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          "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nnet/sched: cls_api: Always acquire rtnl_lock when destroying locked classifiers\n\nAnother challenge with unlocked filters.\nThere is a short window in tc_new_tfilter where a tcf_proto can be found\nand briefly referenced by a totally unrelated, unlocked classifier\u0027s request\nand cause a race.\n\nFeng created a poc which created this race with two threads, one creating a\nu32 filter and other a flower filter in the same chain/prio:\n\n1. Both threads enter tc_new_tfilter, both find the chain empty, both\n   drop filter_chain_lock\n2. u32 finishes tcf_proto_create(\"u32\") first, calls\n   tcf_chain_tp_insert_unique() -\u003e inserts u32_tp into the chain\n3. flower finishes tcf_proto_create(\"flower\") later, calls\n   tcf_chain_tp_insert_unique() -\u003e tcf_chain_tp_find() now sees u32_tp\n   already there, takes a reference on it, destroys flower\u0027s own tp_new\n   and returns u32_tp to the caller.\n\nFlower then hits the kind mismatch check (because it requested for kind\n\"flower\" but tp-\u003eops-\u003ekind is \"u32\") and goes through the errout path\nwhich calls tcf_proto_put() on u32_tp. If the u32 thread has already\ngone through its own errout (its change() call failed on the PoC\u0027s empty\noptions) and dropped its create and insert refs, flower\u0027s put is the\nlast one and drops u32_tp\u0027s refcnt to zero.\n\nAt this point tp-\u003eops-\u003edestroy() runs in a context that never took\nrtnl_lock. When that happens, it might cause a UAF like the following\n(illustrated by the PoC):\n\n[  +0.000710] BUG: KASAN: slab-use-after-free in u32_init (net/sched/cls_u32.c:393)\n[  +0.000281] Read of size 8 at addr ffff888120022f00 by task poc_feng_xue/524\n\n  Call Trace:\n   u32_init (net/sched/cls_u32.c:393)\n   tc_new_tfilter (net/sched/cls_api.c:2378)\n\n  Allocated by task 526:\n   u32_init (net/sched/cls_u32.c:378)\n   tc_new_tfilter (net/sched/cls_api.c:2378)\n\n  Freed by task 522:\n   kfree\n   u32_destroy (net/sched/cls_u32.c:662)\n   tcf_proto_destroy (net/sched/cls_api.c:446)\n   tcf_proto_put (net/sched/cls_api.c:459)\n   tc_new_tfilter (net/sched/cls_api.c:2459)\n\nFix this by having tcf_proto_destroy() take rtnl_lock around\ntp-\u003eops-\u003edestroy() for locked classifiers whenever rtnl is not held.\n\nTo explain why I used a temp variable \"not_lockless\" I\u0027d like to point to a\nsemi-related note on rtnl_held vs TCF_PROTO_OPS_DOIT_UNLOCKED (adding here\nfor future cleanup if deemed necessary):\nThe rtnl_held parameter and the TCF_PROTO_OPS_DOIT_UNLOCKED flag are\nredundant sources of truth for whether rtnl_lock is held. Among the nine\nclassifier destroy(..rtnl_held..) callbacks, only flower consults the\nrtnl_held parameter which it propagates to tc_setup_cb_destroy()\nand tc_setup_cb_call(). The other eight (u32, flow, bpf, cgroup, route, basic,\nfw, mall) ignore it entirely;-\u003e those that call tc_setup_cb_destroy()\n(u32, bpf, mall) hardcode true always instead of forwarding the parameter.\n\nA future cleanup should remove the rtnl_held parameter from the destroy callback\nsignature entirely and have callers rely solely on their knowledge whether\nthey are running in an unlocked context."
