Vulnerability-Lookup

BDU:2018-00939

Vulnerability from fstec - Published: 31.05.2018

Title

Уязвимость функции extractDir библиотеки для работы с zip-файлами Zip4j, позволяющая нарушителю выполнить произвольный код

Description

Уязвимость функции extractDir библиотеки для работы с zip-файлами Zip4j связана с неверным ограничением имени пути к каталогу. Эксплуатация уязвимости может позволить нарушителю, действующему удалённо, выполнить произвольный код с использованием специально созданного zip-архива

Severity ?


                    
                      AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L

Vendor

Srikanth Reddy Lingala

Software Name

Zip4j

Software Version

1.3.2 (Zip4j), 1.3.1 (Zip4j), 1.3.0 (Zip4j), 1.2.9 (Zip4j), 1.2.8 (Zip4j), 1.2.7 (Zip4j), 1.2.6 (Zip4j), 1.2.5 (Zip4j), 1.2.4 (Zip4j), 1.2.3 (Zip4j), 1.2.2 (Zip4j), 1.2.1 (Zip4j), 1.2.0 (Zip4j), 1.1.9 (Zip4j), 1.1.8 (Zip4j), 1.1.7 (Zip4j), 1.1.6 (Zip4j), 1.1.5 (Zip4j), 1.1.4 (Zip4j), 1.1.3 (Zip4j), 1.1.2 (Zip4j), 1.1.1 (Zip4j), 1.1.0 (Zip4j), 1.0.6 (Zip4j), 1.0.5 (Zip4j), 1.0.4 (Zip4j), 1.0.3 (Zip4j), 1.0.2 (Zip4j), 1.0.1 (Zip4j), 1.0.0 (Zip4j)

Possible Mitigations

Рекомендации по устранению: обновление программного обеспечения до версии 1.3.3: https://github.com/snyk/zip-slip-vulnerability

Reference

https://snyk.io/vuln/SNYK-JAVA-NETLINGALAZIP4J-31679 https://www.cybersecurity-help.cz/vdb/SB2018073111?affChecked=1 https://www.securitylab.ru/vulnerability/494718.php https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/cve-2018-1002202 https://github.com/snyk/zip-slip-vulnerability https://snyk.io/research/zip-slip-vulnerability

CWE

CWE-22

JSON

To clipboard

{
  "CVSS 2.0": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:P/I:P/A:P",
  "CVSS 3.0": "AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
  "CVSS 4.0": null,
  "remediation_\u0418\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440": null,
  "remediation_\u041d\u0430\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435": null,
  "\u0412\u0435\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0440 \u041f\u041e": "Srikanth Reddy Lingala",
  "\u0412\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u044f \u041f\u041e": "1.3.2 (Zip4j), 1.3.1 (Zip4j), 1.3.0 (Zip4j), 1.2.9 (Zip4j), 1.2.8 (Zip4j), 1.2.7 (Zip4j), 1.2.6 (Zip4j), 1.2.5 (Zip4j), 1.2.4 (Zip4j), 1.2.3 (Zip4j), 1.2.2 (Zip4j), 1.2.1 (Zip4j), 1.2.0 (Zip4j), 1.1.9 (Zip4j), 1.1.8 (Zip4j), 1.1.7 (Zip4j), 1.1.6 (Zip4j), 1.1.5 (Zip4j), 1.1.4 (Zip4j), 1.1.3 (Zip4j), 1.1.2 (Zip4j), 1.1.1 (Zip4j), 1.1.0 (Zip4j), 1.0.6 (Zip4j), 1.0.5 (Zip4j), 1.0.4 (Zip4j), 1.0.3 (Zip4j), 1.0.2 (Zip4j), 1.0.1 (Zip4j), 1.0.0 (Zip4j)",
  "\u0412\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u043f\u043e \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e": "\u0420\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e: \u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043e \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0438 1.3.3: https://github.com/snyk/zip-slip-vulnerability",
  "\u0414\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f": "31.05.2018",
  "\u0414\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f": "23.03.2021",
  "\u0414\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438": "03.08.2018",
  "\u0418\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440": "BDU:2018-00939",
  "\u0418\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u044f\u0437\u0432\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438": "CVE-2018-1002202",
  "\u0418\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0431 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438": "\u0423\u044f\u0437\u0432\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0430",
  "\u041a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441 \u0443\u044f\u0437\u0432\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438": "\u0423\u044f\u0437\u0432\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0430",
  "\u041d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u041f\u041e": "Zip4j",
  "\u041d\u0430\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u041e\u0421 \u0438 \u0442\u0438\u043f \u0430\u043f\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b": null,
  "\u041d\u0430\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u044f\u0437\u0432\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438": "\u0423\u044f\u0437\u0432\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 extractDir \u0431\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u0441 zip-\u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0438 Zip4j, \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044e \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0434",
  "\u041d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0439\u0442\u0430": "\u0414\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f",
  "\u041e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0438 CWE": "\u041d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0438 \u043a \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0443 \u0441 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043e\u043c (\u00ab\u041e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0438\u00bb) (CWE-22)",
  "\u041e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u044f\u0437\u0432\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438": "\u0423\u044f\u0437\u0432\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 extractDir \u0431\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u0441 zip-\u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0438 Zip4j \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0441 \u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0438 \u043a \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0443. \u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043b\u0443\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0443\u044f\u0437\u0432\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044e, \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0451\u043d\u043d\u043e, \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0434 \u0441 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e zip-\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0430",
  "\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043b\u0443\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0443\u044f\u0437\u0432\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438": null,
  "\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u0430\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f": "-",
  "\u0421\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u0441 \u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0418\u0411": "\u0414\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f",
  "\u0421\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u044f\u0437\u0432\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438": "\u041e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430",
  "\u0421\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f": "\u0414\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f",
  "\u0421\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043b\u0443\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438": "\u041c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043f\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438",
  "\u0421\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438": "https://snyk.io/vuln/SNYK-JAVA-NETLINGALAZIP4J-31679\nhttps://www.cybersecurity-help.cz/vdb/SB2018073111?affChecked=1\nhttps://www.securitylab.ru/vulnerability/494718.php\nhttps://access.redhat.com/security/cve/cve-2018-1002202\nhttps://github.com/snyk/zip-slip-vulnerability\nhttps://snyk.io/research/zip-slip-vulnerability",
  "\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441 \u0443\u044f\u0437\u0432\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438": "\u041f\u043e\u0434\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c",
  "\u0422\u0438\u043f \u041f\u041e": "\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u041f\u041e \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c",
  "\u0422\u0438\u043f \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0438 CWE": "CWE-22",
  "\u0423\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c \u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0443\u044f\u0437\u0432\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438": "\u0412\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c \u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 (\u0431\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0430 CVSS 2.0 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 7,5)\n\u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c \u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 (\u0431\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0430 CVSS 3.0 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 6,3)"
}

