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          "lang": "en",
          "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nnet/x25: fix use-after-free of the socket by its timers\n\nThe x25 timers are armed with mod_timer() and cancelled with\ntimer_delete(), so a pending timer holds no reference on the socket and a\ncancel does not wait for a callback already running on another CPU.\n\nx25_heartbeat_expiry() also rearms unconditionally, so it can reinstall\nsk-\u003esk_timer after __x25_destroy_socket() has passed its cancel point.\nThe following __sock_put() frees the socket while the timer is still\nqueued, and the next expiry uses freed memory.  KASAN reports a\nslab-use-after-free on the kmalloc-2k object freed by close().\n\ntimer_delete_sync() cannot be used here: x25_heartbeat_expiry() and\nx25_timer_expiry() both reach the cancels from inside the timer they\nwould wait on, through __x25_destroy_socket() and x25_disconnect().\n\nArm the timers with sk_reset_timer() and cancel them with sk_stop_timer()\nso that an armed timer owns a reference, and release it in both expiry\nhandlers.  Rearm the heartbeat only while sk_hashed(sk) is still true,\nsince __x25_destroy_socket() unlinks the socket before dropping it.  Arm\nthe deferred destroy timer the same way and drop its reference in\nx25_destroy_timer().\n\nReproduced on net with KASAN, with the heartbeat period shortened so the\nwindow recurs.  With this patch the reproducer no longer triggers a\nreport and /proc/net/x25 drains.\n\nDiscovered by XBOW, triaged by Baul Lee \u003cbaul.lee@xbow.com\u003e"
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              "value": "AV:N - Remote X.25 frames reach x25_lapb_receive_frame() on init_net gateways, where unauthenticated CALL_REQUEST/CLEAR handling arms heartbeat timers and drives server socket teardown through __x25_destroy_socket() during close.\nAC:L - The attacker controls both sides of the race by opening/closing sockets or sending concurrent connect/clear traffic, repeatedly forcing __x25_destroy_socket() against sk_timer callbacks that re-arm via mod_timer().\nPR:N - X.25 call setup and clearing are unauthenticated on the wire; a remote peer can create sockets via CALL_REQUEST and force teardown without any local account or CAP_NET_ADMIN.\nUI:N - Exploitation requires no end-user action; automated server handling of remote X.25 connect/clear suffices to reach the vulnerable close/timer path.\nS:U - Impact stays within kernel memory via standard slab UAF on the AF_X25 socket object; this is not a guest/host or IOMMU boundary escape.\nC:H - KASAN reports slab-use-after-free on the kmalloc-2k socket freed by close(), and UAF on struct sock gives attacker-controlled reuse enabling arbitrary kernel memory disclosure.\nI:H - Use-after-free of the socket structure enables heap grooming and corrupting freed object contents for control-flow or arbitrary kernel writes/code execution.\nA:H - The freed socket timer expiry dereferences released memory and can oops/panic the kernel; UAF reliably threatens system availability even before full exploitation."
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    "cveId": "CVE-2026-74628",
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    "dateReserved": "2026-08-15T05:44:03.921Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-08-27T12:39:49.703Z",
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          "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nipv6: prevent in6_dev_get() from resurrecting inet6_dev\n\nin6_dev_get() reads dev-\u003eip6_ptr under RCU and then unconditionally\nincrements its refcount. Device teardown can clear the pointer and drop\nthe last reference between these operations. The increment then\nresurrects an object whose RCU free has already been queued, so callers\ncan use it after it is freed.\n\nUse refcount_inc_not_zero() and return NULL when the object has already\nreached zero. RCU keeps the memory accessible through the attempted\nreference acquisition, and a successful increment pins the object for\nthe caller.\n\nAn independent run on the exact unpatched 6f5156d7a31a (v7.2-rc3)\nkernel reproduced the invalid reference acquisition as UID 1000:\n\n  refcount_t: addition on 0; use-after-free.\n  ip6_mc_source+0xef4/0x17e0\n\nIt was followed by the corresponding reference underflow in\nip6_mc_source(). The supplied trace from the same unpatched revision\nadditionally shows the access after the RCU read-side section ends:\n\n  BUG: KASAN: slab-use-after-free in mutex_lock+0x76/0xe0\n  Write of size 8 at addr ffff888015b50240 by task poc/1219\n\nBug found and triaged by OpenAI Security Research and\nvalidated by Trail of Bits."