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              "value": "AV:L - The bug is reached only via RTM_NEWTFILTER/rtnetlink from a local process (tc filter add); tc_new_tfilter() is a TC configuration path, not packet receive or any remote network service, and per kernel CNA guidance tc/netlink qdisc/classifier operations are Local.\nAC:L - A PoC triggers this with two attacker-controlled threads concurrently creating u32 and flower filters on the same chain/priority; the attacker creates and wins the tcf_chain_tp_insert_unique race without uncontrollable victim timing or memory layout.\nPR:L - rtnetlink enforces CAP_NET_ADMIN via netlink_net_capable() before tc_new_tfilter(); this capability is routinely obtainable in an unprivileged-created user+network namespace (unshare -Urn) and is commonly delegated to containers with NET_ADMIN.\nUI:N - Exploitation requires only the attacker\u0027s own concurrent tc/netlink operations to race u32 and flower filter creation; no victim action such as opening a file or mounting a filesystem is needed.\nS:U - The UAF corrupts kernel TC classifier state (tc_u_common hash/hlist) during cls_api teardown on the same host kernel; this is standard kernel memory corruption, not a VM escape or cross-security-authority boundary.\nC:H - Concurrent u32_destroy() without rtnl_lock frees tp_c while another thread\u0027s u32_init() reads tp_c-\u003ehlist (cls_u32.c:393); KASAN-confirmed slab use-after-free that per kernel guidance enables arbitrary kernel memory disclosure.\nI:H - The race frees and reuses tc_u_common/tcf_proto structures without rtnl synchronization, corrupting shared classifier hash lists; UAF on these heap objects enables heap spraying and arbitrary kernel write or code execution primitives.\nA:H - The PoC triggers KASAN slab-use-after-free in u32_init(); UAF on core net/sched classifier teardown can cause kernel oops/panic/hang, denying system availability until reboot."
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              "value": "AV:L - The bug is reached when host vDPA memory keys are created during IOTLB/set_map handling on /dev/vhost-vdpa (ioctl/write from QEMU/vhost), not from remote network packet processing; worst case is a co-tenant VM guest driving host QEMU virtio memory updates on the same mlx5 vDPA host.\nAC:L - Once mlx5 vDPA user MR setup runs, create_direct_keys() always passes an oversized inlen to mlx5_cmd_exec_cb(), deterministically causing mlx5_copy_to_msg() to read past the slab allocation; no race or victim state is required beyond normal virtio memory mapping.\nPR:N - In cloud mlx5 virtio-vDPA deployments a malicious VM tenant needs no host credentials\u2014normal guest virtio-net bring-up causes QEMU to issue vhost IOTLB updates that invoke mlx5_vdpa_set_map() and create_user_mr() on the host without CAP_NET_ADMIN or root in the host init namespace.\nUI:N - Exploitation requires only automated virtio driver initialization and memory table updates; no additional victim clicks, mounts, or manual actions are needed beyond provisioning a vDPA-backed VM, which is the intended operational path.\nS:C - The vulnerable mlx5 vDPA code runs in the hypervisor host kernel while the practical attacker is a guest VM tenant; successful slab out-of-bounds reads and corrupted firmware commands cross the guest/host virtualization boundary per KVM guest-to-host guidance.\nC:H - Incorrect inlen makes mlx5_copy_to_msg() perform a slab out-of-bounds read (KASAN-reported) of adjacent kernel heap memory, copying leaked bytes into CREATE_MKEY commands and enabling arbitrary kernel information disclosure, not a bounded benign leak.\nI:H - The over-read injects adjacent heap contents into firmware CREATE_MKEY command buffers, corrupting memory-key setup data sent to the mlx5 device; this is exploitable kernel memory corruption that can alter device DMA mappings and enable further control, not a read-only crash.\nA:H - The flaw triggers a KASAN slab-out-of-bounds fault in mlx5_core cmd_exec() during normal MR creation; such heap corruption commonly causes kernel oops/panic and can also destabilize vDPA networking on repeated virtio memory remaps."
