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CVE-2025-25291 (GCVE-0-2025-25291)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-03-12 20:16 – Updated: 2025-11-03 19:44
VLAI
Title
ruby-saml vulnerable to SAML authentication bypass due to DOCTYPE handling (parser differential)
Summary
ruby-saml provides security assertion markup language (SAML) single sign-on (SSO) for Ruby. An authentication bypass vulnerability was found in ruby-saml prior to versions 1.12.4 and 1.18.0 due to a parser differential. ReXML and Nokogiri parse XML differently; the parsers can generate entirely different document structures from the same XML input. That allows an attacker to be able to execute a Signature Wrapping attack. This issue may lead to authentication bypass. Versions 1.12.4 and 1.18.0 fix the issue.
Severity
9.3 (Critical)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: yes Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-04-03 20:06 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-347 - Improper Verification of Cryptographic Signature
  • CWE-436 - Interpretation Conflict
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version CPE status
SAML-Toolkits ruby-saml Affected: < 1.12.4
Affected: >= 1.13.0, < 1.18.0
guessed Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
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                "baseSeverity": "CRITICAL",
                "privilegesRequired": "NONE",
                "subAvailabilityImpact": "NONE",
                "subConfidentialityImpact": "NONE",
                "subIntegrityImpact": "NONE",
                "userInteraction": "NONE",
                "vectorString": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
                "version": "4.0",
                "vulnAvailabilityImpact": "NONE",
                "vulnConfidentialityImpact": "HIGH",
                "vulnIntegrityImpact": "HIGH"
              }
            }
          ],
          "problemTypes": [
            {
              "descriptions": [
                {
                  "cweId": "CWE-347",
                  "description": "CWE-347: Improper Verification of Cryptographic Signature",
                  "lang": "en",
                  "type": "CWE"
                }
              ]
            },
            {
              "descriptions": [
                {
                  "cweId": "CWE-436",
                  "description": "CWE-436: Interpretation Conflict",
                  "lang": "en",
                  "type": "CWE"
                }
              ]
            }
          ],
          "providerMetadata": {
            "dateUpdated": "2025-09-12T19:07:07.030Z",
            "orgId": "a0819718-46f1-4df5-94e2-005712e83aaa",
            "shortName": "GitHub_M"
          },
          "references": [
            {
              "name": "https://github.com/SAML-Toolkits/ruby-saml/security/advisories/GHSA-4vc4-m8qh-g8jm",
              "tags": [
                "x_refsource_CONFIRM"
              ],
              "url": "https://github.com/SAML-Toolkits/ruby-saml/security/advisories/GHSA-4vc4-m8qh-g8jm"
            },
            {
              "name": "https://github.com/omniauth/omniauth-saml/security/advisories/GHSA-hw46-3hmr-x9xv",
              "tags": [
                "x_refsource_MISC"
              ],
              "url": "https://github.com/omniauth/omniauth-saml/security/advisories/GHSA-hw46-3hmr-x9xv"
            },
            {
              "name": "https://github.com/SAML-Toolkits/ruby-saml/commit/e76c5b36bac40aedbf1ba7ffaaf495be63328cd9",
              "tags": [
                "x_refsource_MISC"
              ],
              "url": "https://github.com/SAML-Toolkits/ruby-saml/commit/e76c5b36bac40aedbf1ba7ffaaf495be63328cd9"
            },
            {
              "name": "https://github.com/SAML-Toolkits/ruby-saml/commit/e9c1cdbd0f9afa467b585de279db0cbd0fb8ae97",
              "tags": [
                "x_refsource_MISC"
              ],
              "url": "https://github.com/SAML-Toolkits/ruby-saml/commit/e9c1cdbd0f9afa467b585de279db0cbd0fb8ae97"
            },
            {
              "name": "https://about.gitlab.com/releases/2025/03/12/patch-release-gitlab-17-9-2-released",
              "tags": [
                "x_refsource_MISC"
              ],
              "url": "https://about.gitlab.com/releases/2025/03/12/patch-release-gitlab-17-9-2-released"
            },
            {
              "name": "https://github.blog/security/sign-in-as-anyone-bypassing-saml-sso-authentication-with-parser-differentials",
              "tags": [
                "x_refsource_MISC"
              ],
              "url": "https://github.blog/security/sign-in-as-anyone-bypassing-saml-sso-authentication-with-parser-differentials"
            },
            {
              "name": "https://github.com/SAML-Toolkits/ruby-saml/releases/tag/v1.12.4",
              "tags": [
                "x_refsource_MISC"
              ],
              "url": "https://github.com/SAML-Toolkits/ruby-saml/releases/tag/v1.12.4"
            },
            {
              "name": "https://github.com/SAML-Toolkits/ruby-saml/releases/tag/v1.18.0",
              "tags": [
                "x_refsource_MISC"
              ],
              "url": "https://github.com/SAML-Toolkits/ruby-saml/releases/tag/v1.18.0"
            },
            {
              "name": "https://portswigger.net/research/saml-roulette-the-hacker-always-wins",
              "tags": [
                "x_refsource_MISC"
              ],
              "url": "https://portswigger.net/research/saml-roulette-the-hacker-always-wins"
            },
            {
              "name": "https://securitylab.github.com/advisories/GHSL-2024-329_GHSL-2024-330_ruby-saml",
              "tags": [
                "x_refsource_MISC"
              ],
              "url": "https://securitylab.github.com/advisories/GHSL-2024-329_GHSL-2024-330_ruby-saml"
            }
          ],
          "source": {
            "advisory": "GHSA-4vc4-m8qh-g8jm",
            "discovery": "UNKNOWN"
          },
          "title": "ruby-saml vulnerable to SAML authentication bypass due to DOCTYPE handling (parser differential)"
        }
      },
      "cveMetadata": {
        "assignerOrgId": "a0819718-46f1-4df5-94e2-005712e83aaa",
        "assignerShortName": "GitHub_M",
        "cveId": "CVE-2025-25291",
        "datePublished": "2025-03-12T20:16:12.181Z",
        "dateReserved": "2025-02-06T17:13:33.122Z",
        "dateUpdated": "2025-09-12T19:07:07.030Z",
        "state": "PUBLISHED"
      },
      "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
      "dataVersion": "5.1"
    }
  }
}



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Forecast uses a logistic model when the trend is rising, or an exponential decay model when the trend is falling. Fitted via linearized least squares.

Sightings

Author Source Type Date Other

Nomenclature

  • Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or observed by the user.
  • Confirmed: The vulnerability has been validated from an analyst's perspective.
  • Published Proof of Concept: A public proof of concept is available for this vulnerability.
  • Exploited: The vulnerability was observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
  • Patched: The vulnerability was observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
  • Not exploited: The vulnerability was not observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
  • Not confirmed: The user expressed doubt about the validity of the vulnerability.
  • Not patched: The vulnerability was not observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.


Detection rules are retrieved from Rulezet.


Related by attack behaviour

Vulnerabilities whose description is nearest to this one in the vector space of the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-biencoder model. This is a similarity search over the bi-encoder space (plain cosine), not a classification, and it has no measured accuracy.