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              "value": "AV:L - The reliable path is local setsockopt(2) on IPv6 MCAST source-filter options (ipv6_setsockopt \u2192 do_ipv6_mcast_group_source \u2192 ip6_mc_source \u2192 in6_dev_get), reproduced as UID 1000; concurrent netdev unregister is also a local rtnetlink syscall, not remote packet delivery.\nAC:L - An attacker in their own user+network namespace controls both sides of the race\u2014hammering MCAST_JOIN/BLOCK/UNBLOCK_SOURCE setsockopt while deleting the bound veth via RTM_DELLINK\u2014so the ip6_ptr clear and final in6_dev_put window is attacker-driven and retryable.\nPR:L - Multicast setsockopt needs no capability, but hitting the unregister teardown that drops the last inet6_dev reference requires CAP_NET_ADMIN for RTM_DELLINK; that is ns_capable() in the netns user_ns and is obtainable by an unprivileged user via unshare -Urn, not init-namespace root.\nUI:N - Exploitation uses only the attacker\u0027s own IPv6 sockets, setsockopt calls, and netdev create/delete in their namespace; no victim mount, click, or other cooperation is required.\nS:U - The resurrected inet6_dev UAF corrupts kernel heap state within the host kernel authority (mutex_lock on freed mc_lock); it is standard local kernel memory corruption, not a VM escape, IOMMU bypass, or other cross-boundary impact.\nC:H - Resurrecting a zero-refcount inet6_dev whose RCU free is already queued is a slab use-after-free; KASAN reported UAF on freed inet6_dev memory, and such heap UAFs enable disclosure via controlled reuse of the freed object.\nI:H - After resurrection the caller locks idev-\u003emc_lock and mutates multicast state on freed memory (KASAN write in mutex_lock), giving attacker-influenced heap corruption that can be turned into arbitrary write or control-flow hijack.\nA:H - The PoC triggers refcount_t addition-on-0 warnings, refcount underflow, and KASAN slab-use-after-free in mutex_lock, demonstrating immediate kernel memory corruption that can oops/panic and be repeated by re-running the race."
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        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nnet: smc: fix splice entry lifetime imbalance in smc_rx_splice\n\nsmc_rx_splice() passes pages to splice_to_pipe() before taking the\nreferences that cover the lifetime of each splice entry. In the\nVM-backed RMB path, splice_to_pipe() may drop unqueued entries through\nsmc_rx_spd_release(), while queued entries are released later via the\npipe buffer callback.\n\nThe old post-splice accounting also derives the number of queued VM pages\nfrom an offset mutated while building the descriptor, and a multi-page\nsplice pairs one sock_hold() with multiple sock_put() calls.\n\nTake the page and socket references for every candidate entry before\nsplice_to_pipe(), and drop the matching private state, page reference,\nand socket reference from smc_rx_spd_release() for entries that never\nget queued. This fixes a refcount imbalance that can underflow page\nrefcounts and trigger a use-after-free."