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          "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nbpf: tcp: Fix use-after-free in bpf_iter_tcp_established_batch()\n\nreqsk_queue_hash_req() publishes a TCP_NEW_SYN_RECV request_sock onto\nthe ehash chain, drops the bucket lock, and only afterwards sets\nrsk_refcnt to 3.\n\nLockless readers such as __inet_lookup_established() handle this with\nrefcount_inc_not_zero(), but bpf_iter_tcp_established_batch() uses plain\nsock_hold() while holding the bucket lock, on the assumption that the\nlock guarantees sk_refcnt \u003e 0. That assumption does not hold for\nrequest_sock:\n\n  CPU 0                                CPU 1\n  -----                                -----\n  tcp_conn_request()\n   reqsk_queue_hash_req()\n    inet_ehash_insert(req)\n     spin_lock(bucket)\n     __sk_nulls_add_node_rcu(req)      // rsk_refcnt == 0\n     spin_unlock(bucket)\n                                       bpf_iter_tcp_established_batch()\n                                        spin_lock(bucket)\n                                        sock_hold(req)   \u003c-- addition on 0\n                                        spin_unlock(bucket)\n    refcount_set(\u0026req-\u003ersk_refcnt, 3)  // clobbers saturated value\n\nwhich surfaces as:\n\n  refcount_t: addition on 0; use-after-free.\n  WARNING: lib/refcount.c:25 at refcount_warn_saturate+0x48/0x90, CPU#1\n  Call Trace:\n   bpf_iter_tcp_established_batch+0x14e/0x170\n   bpf_iter_tcp_batch+0x53/0x200\n   bpf_iter_tcp_seq_next+0x27/0x70\n   bpf_seq_read+0x107/0x410\n   vfs_read+0xb9/0x380\n\nThe iterator\u0027s stolen reference is lost when the publishing CPU\u0027s\nrefcount_set() overwrites the count, leaving the socket one reference\nshort. When the last legitimate owner drops its reference the reqsk is\nfreed while still reachable, leading to use-after-free.\n\nThis reproduces in seconds with tcp_syncookies=0, a handful of threads\ndoing connect()/close() to a local listener while others read an\niter/tcp link in a tight loop.\n\nUse refcount_inc_not_zero() and skip the socket on failure. A skipped\nsocket is still part of the bucket, so keep counting it in expected.\nThe reallocations are sized from expected, and a request sock whose\nrefcount gets published while the lock is held across the last realloc\nmust already have room.\n\nA skipped socket is counted in expected but never batched, so end_sk\ncan be short of expected on a batch that is actually complete. Decide\ncompleteness by whether the walk left any socket behind instead. The\nWARN after the locked realloc checks the same, replacing an\nend_sk == expected check that could not hold on that path since\ncommit cdec67a489d4 (\"bpf: tcp: Make sure iter-\u003ebatch always\ncontains a full bucket snapshot\").\n\nIf every matching socket in a bucket is mid-init (refcount 0), end_sk\nstays 0. Advance to the next bucket rather than returning a batch entry\nthat was never filled this round."
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              "value": "AV:L - bpf_iter_tcp_established_batch() is reached only via local bpf() to load a BPF_TRACE_ITER TCP program, create an iterator link/fd, and read() it (bpf_seq_read-\u003ebpf_iter_tcp_batch); per kernel CNA guidance BPF iterator paths are Local even though concurrent TCP_NEW_SYN_RECV creation can be driven by network SYNs.\nAC:L - The fix commit reproduces in seconds with threads doing connect()/close() while others read iter/tcp in a tight loop; the attacker controls both the BPF iterator and TCP connection churn, so the refcount race between sock_hold() and refcount_set() is reliably winnable without uncontrollable victim state.\nPR:L - Loading BPF_PROG_TYPE_TRACING/BPF_TRACE_ITER requires CAP_BPF and CAP_PERFMON at bpf_prog_load(); per kernel CNA guidance these are Low privileges because BPF tokens and user namespaces can delegate them to non-init-namespace users, not only real root.\nUI:N - No victim interaction is required; the attacker loads their own iter/tcp BPF program and link, then triggers the race with self-generated connect/close traffic or SYN activity to listeners in the iterated network namespace.\nS:U - Impact is a kernel heap use-after-free and memory corruption within the same host kernel security authority; this is standard local kernel compromise/crash, not a VM escape, sandbox boundary cross, or IOMMU bypass.\nC:H - The iterator retains dangling request_sock pointers after refcount_set() clobbers a sock_hold() taken on sk_refcnt==0; subsequent bpf_iter_tcp_seq_show/put_batch dereference freed kernel objects, giving UAF read primitives per kernel CNA UAF guidance.\nI:H - Freed request_sock slabs can be reallocated while the iterator batch still references them; UAF enables corrupted socket metadata, refcount abuse, and control-flow hijacking via heap grooming, meeting High integrity under kernel CNA memory-corruption guidance.\nA:H - The bug surfaces as refcount_warn_saturate and leaves the reqsk one reference short so it is freed while still reachable from the iterator batch, causing kernel oops/panic; the tight-loop repro shows reliable, repeatable host denial of service."
