CVE-2025-38350 (GCVE-0-2025-38350)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-07-19 06:46 – Updated: 2026-10-15 01:07
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
net/sched: Always pass notifications when child class becomes empty
Summary
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
net/sched: Always pass notifications when child class becomes empty
Certain classful qdiscs may invoke their classes' dequeue handler on an
enqueue operation. This may unexpectedly empty the child qdisc and thus
make an in-flight class passive via qlen_notify(). Most qdiscs do not
expect such behaviour at this point in time and may re-activate the
class eventually anyways which will lead to a use-after-free.
The referenced fix commit attempted to fix this behavior for the HFSC
case by moving the backlog accounting around, though this turned out to
be incomplete since the parent's parent may run into the issue too.
The following reproducer demonstrates this use-after-free:
tc qdisc add dev lo root handle 1: drr
tc filter add dev lo parent 1: basic classid 1:1
tc class add dev lo parent 1: classid 1:1 drr
tc qdisc add dev lo parent 1:1 handle 2: hfsc def 1
tc class add dev lo parent 2: classid 2:1 hfsc rt m1 8 d 1 m2 0
tc qdisc add dev lo parent 2:1 handle 3: netem
tc qdisc add dev lo parent 3:1 handle 4: blackhole
echo 1 | socat -u STDIN UDP4-DATAGRAM:127.0.0.1:8888
tc class delete dev lo classid 1:1
echo 1 | socat -u STDIN UDP4-DATAGRAM:127.0.0.1:8888
Since backlog accounting issues leading to a use-after-frees on stale
class pointers is a recurring pattern at this point, this patch takes
a different approach. Instead of trying to fix the accounting, the patch
ensures that qdisc_tree_reduce_backlog always calls qlen_notify when
the child qdisc is empty. This solves the problem because deletion of
qdiscs always involves a call to qdisc_reset() and / or
qdisc_purge_queue() which ultimately resets its qlen to 0 thus causing
the following qdisc_tree_reduce_backlog() to report to the parent. Note
that this may call qlen_notify on passive classes multiple times. This
is not a problem after the recent patch series that made all the
classful qdiscs qlen_notify() handlers idempotent.
Severity
7.8 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-06-10 20:41 UTC
Assigner
References
12 references
Impacted products
21 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | CPE status | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Linux | Linux |
Affected:
1034e3310752e8675e313f7271b348914008719a , < 3b290923ad2b23596208c1e29520badef4356a43
(git)
Affected: f9f593e34d2fb67644372c8f7b033bdc622ad228 , < e9921b57dca05ac5f4fa1fa8e993d4f0ee52e2b7 (git) Affected: 89c301e929a0db14ebd94b4d97764ce1d6981653 , < e269f29e9395527bc00c213c6b15da04ebb35070 (git) Affected: f1dde3eb17dc1b8bd07aed00004b1e05fc87a3d4 , < 7874c9c132e906a52a187d045995b115973c93fb (git) Affected: 93c276942e75de0e5bc91576300d292e968f5a02 , < f680a4643c6f71e758d8fe0431a958e9a6a4f59d (git) Affected: 49b21795b8e5654a7df3d910a12e1060da4c04cf , < a553afd91f55ff39b1e8a1c4989a29394c9e0472 (git) Affected: 3f981138109f63232a5fb7165938d4c945cc1b9d , < a44acdd9e84a211989ff4b9b92bf3545d8456ad5 (git) Affected: 3f981138109f63232a5fb7165938d4c945cc1b9d , < 103406b38c600fec1fe375a77b27d87e314aea09 (git) Affected: 3f3a22eebbc32b4fa8ce9c1d5f9db214b45b9335 (git) Affected: 5.4.294 , < 5.4.296 (semver) Affected: 5.10.238 , < 5.10.240 (semver) Affected: 5.15.185 , < 5.15.187 (semver) Affected: 6.1.141 , < 6.1.144 (semver) Affected: 6.6.93 , < 6.6.97 (semver) Affected: 6.12.31 , < 6.12.37 (semver) Affected: 6.14.9 , < 6.15 (semver) |
guessed | |
| Linux | Linux |
Affected:
6.15
Unaffected: 0 , < 6.15 (semver) Unaffected: 5.4.296 , ≤ 5.4.* (semver) Unaffected: 5.10.240 , ≤ 5.10.* (semver) Unaffected: 5.15.187 , ≤ 5.15.* (semver) Unaffected: 6.1.144 , ≤ 6.1.* (semver) Unaffected: 6.6.97 , ≤ 6.6.* (semver) Unaffected: 6.12.37 , ≤ 6.12.* (semver) Unaffected: 6.15.6 , ≤ 6.15.* (semver) Unaffected: 6.16 , ≤ * (original_commit_for_fix) |