        }
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            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
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              "value": "AV:L - smc_rx_splice is only reached via splice()/tee() on an SMC socket FD (syscall -\u003e smc_splice_read -\u003e smc_rx_recvmsg with pipe set); remote SMC peers can supply receive-buffer data but cannot execute the vulnerable splice path without a local process invoking splice on that socket.\nAC:L - The attacker controls splice length, can nearly fill the destination pipe to force splice_to_pipe to drop unqueued entries via smc_rx_spd_release, and can hit the multi-page VM-backed RMB path (smcr_buf_type or mixed-buffer vmalloc fallback); no timing race or external victim state is required.\nPR:N - Exploitation requires only completing an SMC session as a network peer to a victim that reads with splice (common zero-copy SMC pattern); no local account, capabilities, or namespace-admin rights on the victim host are needed beyond normal remote connectivity to the SMC service.\nUI:N - No per-exploit victim action is needed beyond an application already using splice on SMC receive; a malicious peer can deliver the receive data while the victim\u0027s normal automated splice path triggers the refcount imbalance without prompts or manual steps.\nS:U - Impact is kernel page refcount underflow and use-after-free within the same kernel security boundary, enabling privilege escalation or crash on the host; it does not cross VM, IOMMU, or sandbox authority boundaries.\nC:H - Refcount imbalance lets smc_rx_spd_release and pipe-buffer teardown free pages while still referenced, creating a UAF on RMB pages that can be turned into arbitrary kernel memory disclosure via heap reuse and spraying.\nI:H - Corrupted page lifetime and dangling pipe_buffer state enable heap metadata corruption and arbitrary kernel writes from the UAF primitive, supporting control-flow hijacking and local privilege escalation.\nA:H - Page refcount underflow and UAF during splice teardown can cause immediate kernel oops/panic; repeated splice from an SMC peer reliably triggers denial-of-service even when full exploitation is not attempted."
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      "providerMetadata": {
        "dateUpdated": "2026-08-25T05:40:55.722Z",
        "orgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
        "shortName": "Linux"
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      "references": [
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          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/7ddc7af2ae7fc5a0c0635b245c0824c8b76de5cb"
        },
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          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/07ad246529d136d5ef441d5ab4c305d132ff3090"
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        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/5d9686af2976741bbd79b150d1c9e60b81e7f12e"
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      ],
      "title": "net: smc: fix splice entry lifetime imbalance in smc_rx_splice",
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    "cveId": "CVE-2026-74631",
    "datePublished": "2026-08-22T15:32:12.334Z",
    "dateReserved": "2026-08-15T05:44:03.922Z",
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        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nmm/huge_memory: fix huge_zero_pfn race\n\nPatch series \"mm/huge_memory: fix huge_zero_pfn race\", v2.\n\nThere is a subtle race in the reference-counted huge_zero_folio\nimplementation.\n\nThe fast path atomic logic fails to account for the fact that the shrinker\n(which drops the final huge_zero_refcount pin) can overwrite huge_zero_pfn\nwith the ~0UL sentinel value in shrink_huge_zero_folio_scan() after a\nracing get_huge_zero_folio() installed a valid value there.\n\nThis results in huge_zero_folio being correctly set but huge_zero_pfn\nbeing set incorrectly and thus is_huge_zero_pfn() and consequently\nis_huge_zero_pmd() will misidentify the huge zero folio as being an\nordinary THP folio.\n\nThis can result in the huge zero folio being split and otherwise treated\nincorrectly.\n\nThe solution to this is very subtle as there is an atomic fast path, and\nthus ordering in weakly ordered architectures has to be treated very\ncarefully.\n\nThe first commit fixes the issue by introducing a spinlock around\nhuge_zero_[pfn, folio, refcount] write, with careful consideration paid to\nload/store ordering in the fast path.  It is placed first and kept as\nsmall as possible so that it can be backported on its own.\n\nThe second commit is a pure cleanup which reworks the\nCONFIG_PERSISTENT_HUGE_ZERO_FOLIO logic to better separate the persistent\nlogic from the dynamically allocated one.