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            "drivers/net/ethernet/mellanox/mlx5/core/diag/fw_tracer.c"
          ],
          "repo": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git",
          "vendor": "Linux",
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            {
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            },
            {
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              "versionType": "git"
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          ]
        },
        {
          "defaultStatus": "affected",
          "product": "Linux",
          "programFiles": [
            "drivers/net/ethernet/mellanox/mlx5/core/diag/fw_tracer.c"
          ],
          "repo": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git",
          "vendor": "Linux",
          "versions": [
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "5.3"
            },
            {
              "lessThan": "5.3",
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "0",
              "versionType": "semver"
            },
            {
              "lessThanOrEqual": "5.10.*",
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "5.10.265",
              "versionType": "semver"
            },
            {
              "lessThanOrEqual": "5.15.*",
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "5.15.216",
              "versionType": "semver"
            },
            {
              "lessThanOrEqual": "6.1.*",
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "6.1.183",
              "versionType": "semver"
            },
            {
              "lessThanOrEqual": "6.6.*",
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "6.6.152",
              "versionType": "semver"
            },
            {
              "lessThanOrEqual": "6.12.*",
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "6.12.104",
              "versionType": "semver"
            },
            {
              "lessThanOrEqual": "6.18.*",
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "6.18.45",
              "versionType": "semver"
            },
            {
              "lessThanOrEqual": "7.1.*",
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "7.1.9",
              "versionType": "semver"
            },
            {
              "lessThanOrEqual": "*",
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "7.2",
              "versionType": "original_commit_for_fix"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "cpeApplicability": [
        {
          "nodes": [
            {
              "cpeMatch": [
                {
                  "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                  "versionEndExcluding": "5.10.265",
                  "versionStartIncluding": "5.3",
                  "vulnerable": true
                },
                {
                  "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                  "versionEndExcluding": "5.15.216",
                  "versionStartIncluding": "5.3",
                  "vulnerable": true
                },
                {
                  "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                  "versionEndExcluding": "6.1.183",
                  "versionStartIncluding": "5.3",
                  "vulnerable": true
                },
                {
                  "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                  "versionEndExcluding": "6.6.152",
                  "versionStartIncluding": "5.3",
                  "vulnerable": true
                },
                {
                  "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                  "versionEndExcluding": "6.12.104",
                  "versionStartIncluding": "5.3",
                  "vulnerable": true
                },
                {
                  "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                  "versionEndExcluding": "6.18.45",
                  "versionStartIncluding": "5.3",
                  "vulnerable": true
                },
                {
                  "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                  "versionEndExcluding": "7.1.9",
                  "versionStartIncluding": "5.3",
                  "vulnerable": true
                },
                {
                  "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                  "versionEndExcluding": "7.2",
                  "versionStartIncluding": "5.3",
                  "vulnerable": true
                }
              ],
              "negate": false,
              "operator": "OR"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "descriptions": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nnet/mlx5: fw_tracer, return NULL on create error\n\nTracer creation can fail by returning either NULL or ERR_PTR.\nThe return value is stored without a check on the device, and users\ntreat ERR_PTR and NULL the same way.\nThis also causes a crash in the core dump logic, which is missing the\nERR_PTR check and ends up dereferencing it, as shown in the trace below.\n\nSwitch tracer creation to return NULL on failure only, so callers only\nneed a single NULL check.