guessed | |
| Siemens | RUGGEDCOM RST2428P |
Affected:
0 , < V3.3
(custom)
|
guessed | |
| Siemens | SCALANCE XC-300/XR-300/XC-400/XR-500WG/XR-500 family |
Affected:
0 , < V3.3
(custom)
|
guessed | |
| Siemens | SCALANCE XCH328 |
Affected:
0 , < V3.3
(custom)
|
guessed | |
| Siemens | SCALANCE XCM324 |
Affected:
0 , < V3.3
(custom)
|
guessed | |
| Siemens | SCALANCE XCM328 |
Affected:
0 , < V3.3
(custom)
|
guessed | |
| Siemens | SCALANCE XCM332 |
Affected:
0 , < V3.3
(custom)
|
guessed | |
| Siemens | SCALANCE XRH334 (24 V DC, 8xFO, CC) |
Affected:
0 , < V3.3
(custom)
|
guessed | |
| Siemens | SCALANCE XRM334 (230 V AC, 12xFO) |
Affected:
0 , < V3.3
(custom)
|
guessed | |
| Siemens | SCALANCE XRM334 (230 V AC, 8xFO) |
Affected:
0 , < V3.3
(custom)
|
guessed | |
| Siemens | SCALANCE XRM334 (230V AC, 2x10G, 24xSFP, 8xSFP+) |
Affected:
0 , < V3.3
(custom)
|
guessed | |
| Siemens | SCALANCE XRM334 (24 V DC, 12xFO) |
Affected:
0 , < V3.3
(custom)
|
guessed | |
| Siemens | SCALANCE XRM334 (24 V DC, 8xFO) |
Affected:
0 , < V3.3
(custom)
|
guessed | |
| Siemens | SCALANCE XRM334 (24V DC, 2x10G, 24xSFP, 8xSFP+) |
Affected:
0 , < V3.3
(custom)
|
guessed | |
| Siemens | SCALANCE XRM334 (2x230 V AC, 12xFO) |
Affected:
0 , < V3.3
(custom)
|
guessed | |
| Siemens | SCALANCE XRM334 (2x230 V AC, 8xFO) |
Affected:
0 , < V3.3
(custom)
|
guessed | |
| Siemens | SCALANCE XRM334 (2x230V AC, 2x10G, 24xSFP, 8xSFP+) |
Affected:
0 , < V3.3
(custom)
|
guessed | |
| Siemens | SIMATIC S7-1500 CPU 1518-4 PN/DP MFP |
Affected:
V3.1.5 , < *
(custom)
|
guessed | |
| Siemens | SIMATIC S7-1500 CPU 1518F-4 PN/DP MFP |
Affected:
V3.1.5 , < *
(custom)
|
guessed | |
| Siemens | SIPLUS S7-1500 CPU 1518-4 PN/DP MFP |
Affected:
V3.1.5 , < *
(custom)
|
guessed |
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"value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nnet/sched: Always pass notifications when child class becomes empty\n\nCertain classful qdiscs may invoke their classes\u0027 dequeue handler on an\nenqueue operation. This may unexpectedly empty the child qdisc and thus\nmake an in-flight class passive via qlen_notify(). Most qdiscs do not\nexpect such behaviour at this point in time and may re-activate the\nclass eventually anyways which will lead to a use-after-free.\n\nThe referenced fix commit attempted to fix this behavior for the HFSC\ncase by moving the backlog accounting around, though this turned out to\nbe incomplete since the parent\u0027s parent may run into the issue too.\nThe following reproducer demonstrates this use-after-free:\n\n tc qdisc add dev lo root handle 1: drr\n tc filter add dev lo parent 1: basic classid 1:1\n tc class add dev lo parent 1: classid 1:1 drr\n tc qdisc add dev lo parent 1:1 handle 2: hfsc def 1\n tc class add dev lo parent 2: classid 2:1 hfsc rt m1 8 d 1 m2 0\n tc qdisc add dev lo parent 2:1 handle 3: netem\n tc qdisc add dev lo parent 3:1 handle 4: blackhole\n\n echo 1 | socat -u STDIN UDP4-DATAGRAM:127.0.0.1:8888\n tc class delete dev lo classid 1:1\n echo 1 | socat -u STDIN UDP4-DATAGRAM:127.0.0.1:8888\n\nSince backlog accounting issues leading to a use-after-frees on stale\nclass pointers is a recurring pattern at this point, this patch takes\na different approach. Instead of trying to fix the accounting, the patch\nensures that qdisc_tree_reduce_backlog always calls qlen_notify when\nthe child qdisc is empty. This solves the problem because deletion of\nqdiscs always involves a call to qdisc_reset() and / or\nqdisc_purge_queue() which ultimately resets its qlen to 0 thus causing\nthe following qdisc_tree_reduce_backlog() to report to the parent. Note\nthat this may call qlen_notify on passive classes multiple times. This\nis not a problem after the recent patch series that made all the\nclassful qdiscs qlen_notify() handlers idempotent."