\n\n\nThis patch (of 2):\n\nIf !CONFIG_PERSISTENT_HUGE_ZERO_FOLIO, the huge_zero_folio is refcounted\nby huge_zero_refcount and returned by mm_get_huge_zero_folio().\n\nWhen the caller is done with the huge zero page, its reference count is\ndecremented.  Only a shrinker can set the reference count to zero.\n\nA race can unfortunately occur between a shrinker decrementing the\nreference count to zero and a concurrent page fault.\n\nThis is because shrink_huge_zero_folio_scan() might, if very unlucky, be\npreempted between setting huge_zero_refcount to zero and writing an\ninvalid value.\n\nDuring this time get_huge_zero_folio() could write to huge_zero_pfn before\nshrink_huge_zero_folio_scan() resumes.\n\nIn this event the huge zero folio will be persistently misidentified\ncausing the THP code path to be entered inappropriately for the huge zero\nfolio:\n\n                CPU 0                                   CPU 1\n=======================================|=================================\nshrink_huge_zero_folio_scan()          |\n   atomic_cmpxchg() sets refcount to 0 |\n   xchg() sets huge_zero_folio to NULL | get_huge_zero_folio()\n                 |                     |    atomic_inc_not_zero() -\u003e zero\n      preempted for a long time        |    Allocate new huge zero folio\n                 |                     |    Write valid huge_zero_folio\n                 v                     |    Write valid huge_zero_pfn\n  Overwrite huge_zero_pfn with ~0UL   \u003c--- Invalid overwrite!\n\nThis results in is_huge_zero_pfn() and is_huge_zero_pmd() incorrectly\nreturning false for a huge zero page which could result in issues like the\nhuge zero folio being incorrectly split.\n\nNote that the issue is with huge_zero_pfn not huge_zero_folio, as\nget_huge_zero_folio() uses cmpxchg() gated on huge_zero_folio being NULL\nwith a retry loop and shrink_huge_zero_folio_scan() uses xchg() to set\nhuge_zero_folio.\n\nFix the issue by introducing a spinlock, huge_zero_lock, to prevent\nconcurrent write of huge_zero_folio, huge_zero_pfn and huge_zero_refcount.\n\nThere needs to be significant care taken here to ensure correctness:\n\nThe fast path in get_huge_zero_folio() uses atomic_inc_not_zero(), which\nis outside of the critical section, and means huge zero allocation is\ngated on zero huge_zero_refcount.\n\nThe fast path doesn\u0027t use huge_zero_lock, so the critical section is\nirrelevant to it.\n\nSo invariants are required - huge_zero_refcount MUST:\n\n* Only be set in the huge_zero_lock critical section to ensure\n  serialisation of huge_zero_pfn, huge_zero_folio and\n---truncated---"
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              "value": "AV:L - The bug is reached only via local tracefs operations: write() to buffer_subbuf_size_kb (buffer_subbuf_size_write) while a non-consuming ring_buffer_read_start() iterator is active from reading trace/per_cpu/cpuN/trace. No network, adjacent-radio, or physical-device path reaches ring_buffer_subbuf_order_set().\nAC:L - The attacker controls both sides: one thread holds trace open for read (sets resize_disabled via ring_buffer_read_start) while another writes buffer_subbuf_size_kb to free pages still referenced by iter-\u003ehead_page. rb_advance_iter()/rb_inc_iter then dereferences freed memory; the race is reliably retried.\nPR:L - tracing_check_open_get_tr() enforces only LOCKDOWN_TRACEFS and DAC with no capability check. tracefs buffer_subbuf_size_kb and trace are mode 0640 and are routinely delegated via gid=/mode= to tracing-group members on Android/Perfetto, ChromeOS, and developer systems, matching prior CNA tracefs UAF scores (CVE-2024-50207, CVE-2025-38101).\nUI:N - Exploitation uses the attacker\u0027s own tracefs file descriptors and threads (open trace for read, write buffer_subbuf_size_kb). No separate victim mount, click, or configuration action is required beyond the attacker holding tracefs access.\nS:U - The use-after-free corrupts kernel ring-buffer heap pages and metadata within the same OS security authority. It enables local privilege escalation but does not cross VM, IOMMU, container, or hardware trust boundaries.\nC:H - ring_buffer_subbuf_order_set() frees buffer_page data pages while iterators retain head_page pointers; rb_iter_head_event() memcpy() and rb_inc_iter() read iter-\u003ehead_page-\u003epage after free_pages(), leaking recycled kernel heap contents to userspace through trace reads.\nI:H - Freed sub-buffer pages and buffer_page structures can be reused while iterators and splice paths still perform stores and list operations on them. This UAF heap corruption is exploitable for arbitrary kernel writes and control-flow hijack, not merely a crash.\nA:H - Concurrent page frees with active iterators corrupt ring-buffer lists and cause use-after-free dereferences in rb_advance_iter(), producing kernel oopses/panics. syzbot reported this failure mode and the attacker can retrigger it at will."
