http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2025/04/28/3\",\"source\":\"af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108\",\"tags\":[\"Mailing List\",\"Third Party Advisory\"]},{\"url\":\"https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2025/07/msg00009.html\",\"source\":\"af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108\"}]}}",
"redhat_vex": {
"aggregate_severity": "Low",
"current_release_date": "2026-06-30T10:18:16+00:00",
"cve": "CVE-2025-31651",
"id": "CVE-2025-31651",
"initial_release_date": "2025-04-28T19:17:21.721000+00:00",
"product_status:fixed": "605",
"product_status:known_affected": "28",
"source": "Red Hat CSAF VEX",
"status": "final",
"title": "tomcat: Apache Tomcat: Bypass of rules in Rewrite Valve",
"url": "https://security.access.redhat.com/data/csaf/v2/vex/2025/cve-2025-31651.json",
"version": "3"
},
"vulnrichment": {
"containers": "{\"adp\": [{\"title\": \"CVE Program Container\", \"references\": [{\"url\": \"http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2025/04/28/3\"}, {\"url\": \"https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2025/07/msg00009.html\"}], \"providerMetadata\": {\"orgId\": \"af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108\", \"shortName\": \"CVE\", \"dateUpdated\": \"2025-11-03T19:53:12.871Z\"}}, {\"title\": \"CISA ADP Vulnrichment\", \"metrics\": [{\"cvssV3_1\": {\"scope\": \"UNCHANGED\", \"version\": \"3.1\", \"baseScore\": 9.8, \"attackVector\": \"NETWORK\", \"baseSeverity\": \"CRITICAL\", \"vectorString\": \"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H\", \"integrityImpact\": \"HIGH\", \"userInteraction\": \"NONE\", \"attackComplexity\": \"LOW\", \"availabilityImpact\": \"HIGH\", \"privilegesRequired\": \"NONE\", \"confidentialityImpact\": \"HIGH\"}}, {\"other\": {\"type\": \"ssvc\", \"content\": {\"id\": \"CVE-2025-31651\", \"role\": \"CISA Coordinator\", \"options\": [{\"Exploitation\": \"none\"}, {\"Automatable\": \"yes\"}, {\"Technical Impact\": \"total\"}], \"version\": \"2.0.3\", \"timestamp\": \"2025-07-30T03:55:44.862157Z\"}}}], \"providerMetadata\": {\"orgId\": \"134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0\", \"shortName\": \"CISA-ADP\", \"dateUpdated\": \"2025-05-06T20:12:30.307Z\"}}], \"cna\": {\"title\": \"Apache Tomcat: Bypass of rules in Rewrite Valve\", \"source\": {\"discovery\": \"EXTERNAL\"}, \"credits\": [{\"lang\": \"en\", \"type\": \"finder\", \"value\": \"COSCO Shipping Lines DIC\"}], \"metrics\": [{\"other\": {\"type\": \"Textual description of severity\", \"content\": {\"text\": \"low\"}}}], \"affected\": [{\"vendor\": \"Apache Software Foundation\", \"product\": \"Apache Tomcat\", \"versions\": [{\"status\": \"affected\", \"version\": \"11.0.0-M1\", \"versionType\": \"semver\", \"lessThanOrEqual\": \"11.0.5\"}, {\"status\": \"affected\", \"version\": \"10.1.0-M1\", \"versionType\": \"semver\", \"lessThanOrEqual\": \"10.1.39\"}, {\"status\": \"affected\", \"version\": \"9.0.0.M1\", \"versionType\": \"semver\", \"lessThanOrEqual\": \"9.0.102\"}, {\"status\": \"affected\", \"version\": \"8.5.0\", \"versionType\": \"semver\", \"lessThanOrEqual\": \"8.5.100\"}, {\"status\": \"unknown\", \"version\": \"8.0.0.RC1\", \"lessThan\": \"8.5.0\", \"versionType\": \"semver\"}, {\"status\": \"unknown\", \"version\": \"10.0.0-M1\", \"versionType\": \"semver\", \"lessThanOrEqual\": \"10.0.27\"}], \"defaultStatus\": \"unaffected\"}], \"references\": [{\"url\": \"https://lists.apache.org/list.html?announce@tomcat.apache.org\", \"tags\": [\"vendor-advisory\"]}], \"x_generator\": {\"engine\": \"Vulnogram 0.2.0\"}, \"descriptions\": [{\"lang\": \"en\", \"value\": \"Improper Neutralization of Escape, Meta, or Control Sequences vulnerability in Apache Tomcat.\\u00a0For a subset of unlikely rewrite rule configurations, it was possible \\nfor a specially crafted request to bypass some rewrite rules. If those \\nrewrite rules effectively enforced security constraints, those \\nconstraints could be bypassed.