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"value": "AV:L - Exploitation requires configuring the qdisc/class hierarchy and deleting a class via local rtnetlink (RTM_NEWQDISC/RTM_DELTCLASS) syscalls, and the triggering packet is generated locally on `lo`. Per kernel guidance, tc/netlink qdisc bugs are Local.\nAC:L - The published reproducer is a deterministic sequence of seven `tc` commands plus two UDP datagrams \u2014 no race, no timing window, and no memory-layout condition outside the attacker\u0027s control. The attacker fully controls the qdisc tree shape that creates the stale class pointer.\nPR:L - The rtnetlink path requires CAP_NET_ADMIN, but `netlink_net_capable()` evaluates it against the network namespace\u0027s owning user namespace, so any unprivileged user with `unshare -Urn` gains it and the whole reproducer works on `lo` inside that namespace.\nUI:N - The attacker performs every step \u2014 qdisc setup, class deletion, and sending the triggering packet to loopback \u2014 with no action by any other user or victim process.\nS:U - The freed `drr_class` and the corrupted active list live in kernel heap within the same security authority; this is a standard local kernel privilege-escalation primitive with no VM, IOMMU, or sandbox boundary crossed.\nC:H - The use-after-free lets the attacker reclaim the freed `drr_class` with sprayed data and have the kernel dereference `cl-\u003eqdisc` and `cl-\u003eqdisc-\u003eops` from it, yielding an arbitrary kernel-memory read primitive and full disclosure of kernel memory.\nI:H - The stale class is both written through (`list_add_tail`/`list_del_init` on `cl-\u003ealist`, `cl-\u003edeficit`) and used for an indirect call via `cl-\u003eqdisc-\u003eops-\u003epeek()`, giving controlled writes and control-flow hijacking for arbitrary code execution.\nA:H - Even without weaponization the dangling list entry causes an immediate use-after-free oops/panic on the next enqueue or dequeue, and it can be triggered repeatedly to reliably crash the kernel."
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"value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nnet/sched: Always pass notifications when child class becomes empty\n\nCertain classful qdiscs may invoke their classes\u0027 dequeue handler on an\nenqueue operation. This may unexpectedly empty the child qdisc and thus\nmake an in-flight class passive via qlen_notify(). Most qdiscs do not\nexpect such behaviour at this point in time and may re-activate the\nclass eventually anyways which will lead to a use-after-free.\n\nThe referenced fix commit attempted to fix this behavior for the HFSC\ncase by moving the backlog accounting around, though this turned out to\nbe incomplete since the parent\u0027s parent may run into the issue too.\nThe following reproducer demonstrates this use-after-free:\n\n tc qdisc add dev lo root handle 1: drr\n tc filter add dev lo parent 1: basic classid 1:1\n tc class add dev lo parent 1: classid 1:1 drr\n tc qdisc add dev lo parent 1:1 handle 2: hfsc def 1\n tc class add dev lo parent 2: classid 2:1 hfsc rt m1 8 d 1 m2 0\n tc qdisc add dev lo parent 2:1 handle 3: netem\n tc qdisc add dev lo parent 3:1 handle 4: blackhole\n\n echo 1 | socat -u STDIN UDP4-DATAGRAM:127.0.0.1:8888\n tc class delete dev lo classid 1:1\n echo 1 | socat -u STDIN UDP4-DATAGRAM:127.0.0.1:8888\n\nSince backlog accounting issues leading to a use-after-frees on stale\nclass pointers is a recurring pattern at this point, this patch takes\na different approach. Instead of trying to fix the accounting, the patch\nensures that qdisc_tree_reduce_backlog always calls qlen_notify when\nthe child qdisc is empty. This solves the problem because deletion of\nqdiscs always involves a call to qdisc_reset() and / or\nqdisc_purge_queue() which ultimately resets its qlen to 0 thus causing\nthe following qdisc_tree_reduce_backlog() to report to the parent. Note\nthat this may call qlen_notify on passive classes multiple times. This\nis not a problem after the recent patch series that made all the\nclassful qdiscs qlen_notify() handlers idempotent."