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              "value": "AV:L - Exploitation requires local write() to /dev/vcsa (or ioctl on an owned virtual console) to poison the VT screen buffer; the bug is in fbcon cursor rendering, not in any network-facing protocol handler.\nAC:L - Syzkaller reproduces the fault reliably by writing arbitrary screen-buffer values to /dev/vcsa; the attacker fully controls the glyph index and can repeat the trigger on every console refresh without races or victim-specific timing.\nPR:L - Triggering needs only a local account with write access to /dev/vcsa* (typically membership in the tty group) or a session owning the target console for KDFONTOP/font-switch paths; no CAP_SYS_ADMIN or init-namespace root is required.\nUI:N - Once the attacker has the needed local device access, exploitation is fully self-contained and does not require any additional action from another user or administrator.\nS:U - Impact is confined to kernel framebuffer-console memory within the same kernel security domain; it does not cross VM, container, or IOMMU boundaries to affect a separate authority.\nC:H - An out-of-bounds read past the font glyph table copies adjacent kernel memory (global or heap font data) into cursor buffers and framebuffer blit paths, disclosing more than a few bytes per trigger.\nI:H - The out-of-bounds glyph pointer feeds update_attr() and soft_cursor() memcpy paths that copy attacker-influenced kernel memory into kmalloc cursor buffers and framebuffer state, constituting kernel memory corruption with integrity impact.\nA:H - KASAN reports a kernel BUG on the out-of-bounds read in soft_cursor(), and repeated malicious /dev/vcsa writes force console refresh through hide_cursor(), enabling kernel oops/panic and console denial of service."
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          "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nperf/core: Fix group leader use-after-free after sibling detach\n\nperf_group_detach() handles leader and sibling detach differently. When the\ngroup leader is detached, all siblings are promoted to singleton events and\ntheir group_leader pointer is reset to themselves. When a sibling is\ndetached, it is removed from the leader\u0027s sibling_list, but its\ngroup_leader pointer is left pointing at the old leader.\n\nThat is harmless when the sibling is being closed and freed immediately, as\nin the DETACH_DEAD path. It is not safe when the sibling is detached but\nkept alive, such as during CPU hotplug with DETACH_GROUP. In that case the\nsibling is removed from the context, while its file descriptor can still\nkeep it alive.\n\nA typical failing sequence is:\n\n  - A group contains leader L and sibling S.\n  - CPU hot-unplug detaches S with DETACH_GROUP, removing it from\n    L-\u003esibling_list but leaving S-\u003egroup_leader == L.\n  - L is later closed and freed.\n  - A PERF_IOC_FLAG_GROUP ioctl on S follows S-\u003egroup_leader and\n    dereferences the freed leader.\n\nThis was reproduced by running the perf event fuzzer, CPU hotplug, and a\nstress workload concurrently:\n\n  Unable to handle kernel paging request at virtual address 006b6b6b6b6b6cdb\n  CPU: 2 PID: 12489 Comm: perf_fuzzer 6.18.7 PREEMPT\n  pc : perf_ioctl+0x34c/0xc68\n  x20: ffffff89a3fa2c70 x8 : 6b6b6b6b6b6b6b6b\n  Code: 943c4a0e 340047a0 f9404a94 f9411e88 (f940b908)\n  Call trace:\n  perf_ioctl+0x34c/0xc68 (P)\n  __arm64_sys_ioctl+0xa0/0xf4\n  invoke_syscall+0x58/0xe4\n  el0_svc_common+0xa8/0xdc\n  do_el0_svc+0x1c/0x28\n  el0_svc+0x40/0xc0\n  el0t_64_sync_handler+0x68/0xdc\n  el0t_64_sync+0x1c4/0x1c8\n\nThe fault happened in perf_ioctl(), where perf_event_for_each() follows\nthe stale group_leader pointer and perf_event_for_each_child() then\ndereferences the freed leader\u0027s context.\n\nFix the use-after-free by promoting the detached sibling to a singleton.\nAlso fix __event_disable() cgroup accounting and event state change."