\n\n  Internal error: Oops: 0000000096000006 [#1]  SMP\n  Modules linked in: mlx5_ib ib_uverbs ib_core ipv6 mlx5_core\n  CPU: 1 UID: 0 PID: 12 Comm: kworker/u16:0 Not tainted 6.19.7 #1 PREEMPT(none)\n  Workqueue: mlx5_health0001:01:00.0 mlx5_fw_reporter_err_work [mlx5_core]\n  pstate: a3400009 (NzCv daif +PAN -UAO +TCO +DIT -SSBS BTYPE=--)\n  pc : mlx5_fw_tracer_trigger_core_dump_general+0x58/0xe0 [mlx5_core]\n  lr : mlx5_fw_tracer_trigger_core_dump_general+0x40/0xe0 [mlx5_core]\n  sp : ffff800081cf3c40\n  x29: ffff800081cf3c90 x28: 0000000000000000 x27: 0000000000000000\n  x26: ffff000080018828 x25: 0000000000000000 x24: ffff000080304a05\n  x23: ffff800081cf3d80 x22: ffff0000847e01a0 x21: 0000000000000000\n  x20: ffff0000847e01a0 x19: ffffffffffffffa1 x18: ffff80008310bbf0\n  x17: ffff800080119650 x16: ffff80008010df54 x15: ffff80008010d4ac\n  x14: ffff800079c202e4 x13: ffff80008002fe60 x12: ffff800080119650\n  x11: ffff80008010df54 x10: ffff80008010d4ac x9 : ffff800079c203d8\n  x8 : ffff800081cf3c88 x7 : 0000000000000000 x6 : 0000000000000000\n  x5 : 0000000000000000 x4 : 0000000000000008 x3 : 0000000000000030\n  x2 : 0000000000000008 x1 : 0000000000000000 x0 : 00000000c5c4000e\n  Call trace:\n   mlx5_fw_tracer_trigger_core_dump_general+0x58/0xe0 [mlx5_core] (P)\n   mlx5_fw_reporter_dump+0x30/0x2e0 [mlx5_core]\n   devlink_health_do_dump+0x9c/0x160\n   devlink_health_report+0x1c0/0x288\n   mlx5_fw_reporter_err_work+0xac/0xc0 [mlx5_core]\n   process_one_work+0x15c/0x3d8\n   worker_thread+0x18c/0x320\n   kthread+0x148/0x228\n   ret_from_fork+0x10/0x20\n  Code: b9400000 5ac00800 7a401800 540003ca (3940a260)\n  ---[ end trace 0000000000000000 ]---\n  Kernel panic - not syncing: Oops: Fatal exception\n  SMP: stopping secondary CPUs\n  Kernel Offset: disabled\n  CPU features: 0x000000,00078031,75fce5a1,35fffe67\n  Memory Limit: none\n  ---[ end Kernel panic - not syncing: Oops: Fatal exception ]---"
        }
      ],
      "metrics": [
        {
          "cvssV3_1": {
            "baseScore": 7.5,
            "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
            "version": "3.1"
          },
          "scenarios": [
            {
              "lang": "en",
              "value": "AV:N - On internet-facing cloud/HPC hosts with mlx5 PF NICs, a remote attacker can induce ConnectX firmware syndrome via crafted network/RDMA traffic; the kernel health poller then auto-invokes mlx5_fw_reporter_dump without any local syscall.\nAC:L - On affected hardware, mlx5_fw_tracer_create leaves ERR_PTR in dev-\u003etracer at probe (e.g. -EOPNOTSUPP when trace_to_memory is unset); once present, any FW syndrome or health miss counter event reliably queues the dump workqueue that dereferences the bad pointer.\nPR:N - The crash path shown in the fix oops is triggered automatically by mlx5_fw_reporter_err_work from the health poller with no userspace action; inducing FW syndrome over the network requires no host credentials, unlike the optional devlink dump path that needs CAP_NET_ADMIN.\nUI:N - Exploitation requires no victim interaction; the devlink health auto_dump fires from kernel workqueues when firmware reports a syndrome or miss-count threshold, independent of user actions such as mounts or file opens.\nS:U - Impact is confined to kernel crash/panic on the host running mlx5_core; there is no VM escape, IOMMU bypass, or crossing from guest VF context into a separate security authority beyond standard host kernel failure.\nC:N - The bug is an ERR_PTR mishandled as a valid mlx5_fw_tracer pointer; mlx5_fw_tracer_trigger_core_dump_general dereferences tracer-\u003eowner and faults immediately, producing an oops with no out-of-bounds read, UAF, or information disclosure primitive.\nI:N - Faulting on an ERR_PTR-encoded address does not corrupt adjacent memory or provide a controllable write primitive; the only outcome is an unrecoverable kernel oops/panic, not arbitrary modification or code execution.\nA:H - The fix commit documents a fatal kernel Oops in mlx5_fw_tracer_trigger_core_dump_general followed by \u0027Kernel panic - not syncing\u0027, causing complete loss of host availability on affected mlx5 PF systems when the FW reporter dump path runs."
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "providerMetadata": {
        "dateUpdated": "2026-08-25T05:41:59.788Z",
        "orgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
        "shortName": "Linux"
      },
      "references": [
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/47fe0d2571e5b446a0f0b0c1d6b99f55e51f5cc0"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/ee41ea49c4ab0e4015919f52ad23ec251d3b39d3"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/04599570c3a18f9ae7aad36825eb46f3dcd2c4e3"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/9a416f000285a94c1b723877547981dec8132434"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/b1d6375b9a63c9dc7e5e780d3ea9b126fe30d6cb"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/80094352bd40ba54a33731f9c22872493983ed6d"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/4aafa600d93e9551c1f24e785d57cbd4adf021d5"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/af39eb111ce6b5eba9c08513b62c4868eb7e7fd5"
        }
      ],
      "title": "net/mlx5: fw_tracer, return NULL on create error",
      "x_generator": {
        "engine": "bippy-1.2.0"
      }
    }
  },
  "cveMetadata": {
    "assignerOrgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
    "assignerShortName": "Linux",
    "cveId": "CVE-2026-74717",
    "datePublished": "2026-08-22T15:33:11.488Z",
    "dateReserved": "2026-08-15T05:44:03.928Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-08-25T05:41:59.788Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.2"
}