\\n\\nThis issue affects Apache Tomcat: from 11.0.0-M1 through 11.0.5, from 10.1.0-M1 through 10.1.39, from 9.0.0.M1 through 9.0.102.\\nThe following versions were EOL at the time the CVE was created but are \\nknown to be affected: 8.5.0 though 8.5.100. Other, older, EOL versions \\nmay also be affected.\\n\\n\\nUsers are recommended to upgrade to version [FIXED_VERSION], which fixes the issue.\", \"supportingMedia\": [{\"type\": \"text/html\", \"value\": \"\u003cp\u003eImproper Neutralization of Escape, Meta, or Control Sequences vulnerability in Apache Tomcat.\u0026nbsp;For a subset of unlikely rewrite rule configurations, it was possible \\nfor a specially crafted request to bypass some rewrite rules. If those \\nrewrite rules effectively enforced security constraints, those \\nconstraints could be bypassed.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis issue affects Apache Tomcat: from 11.0.0-M1 through 11.0.5, from 10.1.0-M1 through 10.1.39, from 9.0.0.M1 through 9.0.102.\u003cbr\u003eThe following versions were EOL at the time the CVE was created but are \\nknown to be affected: 8.5.0 though 8.5.100. Other, older, EOL versions \\nmay also be affected.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eUsers are recommended to upgrade to version [FIXED_VERSION], which fixes the issue.\u003c/p\u003e\", \"base64\": false}]}], \"problemTypes\": [{\"descriptions\": [{\"lang\": \"en\", \"type\": \"CWE\", \"cweId\": \"CWE-116\", \"description\": \"CWE-116 Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output\"}]}], \"providerMetadata\": {\"orgId\": \"f0158376-9dc2-43b6-827c-5f631a4d8d09\", \"shortName\": \"apache\", \"dateUpdated\": \"2025-10-29T11:46:27.496Z\"}}}",
"cveMetadata": "{\"cveId\": \"CVE-2025-31651\", \"state\": \"PUBLISHED\", \"dateUpdated\": \"2026-02-26T18:27:59.801Z\", \"dateReserved\": \"2025-03-31T12:25:25.164Z\", \"assignerOrgId\": \"f0158376-9dc2-43b6-827c-5f631a4d8d09\", \"datePublished\": \"2025-04-28T19:17:21.721Z\", \"assignerShortName\": \"apache\"}",
"dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
"dataVersion": "5.2"
}
}
}
Loading…
Loading…
Experimental. This forecast is provided for visualization only and may change without notice. Do not use it for operational decisions.
Forecast uses a logistic model when the trend is rising, or an exponential decay model when the trend is falling. Fitted via linearized least squares.
Sightings
| Author | Source | Type | Date | Other |
|---|
Nomenclature
- Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or observed by the user.
- Confirmed: The vulnerability has been validated from an analyst's perspective.
- Published Proof of Concept: A public proof of concept is available for this vulnerability.
- Exploited: The vulnerability was observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
- Patched: The vulnerability was observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
- Not exploited: The vulnerability was not observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
- Not confirmed: The user expressed doubt about the validity of the vulnerability.
- Not patched: The vulnerability was not observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
Loading…
The MITRE ATT&CK techniques below are AI-generated suggestions, inferred from the description of the
vulnerability by the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-classification-roberta-base
model, served locally by ML-Gateway.
They have not been verified by an analyst and are provided for guidance only.
The approach is described in our paper Mapping CVEs to MITRE ATT&CK Techniques: A Curated Gold-Set Classifier and the Limits of LLM-Assisted Label Expansion.
The approach is described in our paper Mapping CVEs to MITRE ATT&CK Techniques: A Curated Gold-Set Classifier and the Limits of LLM-Assisted Label Expansion.
Loading…
Loading…