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"value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nnet/sched: Always pass notifications when child class becomes empty\n\nCertain classful qdiscs may invoke their classes\u0027 dequeue handler on an\nenqueue operation. This may unexpectedly empty the child qdisc and thus\nmake an in-flight class passive via qlen_notify(). Most qdiscs do not\nexpect such behaviour at this point in time and may re-activate the\nclass eventually anyways which will lead to a use-after-free.\n\nThe referenced fix commit attempted to fix this behavior for the HFSC\ncase by moving the backlog accounting around, though this turned out to\nbe incomplete since the parent\u0027s parent may run into the issue too.\nThe following reproducer demonstrates this use-after-free:\n\n tc qdisc add dev lo root handle 1: drr\n tc filter add dev lo parent 1: basic classid 1:1\n tc class add dev lo parent 1: classid 1:1 drr\n tc qdisc add dev lo parent 1:1 handle 2: hfsc def 1\n tc class add dev lo parent 2: classid 2:1 hfsc rt m1 8 d 1 m2 0\n tc qdisc add dev lo parent 2:1 handle 3: netem\n tc qdisc add dev lo parent 3:1 handle 4: blackhole\n\n echo 1 | socat -u STDIN UDP4-DATAGRAM:127.0.0.1:8888\n tc class delete dev lo classid 1:1\n echo 1 | socat -u STDIN UDP4-DATAGRAM:127.0.0.1:8888\n\nSince backlog accounting issues leading to a use-after-frees on stale\nclass pointers is a recurring pattern at this point, this patch takes\na different approach. Instead of trying to fix the accounting, the patch\nensures that qdisc_tree_reduce_backlog always calls qlen_notify when\nthe child qdisc is empty. This solves the problem because deletion of\nqdiscs always involves a call to qdisc_reset() and / or\nqdisc_purge_queue() which ultimately resets its qlen to 0 thus causing\nthe following qdisc_tree_reduce_backlog() to report to the parent. Note\nthat this may call qlen_notify on passive classes multiple times. This\nis not a problem after the recent patch series that made all the\nclassful qdiscs qlen_notify() handlers idempotent."
}
],
"metrics": [
{
"cvssV3_1": {
"baseScore": 7.8,
"baseSeverity": "HIGH",
"vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"version": "3.1"
},
"scenarios": [
{
"lang": "en",
"value": "AV:L - Exploitation requires configuring the qdisc/class hierarchy and deleting a class via local rtnetlink (RTM_NEWQDISC/RTM_DELTCLASS) syscalls, and the triggering packet is generated locally on `lo`. Per kernel guidance, tc/netlink qdisc bugs are Local.\nAC:L - The published reproducer is a deterministic sequence of seven `tc` commands plus two UDP datagrams \u2014 no race, no timing window, and no memory-layout condition outside the attacker\u0027s control. The attacker fully controls the qdisc tree shape that creates the stale class pointer.\nPR:L - The rtnetlink path requires CAP_NET_ADMIN, but `netlink_net_capable()` evaluates it against the network namespace\u0027s owning user namespace, so any unprivileged user with `unshare -Urn` gains it and the whole reproducer works on `lo` inside that namespace.\nUI:N - The attacker performs every step \u2014 qdisc setup, class deletion, and sending the triggering packet to loopback \u2014 with no action by any other user or victim process.\nS:U - The freed `drr_class` and the corrupted active list live in kernel heap within the same security authority; this is a standard local kernel privilege-escalation primitive with no VM, IOMMU, or sandbox boundary crossed.\nC:H - The use-after-free lets the attacker reclaim the freed `drr_class` with sprayed data and have the kernel dereference `cl-\u003eqdisc` and `cl-\u003eqdisc-\u003eops` from it, yielding an arbitrary kernel-memory read primitive and full disclosure of kernel memory.\nI:H - The stale class is both written through (`list_add_tail`/`list_del_init` on `cl-\u003ealist`, `cl-\u003edeficit`) and used for an indirect call via `cl-\u003eqdisc-\u003eops-\u003epeek()`, giving controlled writes and control-flow hijacking for arbitrary code execution.\nA:H - Even without weaponization the dangling list entry causes an immediate use-after-free oops/panic on the next enqueue or dequeue, and it can be triggered repeatedly to reliably crash the kernel."