CVE-2018-1002202 (GCVE-0-2018-1002202)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2018-07-25 17:00 – Updated: 2024-08-05 12:47

Summary

zip4j before 1.3.3 is vulnerable to directory traversal, allowing attackers to write to arbitrary files via a ../ (dot dot slash) in a Zip archive entry that is mishandled during extraction. This vulnerability is also known as 'Zip-Slip'.

Severity ?

No CVSS data available.

CWE

CWE-22

Assigner

snyk

References

URL

Tags

	https://snyk.io/research/zip-slip-vulnerability	x_refsource_MISC
	https://support.hpe.com/hpsc/doc/public/display?d…	x_refsource_CONFIRM
	https://github.com/snyk/zip-slip-vulnerability	x_refsource_MISC
	https://snyk.io/vuln/SNYK-JAVA-NETLINGALAZIP4J-31679	x_refsource_MISC

Impacted products

	Vendor	Product	Version
	zip4j	zip4j	Affected: unspecified , < 1.3.3 (custom)

Date Public ?

2018-05-31 00:00

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

{
  "containers": {
    "adp": [
      {
        "providerMetadata": {
          "dateUpdated": "2024-08-05T12:47:57.478Z",
          "orgId": "af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108",
          "shortName": "CVE"
        },
        "references": [
          {
            "tags": [
              "x_refsource_MISC",
              "x_transferred"
            ],
            "url": "https://snyk.io/research/zip-slip-vulnerability"
          },
          {
            "tags": [
              "x_refsource_CONFIRM",
              "x_transferred"
            ],
            "url": "https://support.hpe.com/hpsc/doc/public/display?docLocale=en_US\u0026docId=emr_na-hpesbmu03895en_us"
          },
          {
            "tags": [
              "x_refsource_MISC",
              "x_transferred"
            ],
            "url": "https://github.com/snyk/zip-slip-vulnerability"
          },
          {
            "tags": [
              "x_refsource_MISC",
              "x_transferred"
            ],
            "url": "https://snyk.io/vuln/SNYK-JAVA-NETLINGALAZIP4J-31679"
          }
        ],
        "title": "CVE Program Container"
      }
    ],
    "cna": {
      "affected": [
        {
          "product": "zip4j",
          "vendor": "zip4j",
          "versions": [
            {
              "lessThan": "1.3.3",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "unspecified",
              "versionType": "custom"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "dateAssigned": "2018-05-17T00:00:00.000Z",
      "datePublic": "2018-05-31T00:00:00.000Z",
      "descriptions": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "zip4j before 1.3.3 is vulnerable to directory traversal, allowing attackers to write to arbitrary files via a ../ (dot dot slash) in a Zip archive entry that is mishandled during extraction. This vulnerability is also known as \u0027Zip-Slip\u0027."
        }
      ],
      "problemTypes": [
        {
          "descriptions": [
            {
              "cweId": "CWE-22",
              "description": "CWE-22",
              "lang": "en",
              "type": "CWE"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "providerMetadata": {
        "dateUpdated": "2018-10-26T09:57:01.000Z",
        "orgId": "bae035ff-b466-4ff4-94d0-fc9efd9e1730",
        "shortName": "snyk"
      },
      "references": [
        {
          "tags": [
            "x_refsource_MISC"
          ],
          "url": "https://snyk.io/research/zip-slip-vulnerability"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "x_refsource_CONFIRM"
          ],
          "url": "https://support.hpe.com/hpsc/doc/public/display?docLocale=en_US\u0026docId=emr_na-hpesbmu03895en_us"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "x_refsource_MISC"
          ],
          "url": "https://github.com/snyk/zip-slip-vulnerability"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "x_refsource_MISC"
          ],
          "url": "https://snyk.io/vuln/SNYK-JAVA-NETLINGALAZIP4J-31679"
        }
      ],
      "x_legacyV4Record": {