        }
      ],
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            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
            "version": "3.1"
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              "value": "AV:L - The bug is reached only through local perf_event_open(2), ioctl(2) on perf fds (PERF_IOC_FLAG_GROUP), close(2), and execve(2); perf_ioctl() follows the stale group_leader into freed memory. There is no network, adjacent-wireless, or physical device entry path.\nAC:L - An attacker fully controls creation of leader/sibling groups, triggering sibling DETACH_GROUP via remove_on_exec or racing CPU hot-unplug against leader close, then issuing GROUP ioctls on the surviving sibling fd. The reproducer used perf_fuzzer with concurrent hotplug, and the attacker controls both sides of the lifecycle race.\nPR:L - A basic unprivileged local user can open per-task perf event groups on their own process with exclude_kernel=1 under the default sysctl_perf_event_paranoid=2, without CAP_PERFMON or init-namespace root. security_perf_event_open(PERF_SECURITY_OPEN) and perf_check_permission() allow this self-monitoring path.\nUI:N - Exploitation requires no action from another user or administrator beyond the attacker running their own syscalls (open group, exec or wait for hotplug, close leader, ioctl sibling). No victim must mount filesystems, open files, or interact with the system.\nS:U - Impact is confined to kernel perf/core heap corruption and privilege escalation within the same host kernel security authority. This is not a VM escape, IOMMU bypass, or cross-namespace boundary change; it is standard local kernel memory corruption.\nC:H - This is a use-after-free: perf_event_for_each() and perf_event_for_each_child() dereference a freed group leader and its context (repro showed 0x6b6b6b6b6b6b6b poisoned pointers). UAF on attacker-influenceable perf_event objects enables arbitrary kernel memory disclosure via controlled reallocations.\nI:H - Freed perf_event/group_leader structures can be reallocated with attacker-controlled data, providing heap grooming primitives for arbitrary kernel writes and control-flow hijack. Memory corruption from following stale group_leader pointers is exploitable beyond a simple crash.\nA:H - The fix commit documents a reproducible kernel paging fault in perf_ioctl() (\"Unable to handle kernel paging request\"). UAF dereferences reliably cause kernel oops/panic or hang, giving full denial of service and potential system-wide unavailability on affected hosts."
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              "value": "AV:L - Exploitation requires local mmap() on the ALSA hwdep character device (/dev/snd/hwC*D*); the path is open\u2192SNDRV_HWDEP_IOCTL_DSP_LOAD\u2192mmap\u2192snd_us428ctls_vm_fault, with no network or remote packet handler involved.\nAC:L - The attacker fully controls the mmap() page offset (vmf-\u003epgoff); any offset beyond the single-page shared buffer deterministically maps an attacker-chosen kernel page read-write or oopses, with no race or uncontrollable memory-layout dependency.\nPR:L - The driver performs no capability checks on hwdep open, ioctl, or mmap; any unprivileged local user who can access the hwdep node (typically via the audio group on desktop distros) can reach the fault handler after loading the FPGA image.\nUI:N - All exploitation steps\u2014opening the hwdep node, loading FPGA firmware via DSP_LOAD ioctl, and mmap with a crafted offset\u2014are performed by the attacker; no discretionary victim action beyond the device being present in the environment is required.\nS:U - Impact is arbitrary read/write of host kernel memory leading to local privilege escalation within the same kernel security authority; it does not cross a VM, container, or IOMMU security boundary.\nC:H - Unbounded pgoff arithmetic maps arbitrary kernel struct pages into the attacker\u0027s address space; the VMA is not read-only, giving attacker-controlled read access to any reachable kernel page selected via the mmap offset.\nI:H - The same unbounded mmap fault path installs attacker-chosen kernel pages into a read-write userspace mapping, enabling arbitrary kernel memory writes and heap corruption primitives suitable for privilege escalation or code execution.\nA:H - Large mmap offsets dereference unpopulated vmemmap regions causing kernel paging faults and oops (demonstrated on arm64); arbitrary kernel page writes can also panic the system or destabilize the kernel."
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