}
]
}
],
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2026-08-05T12:01:19.171Z",
"orgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
"shortName": "Linux"
},
"references": [
{
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/3b290923ad2b23596208c1e29520badef4356a43"
},
{
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/e9921b57dca05ac5f4fa1fa8e993d4f0ee52e2b7"
},
{
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/e269f29e9395527bc00c213c6b15da04ebb35070"
},
{
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/7874c9c132e906a52a187d045995b115973c93fb"
},
{
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/f680a4643c6f71e758d8fe0431a958e9a6a4f59d"
},
{
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/a553afd91f55ff39b1e8a1c4989a29394c9e0472"
},
{
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/a44acdd9e84a211989ff4b9b92bf3545d8456ad5"
},
{
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/103406b38c600fec1fe375a77b27d87e314aea09"
}
],
"title": "net/sched: Always pass notifications when child class becomes empty",
"x_generator": {
"engine": "bippy-1.2.0"
}
}
},
"cveMetadata": {
"assignerOrgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
"assignerShortName": "Linux",
"cveId": "CVE-2025-38350",
"datePublished": "2025-07-19T06:46:29.849Z",
"dateReserved": "2025-04-16T04:51:24.006Z",
"dateUpdated": "2026-10-15T01:07:08.576Z",
"state": "PUBLISHED"
},
"dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
"dataVersion": "5.2"
}
}
}
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Experimental. This forecast is provided for visualization only and may change without notice. Do not use it for operational decisions.
Forecast uses a logistic model when the trend is rising, or an exponential decay model when the trend is falling. Fitted via linearized least squares.
Sightings
| Author | Source | Type | Date | Other |
|---|
Nomenclature
- Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or observed by the user.
- Confirmed: The vulnerability has been validated from an analyst's perspective.
- Published Proof of Concept: A public proof of concept is available for this vulnerability.
- Exploited: The vulnerability was observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
- Patched: The vulnerability was observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
- Not exploited: The vulnerability was not observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
- Not confirmed: The user expressed doubt about the validity of the vulnerability.
- Not patched: The vulnerability was not observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
Vulnerability timeline
Sightings and recorded dates, grouped by day · UTC
How durations are calculated
Following the VTEM framework (Black Hat USA 2015), time to patch starts when the vendor or a coordinator was informed, total time to patch at discovery, and disclosure to patch at public disclosure; vendor response time runs from the report to its acknowledgement. Time to exploit and time unpatched start at the earliest discovery or report, falling back to public disclosure. Unpatched time ends at the first recorded patch, or the calculation time when no patch is recorded. Exploitation to patch shows the interval between those two events; a published proof of concept is a public exploit, not exploitation.
Each result shows its source dates. A negative interval means the end event came first; when date-only inputs leave the order open, the result says so. Date-only inputs are approximate. The earliest evidence wins: KEV report dates and sightings are labelled as such. Records describing another vulnerability are listed but never calculated from, and a PoC alone does not establish exploitation. Missing patch evidence does not prove that no patch exists. Filters below change the event list only.
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The MITRE ATT&CK techniques below are AI-generated suggestions, inferred from the description of the
vulnerability by the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-classification-roberta-base
model, served locally by ML-Gateway.
They have not been verified by an analyst and are provided for guidance only.
The approach is described in our paper Mapping CVEs to MITRE ATT&CK Techniques: A Curated Gold-Set Classifier and the Limits of LLM-Assisted Label Expansion.
Browse all ATT&CK techniques and the vulnerabilities related to each.
The approach is described in our paper Mapping CVEs to MITRE ATT&CK Techniques: A Curated Gold-Set Classifier and the Limits of LLM-Assisted Label Expansion.
Browse all ATT&CK techniques and the vulnerabilities related to each.
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Related by attack behaviour
Vulnerabilities whose description is nearest to this one in the vector space of the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-biencoder model. This is a similarity search over the bi-encoder space (plain cosine), not a classification, and it has no measured accuracy.