        "CVE_data_meta": {
          "ASSIGNER": "report@snyk.io",
          "DATE_ASSIGNED": "2018-05-17T10:52Z",
          "ID": "CVE-2018-1002202",
          "REQUESTER": "danny@snyk.io",
          "STATE": "PUBLIC",
          "UPDATED": "2018-05-17T10:52Z"
        },
        "affects": {
          "vendor": {
            "vendor_data": [
              {
                "product": {
                  "product_data": [
                    {
                      "product_name": "zip4j",
                      "version": {
                        "version_data": [
                          {
                            "version_affected": "\u003c",
                            "version_value": "1.3.3"
                          }
                        ]
                      }
                    }
                  ]
                },
                "vendor_name": "zip4j"
              }
            ]
          }
        },
        "data_format": "MITRE",
        "data_type": "CVE",
        "data_version": "4.0",
        "description": {
          "description_data": [
            {
              "lang": "eng",
              "value": "zip4j before 1.3.3 is vulnerable to directory traversal, allowing attackers to write to arbitrary files via a ../ (dot dot slash) in a Zip archive entry that is mishandled during extraction. This vulnerability is also known as \u0027Zip-Slip\u0027."
            }
          ]
        },
        "problemtype": {
          "problemtype_data": [
            {
              "description": [
                {
                  "lang": "eng",
                  "value": "CWE-22"
                }
              ]
            }
          ]
        },
        "references": {
          "reference_data": [
            {
              "name": "https://snyk.io/research/zip-slip-vulnerability",
              "refsource": "MISC",
              "url": "https://snyk.io/research/zip-slip-vulnerability"
            },
            {
              "name": "https://support.hpe.com/hpsc/doc/public/display?docLocale=en_US\u0026docId=emr_na-hpesbmu03895en_us",
              "refsource": "CONFIRM",
              "url": "https://support.hpe.com/hpsc/doc/public/display?docLocale=en_US\u0026docId=emr_na-hpesbmu03895en_us"
            },
            {
              "name": "https://github.com/snyk/zip-slip-vulnerability",
              "refsource": "MISC",
              "url": "https://github.com/snyk/zip-slip-vulnerability"
            },
            {
              "name": "https://snyk.io/vuln/SNYK-JAVA-NETLINGALAZIP4J-31679",
              "refsource": "MISC",
              "url": "https://snyk.io/vuln/SNYK-JAVA-NETLINGALAZIP4J-31679"
            }
          ]
        }
      }
    }
  },
  "cveMetadata": {
    "assignerOrgId": "bae035ff-b466-4ff4-94d0-fc9efd9e1730",
    "assignerShortName": "snyk",
    "cveId": "CVE-2018-1002202",
    "datePublished": "2018-07-25T17:00:00.000Z",
    "dateReserved": "2018-07-25T00:00:00.000Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2024-08-05T12:47:57.478Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.1"
}

Sightings

Author	Source	Type	Date

Nomenclature

Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or observed by the user.
Confirmed: The vulnerability has been validated from an analyst's perspective.
Published Proof of Concept: A public proof of concept is available for this vulnerability.
Exploited: The vulnerability was observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
Patched: The vulnerability was observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
Not exploited: The vulnerability was not observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
Not confirmed: The user expressed doubt about the validity of the vulnerability.
Not patched: The vulnerability was not observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.

Detection rules are retrieved from Rulezet.

Action not permitted

BDU:2018-00939

CVE-2018-1002202 (GCVE-0-2018-1002202)

Tags

Sightings

Nomenclature